e¨vsK dvÛ BDwbU

Bank Fund
7
f‚wgKv
AvaywbK e¨vswKs e¨emv‡q Znwe‡ji myôz wewb‡qv‡Mi DciB e¨vs‡Ki mvwe©K mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| e¨vsK Zvi
cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwej Af¨šÍixY Ges evwn¨K Drm †_‡K msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| msM„nxZ Znwej ‡_‡K e¨vsK Ab¨‡K
FY`vb K‡i| FY`v‡bi wbðqZv I wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zv‡K RvgvbZI ivL‡Z nq| Znwej msMÖn I Gi e¨envi hZ
†ewk myôz n‡e, e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K Ae¯’v ZZ ‡ewk fv‡jv n‡e|
G BDwb‡U Avcwb e¨vsK Znwej I Gi Drm; e¨vsK FY, F‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ I Gi we‡eP¨ welq; e¨vsK F‡Yi †kªwYwefvM
Ges FY RvgvbZ, Rvgvb‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, Rvgvb‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` I we‡eP¨ welq m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Zvn‡j Avmyb, Avgiv G BDwbUwU †kl Kwi Ges G welq¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZ †R‡b wbB|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-7.1 : e¨vsK dv‡Ûi aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I we‡eP¨ welq
cvV-7.2 : wewfbœ ai‡bi dvÛ
cvV-7.3 : F‡Yi RvgvbZ
cvV-7.4 : FY we‡kølY

gyL¨ kãgvjv e¨vsK dvÛ, FY, RvgvbZ |

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.1 e¨vsK dv‡Ûi aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I we‡eP¨ welq

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

e¨vsK dv‡Ûi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨vsK dv‡Ûi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨vsK dv‡Ûi we‡eP¨ welqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨vsK dv‡Ûi aviYv

e¨vsK dvÛ ev e¨vsKv‡ii Znwej wK
e¨vsKv‡ii Znwej n‡jv e¨vs‡Ki wbKU msM„nxZ I iwÿZ bM` A‡_©i mgwó| G A_© e¨vsK memgq
wb‡Ri Kv‡QB †i‡L †`q bv| ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡kl cwigvY A_© †i‡L evwK A_© wewfbœ jvfRbK
Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b KivB n‡jv e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR| AZ¨šÍ mywPwšÍZ Dcv‡q e¨vsK Znwej MVb
K‡i Ges mycwiKwíZ cš’vq †m Znwej e¨enviI K‡i|
GK K_vq, e¨vsK ¯^xq e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †h Znwej msMÖn I MVb K‡i Zv‡K Ôe¨vsK ZnwejÕ (bank fund) e‡j|
Avcwb Rv‡bb, e¨vsK A_© I F‡Yi e¨emvqx| FY I A‡_©i e¨emvq myôz I my›`ifv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Drm †_‡K A_© I Znwej msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| msM„nxZ Znwej wewb‡qvM K‡i A_© DcvR©bB Zvi
KvR| ZvB e¨vsK ewa©Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_© DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Drm †_‡K †h mKj A_© I
Znwej msMÖn I MVb K‡i, Zv‡KB ejv nq e¨vsK Znwej|
e¨vs‡Ki Af¨šÍixY Znwe‡ji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †kqvi g~ja‡bi A_© Ges AwR©Z g~bvdvi A-ewÈZ A‡_©i mgb¦‡q MwVZ
wiRvf© Znwej| evwn¨K Znwe‡ji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q PjwZ, ¯’vqx I mÂqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g mwÂZ AvgvbZ Ges †K›`ªxq
e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K M„nxZ FY|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, e¨vsK wb‡Ri †kqvi wewµ K‡i, wiRvf© mÂq K‡i, wewfbœ wnmv‡ei
gva¨‡g AvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Ges †K›`ªxq I evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i †h Znwej msMÖn I MVb K‡i, Zv‡K
e¨vsK Znwej e‡j|
e¨vsK Znwe‡ji Drm (Sources of Bank Funds)
A_© I F‡Yi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨vsK `yÕfv‡e Znwej msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ e¨vsK Znwe‡ji Drm¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
K) Af¨šÍixY Drm (Internal Sources)
1. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab (Paid-up Capital) t e¨vsK wbR¯^ †kqvi weµq K‡i †h g~jab msMÖn K‡i, Zv‡K
cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab e‡j| Af¨šÍixY Dr‡mi g‡a¨ †kqvi wewµ eve` M„nxZ A_©B cÖ_g Ges cÖavb Drm|
2. mwÂwZ Znwej (Reserve funds) t e¨vsK AwR©Z gybvdvi cy‡ivUv †kqvi †nvìvi‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub bv K‡i GKwU
Ask Rgv K‡i †h Znwej M‡o †Zv‡j, Zv‡K mwÂwZ Znwej e‡j| mwÂwZ Znwej wZb ai‡biÑ
K) wewae× mwÂwZ (Statutory reserve) t e¨vswKs †Kv¤úvbx AvBb Abyhvqx e¨vsK¸‡jv jv‡fi 20% wb‡q
†h Znwej MVb K‡i Zv‡K wewae× mwÂwZ e‡j| Giƒc mwÂwZ Znwej MVb Kiv Zdwmjx e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨
eva¨Zvg~jK|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 128

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

L) mvaviY mwÂwZ (General Reserve) t wewae× mwÂwZi evB‡i e¨vsK hLb AwR©Z gybvdvi Av‡iv GKwU
Ask †K‡U Znwej M‡o †Zv‡j, Zv‡K mvaviY mwÂwZ e‡j|
M) Ab¨vb¨ mwÂwZ (Other reserves) t Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q jf¨vsk mgZvKiY Znwej, A`vweK…Z jf¨vsk,
†kqvi wcÖwgqvg Znwej BZ¨vw`|
L) e¨vsK Znwe‡ji evwn¨K Drm (External Sources of Bank Fund)t e¨vsK A_© I F‡Yi e¨emvq K‡i| ZvB
A‡_©i aviK wn‡m‡e Zvi Znwe‡ji GKwU weivU Ask evB‡i †_‡K msMÖ‡ni †Póv K‡i| evwn¨K Drm‡K wZb fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq:
1. AvgvbZ Znwej (Deposit Fund)t evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv RbmvaviY I wewfbœ cÖwZôvb †_‡K AvgvbZ wnmv‡e
†h A_© msMÖn K‡i, Zv‡K AvgvbZ Znwej ejv nq| mÂqx, PjwZ Ges ¯’vqx wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g AvgvbZ Znwej
msMÖn Kiv hvq|
2. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY (Loan from Central Bank)t evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j †K›`ªxq
e¨vs‡Ki wbKU n‡Z FY MÖnY K‡i Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡_©i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. gy`ªvevRvi †_‡K FY (Loan from Money Market)t evwYwR¨K e¨vsK Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡b gy`vª evRv‡i Ab¨
e¨vsK I A_©ms¯’vbKvix cÖwZôvb †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i Znwej MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
e¨vsK FY (Bank Loan / advance / credit) t
e¨vsK msM„nxZ A_© n‡Z wewae× Zvij¨ †i‡L w`‡q evKx Ask †_‡K wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨vsK FY cÖ`vb Qvov wKQy A_© wewb‡qvMI K‡i _v‡K| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K bM`
FY QvovI cÖZ¨qcÎ, ågYKvixi †PK, †µwWU KvW©, åvg¨gvb †bvU, wW.wW., wU.wU. BZ¨vw` cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Ges
wewbgq wej I ûwÛ µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K FY w`‡q _v‡K|
cÖ‡dmi n¨vbmb Gi g‡Z, Òe¨vsK hLb RgvwZwi³ FY wn‡m‡e ev FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g GKRb MÖvnK‡K FY eivÏ
K‡i ZLb Zv‡K e¨vsK FY e‡jÓ ("When a bank makes an advance to a customer whether by over-draft or
loan accounts is called bank credit").
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, wewfbœ wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi A_© msMÖn K‡i Zvi Kvg¨ e¨envi
K‡i m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K bM` Ges `wj‡ji gva¨‡g FY cÖ`vb‡KB e¨vsK FY ejv
nq|

FY gÄy‡ii we‡eP¨ welqmg~n (Factors Influencing Bank Loan)

e¨vsK Zvi gybvdv m‡e©v”P Kivi Rb¨ msM„nxZ AvgvbZ †_‡K FY`vb K‡i _v‡K| Avi G FY gÄy‡ii mgq wb‡Pi
welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq:
1. Zvij¨ t FY gÄy‡ii mgq evwYwR¨K e¨vsK‡K cÖ_‡gB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq Zvi Zvij¨ bxwZ| A_©vr FY gÄy‡ii
mgq Ggb cwigvY Znwej e¨vs‡K ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z AvgvbZKvixi A_© Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK †diZ †`Iqv hvq|
2. wbivcËv t FY gÄy‡ii mgq e¨vsK‡K Zvi wbivcËvi K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| FY cÖ`v‡bi mgq e¨vsK
RvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i| FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j e¨vsK RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq K‡i|
3. gybvdvi m¤¢vebv t cÖ`Ë FY †_‡K wK cwigvY gybvdv Avm‡e Zv cÖZ¨vkvi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z nq|
wewb‡qvMK…Z LvZwU jvfRbK wKbv Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. FYMÖnxZvi PwiÎ t FY cÖ`v‡bi mgq e¨vsK‡K FY MÖnxZvi mZZv, e¨w³MZ Af¨vm, ˆbwZK PwiÎ, cywjk
†iKW©, mvgvwRK mybvg, FY e¨envi I †di‡Zi †hvM¨Zv fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv-wbixÿv Ki‡Z nq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 129

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5. F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ t FYMÖnxZv †h D‡Ï‡k¨ FY MÖnY Ki‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Zv fv‡jvfv‡e hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
Drcv`b Lv‡Z FY`vb Kiv n‡j Zv †dir cvevi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|
6. FY e¨env‡ii ÿgZv t M„nxZ F‡Yi m‡e©v”P mبenv‡ii mvg_©¨, †hvM¨Zv Ges ÿgZv FY MÖnxZvi i‡q‡Q wKbv
Zv mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Rvgvb‡Zi cÖK…wZ t F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h RvgvbZ †bIqv nq Zvi cÖK…wZ I ¸Yv¸Y cixÿv I hvPvB Ki‡Z
†`L‡Z n‡e| RvgvbZ Ggb cÖK…wZi n‡e FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j hv‡Z `ªæZ Zv wewµ K‡i F‡Yi
UvKv Av`vq Kiv hvq|
8. RvZxq ¯^v_© t FY`v‡bi mgq e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K RvZxq ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi welqwU Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
RvZxq ¯^v_©-we‡ivax †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Ð FY †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
9. FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v t FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v m”Qj bv wK Am”Qj Zv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
Avw_©Kfv‡e Am”Qj FYMÖnxZv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡j, FY †dir cvIqvi m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq|
10. FY MÖnxZvi e¨emvwqK `ÿZv t FYMÖnxZv hw` e¨emvqx nq Z‡e e¨emvwqK `ÿZv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| A`ÿ
e¨emvqx‡K FY`v‡bi †P‡q `ÿ I AwfÁ e¨emvqx‡K FY`vb mew`K †_‡K A‡bK DËg|
11. †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©k AbymiY t FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©k I
MvBWjvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
DwjøwLZ welqvw` mwVKfv‡e wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i FYMÖnxZv wbe©vwPZ Kivi ci FY`vb Kiv n‡j F‡Yi mبenvi n‡e
Ges Zv mgq †k‡l †dir cvIqv hv‡e| hvi d‡j e¨vs‡Ki jvf I gybvdvi cwigvY m‡e©v”P n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, e¨vsK
hLb Znwej msMÖn K‡i ZLb my` wn‡m‡e LiPI Ki‡Z nq| Avevi G Znwe‡ji e¨envi K‡i Zv‡K Avq Ki‡Z
nq| ZvB Znwe‡ji e¨envi h_vh_ bv n‡j e¨vsK ÿwZi m¤§yLxb n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR e¨vsK Znwej Kx LvZvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:
e¨vsK ¯^xq e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †h Znwej msMÖn I MVb K‡i Zv‡K Ôe¨vsK ZnwejÕ e‡j| e¨vsK msM„nxZ A_©
n‡Z wewae× Zvij¨ †i‡L w`‡q evKx Ask †_‡K wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K FY cÖ`vb K‡i| KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨vsK
FY cÖ`vb Qvov wKQy A_© wewb‡qvMI K‡i _v‡K| e¨vsK hLb Znwej msMÖn K‡i ZLb my` wn‡m‡e LiPI Ki‡Z
nq| Avevi G Znwe‡ji e¨envi K‡i Zv‡K Avq Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Znwe‡ji e¨envi h_vh_ bv n‡j e¨vsK ÿwZi
m¤§yLxb n‡e|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 130

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b|

1. e¨vsK Znwe‡ji cÖavb Drm KqwU?
K. 2 L. 3
M. 4 N. 5
2. e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji g~L¨ Drm †KvbwU?
K. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab L. mvivab mwÂwZ
M. AvgvbZ N. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vK †_‡K FY
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwe‡ji Drm bq?
K. ‡kqvi g~jab L. mvaviY mwÂwZ
M. AvgvbZ N. wewae× wiRvf©
4. †K cÖZ¨qcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i?
K. Avg`vwb KviK L. ißvwbKviK
M. e¨vsK N. cÖwZwbwa
5. e¨vsK †kqvi weµq K‡i †m g~jab msMÖn K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j?
K. mvaviY wiRvf© L. wewae× weRvf©
M. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab N. FYK…Z Znwej|
6. e¨vs‡Ki †kqvi g~ja‡bi mgvb bv nIqvch©šÍ AwR©Z gybvdvi KZ kZvsk w`‡q wewae× wiRvf© ˆZwi Ki‡Z
nq?
K. 5% L. 10%
M. 15% N. 20%
7. Ab¨vb¨ mwÂwZ Znwe‡ji AvIZvfz³-
i. A`vweK…Z jf¨vsk
ii. ‡kqvi wcÖwgqvg dvÛ
iii. ¸ß Znwej
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
8. avi I bM` F‡Yi g‡a¨ wg‡ji †ÿθ‡jv n‡jvÑ
i. DfqB e¨vs‡Ki AvMv‡gi AšÍf³ ©y
ii. Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB Rvgvb‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o
iii. DfqB evwYwR¨K FY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 131

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7.2 e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ ai‡bi dvÛ Gi e¨envi

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ ai‡bi dvÛ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ ai‡bi dvÛ

e¨vsK wewfbœfv‡e Zvi Znwej msMÖn I MVb K‡i| G Znwej †_‡K mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb‡K
FY`vb K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ ai‡bi Znwe‡ji weeiY †`Iqv nj :
K) Znwej †_‡K FYt e¨vsK †kqvi wewµ K‡i, wiRvf© MVb K‡i Ges msM„nxZ AvgvbZ †_‡K †h mKj FY cÖ`vb
K‡i Zv‡K Znwej †_‡K FY ejv nq| wb‡P G¸‡jvi weeiY †`Iqv n‡jv :
1. FY ev avi (Loan) t
e¨vsK Znwe‡ji GKwU Ask FY ev avi wnmv‡e LvUvq| e¨vsK †Kvb MÖvnK‡K hLb wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© wbw`©ó mg‡qi
Rb¨ Ges wbw`©ó nvi my‡` cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY FY ejv nq|
GBP.Gj. †e`x Ges Zuvi mn‡hvMx‡`i fvlvq, ÒhLb †Kvb e¨vsKvi AwMÖg A_© gÄyi K‡i, hv FY MÖnxZv GKev‡i
D‡Ëvjb K‡i Ges GKKvjxb ev c~e©wba©vwiZ wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kva K‡i Zv‡KB ejv nq FY|Ó
Aa¨vcK fvk©bx e‡jb, Òavi e¨e¯’vi Aax‡b wbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ FY †`qv nq| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
GB FY¸‡jv wKw¯Í‡Z †dir‡hvM¨| mvaviYZ FY wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g GB FY †`qv nq| F‡Yi †gqv` h‡Zv †ewk nq,
cwi‡kv‡ai wKw¯Í Z‡Zv †ewk nq| G Kvi‡Y mvaviY F‡Y my‡`i cwigvY †ewk n‡q _v‡K| ZvB GB Lv‡Z e¨vs‡Ki
cÖPyi Avq nq|Ó
mvaviY FY‡K mg‡qi wfwˇZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt
K) ¯^í †gqv`x FY t 6 gvm †_‡K 1 ermi mg‡qi Rb¨|
L) ga¨g †gqv`x FY t 1 ermi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i m‡e©v”P 5 erm‡ii Rb¨|
M) `xN© †gqv`x FY t 5 erm‡ii DaŸ© mg‡qi Rb¨|
mvaviY F‡Yi myweavmg~nt
mvaviY F‡Yi A‡bK myweav i‡q‡Q| †jvb wnmve Ly‡j Ges cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K ¯^í, ga¨g ev `xN© †gqv‡` GB FY
†`qv hvq| FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi mKj UvKv GKB mv‡_ DwV‡q wb‡Z cv‡i, Avevi cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j gv‡S-gv‡S
DVv‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY F‡Yi UvKv fwel¨‡Z KLb †Kvb& wKw¯Í‡Z K‡Zv UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` c~e-©
wba©vwiZ _v‡K| d‡j wKw¯Í cwi‡kv‡a FY MÖnxZvi mgm¨v nq bv| Giƒc F‡Yi mgy`q UvKvi Dci my` PvR© Kiv
nq e‡j e¨vs‡Ki Avq ew„× cvq| Aciw`‡K cwiPvjbv mnR I e¨q Kg nq Ges mvaviY FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h
mKj welq‡K RvgvbZ wnmv‡e ivLv nq Zv wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK‡K KL‡bv †Kvb wPšÍv
Ki‡Z nq bv|
2. bM` FY (Cash Credit)
GwU wm.wm †jvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G F‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK RvgvbZ wb‡q MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU D‡Ëvjb mxgv wba©viY K‡i
†`q| MÖvnK hZevi Lykx G wnmve †_‡K UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i Ges Rgv w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZw`‡bi e¨v‡j‡Ýi Dci
ˆ`bw›`b wfwˇZ (daily basis) my` PvR© Kiv nq|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 132

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

G FY PjwZ g~ja‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †`qv nq| GwU `yÕai‡bit cÖ_g cÖKvi n‡jv CC Pledge - G‡ÿ‡Î
e¨vsK e¨emvqxi µqK…Z gvj‡KB Zvi †MvWvD‡b RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e iv‡L| c‡i MÖvnK Zvi cÖ‡qvRb gZ gv‡ji A_©
cwi‡kva K‡i gvj Qvwo‡q †bq| Ab¨ cÖKvi n‡jv CC Hypothecation – -Gi ‡ÿ‡Î F‡Yi A‡_© µqK…Z gvj
MÖvn‡Ki †`vKvb ev †MvWvD‡b ivLvi AwaKvi †`qv nq| †`vKvb ev †MvWvD‡bi ÷K KL‡bv FYK…Z A_©g~‡j¨i Kg
ivLv hv‡e bv| G gv‡ji gvwjKvbv e¨vs‡Ki _v‡K wKšÍz ZË¡veavb K‡i MÖvnK| MÖvnK wKw¯Í‡Z ev gv‡S gv‡S g~j F‡Yi
Ask I my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z _v‡K|
bM` F‡Yi gva¨‡g eivÏ cvIqv UvKvi †h Ask g‡°j D‡Ëvjb Ki‡e †mB As‡kiB my` w`‡Z n‡e| mvaviY F‡Yi
b¨vq mgy`q UvKvi Dci my` w`‡Z n‡e bv| Aci w`‡K FYMÖnxZv GKmv‡_ ev wKw¯Í‡Z F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡i|
3. RgvwZwi³ FY (Bank Overdraft)
aiæb, e¨vs‡K Avcbvi GKwU wnmve Av‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K UvKv †Zvjvi Rb¨ Avcbvi GKRb MÖvn‡K GKwU †PK
w`‡jb| wKš‘ ch©vß UvKv wnmv‡e †bB| e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ Avcbvi m¤úK© fv‡jv n‡j e¨vsK †P‡Ki UvKv w`‡q w`‡e| ‡h
cwigvY UvKv w`‡q †`qv n‡jv Zv AwZwi³ UvKv wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| GUvB g~jZ: RgvwZwi³ FY| PjwZ wnmv‡ei
gvwjK‡`i‡K RgvwZwi³ F‡Yi myweav †`qv nq| hLb †Kvb e¨vsK PjwZ wnmv‡ei gvwjK‡`i‡K Riæwi A‡_©i
cÖ‡qvR‡b D³ wnmv‡e RgvwZwi³ A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb ÔRgvi AwZwi³ UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi
myweavÕ‡K RgvwZwi³ FY ejv nq| e¨vsK hLb †Kvb g‡°‡ji Avw_©K m”QjZv m¤ú‡K©, †jb‡`b m¤ú‡K©, ch©vß
RvgvbZ m¤ú‡K© mšÍzó nq, ZLbB Zv‡K RgvwZwi³ FY myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
RgvwZwi³ FY GK †P‡K GKev‡i ev Aí Aí K‡i D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq| G F‡Yi RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e, †kqvi, ¯^Y,©
mÂqcÎ, cY¨ Lvjv‡mi AW©vi BZ¨vw` Rgv †bIqv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Aby‡gvw`Z RgvwZwi³ FY myweavi gva¨‡g †h cwigvY UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv n‡e ïay †mB cwigv‡Yi Dci my`
w`‡jB P‡j| m¤ú~Y© Aby‡gvw`Z UvKvi Dci my` w`‡Z n‡e bv|
4. PvwnevgvÎ cwi‡kva¨ FY (Credit Repayable on Demand)
e¨vsK g‡°j‡`i ¯^íKvjxb †gqv‡` ÔhLb UvKv/FY †dir PvB‡e, ZLb PvIqvgvÎB Zv e¨vsK‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡eÕ,
Ggb kZ© w`‡q FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G F‡Yi d‡j MÖvnK GKw`‡K Zvi Riæix A_© msKU KvwU‡q DV‡Z cv‡i,
Aci w`‡K e¨vsK G FY w`‡q wKQy my` †c‡q _v‡K Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Zvij¨I wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| PvwnevgvÎB
cwi‡kva¨ e‡j G‡Z my‡`i nvi Kg|
5. ¯^íKvjxb †bvwU‡k cwi‡kva¨ FY (Creadit Repayable with Short-Notice)
e¨vsK hLb MÖvnK‡`i ¯^í mg‡qi †bvwU‡k †dir †`qvi k‡Z© ¯^í my‡` FY`vb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ¯^íKvjxb †bvwU‡k
cwi‡kva¨ FY e‡j| e¨vs‡Ki Zvij¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ G ai‡bi FY †`Iqv nq|
6. wewbgq wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g FY (Credit through Discounting Bills)
e¨vsK¸‡jv A‡bK mgq wewbgq wej evÆvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Znwe‡ji GKwU Ask FY cÖ`vb K‡i| wbw`©ó nv‡i evÆvq
wewbgq wej fvswM‡q w`‡q evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wbqwgZ cÖPyi cwigv‡Y evÆv myweav †c‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡`i †`‡k ˆZix
†cvkvK cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mvaviYZ G ai‡bi FY †ewk wb‡q _v‡K|
7. †kqvi I wmwKDwiwU µq (Purchasing Shares and Securities)
A‡bK mgq e¨vsK Zvi Znwej miKvwi I †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi, FYcÎ, wmwKDwiwU BZ¨vw` µ‡qi gva¨‡g
cyuwR evRv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 133

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

L) `wjjx FY (Documentary Credit)

e¨vsK mvaviYZ F‡Yi `wjj Ges FYc‡Îi gva¨‡g †h mKj FY cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K `wjjx FY ejv nq| `wjjx FY
K‡qK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. evwYwR¨K FY (Commercial Credit) t evwYwR¨K FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î evwYwR¨K FYcÎ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
cÖZ¨qcÎ, e¨vs‡Ki AvÁvcÎ, †c-AW©vi Ges e¨vsK M¨vivw›U n‡jv wewfbœ cÖKvi evwbwR¨K F‡Yi D`vniY|
K) cÖZ¨qcÎ (Letter of Credit) t cÖZ¨qcÎ e¨vsK KZ©„K Bmy¨K…Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© FY-`wjj| Avg`vwb-ißvwb
evwY‡R¨ GwU e¨eüZ nq| GwU Bmy¨ K‡i e¨vsK cÖwZkªæwZ cÖ`vb K‡i †h, c‡Y¨i Avg`vwbKviK ißvwbKvi‡Ki
Bmy¨K…Z we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb bv Ki‡j ev g~j¨ cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j e¨vsK wb‡RB we‡ji ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e Ges g~j¨
cwi‡kva Ki‡e|
G. Avi. Lv‡bi g‡Z, Ò†h c‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vsK Zvi Avg`vwbKvi‡Ki c‡ÿ ißvwbKviK‡K ißvwbK…Z c‡Y¨i g~j¨
cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv †`q Ges Avg`vwbKvi‡Ki AcviMZvq wb‡R cwi‡kva Ki‡e e‡j cÖwZkªæwZ †`q Zv‡K cÖZ¨qcÎ
e‡j|Ó
L) e¨vs‡Ki AvÁvcÎ (Bank Draft)t Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ cvi¯úwiK †`bv-cvIbv wb®úwˇZ e¨vs‡Ki
AvÁvcÎ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj| †h `wj‡ji gva¨‡g GK e¨vsK †_‡K Ab¨ e¨vs‡K ¯^í Li‡P I ¯^í mg‡q †h †Kvb
cwigvY A_© †cÖiY Kiv hvq, Zv‡K e¨vs‡Ki AvÁvcÎ ejv nq| GRb¨ wba©vwiZ GKwU dig c~iY Ki‡Z nq Ges
e¨vs‡K †cÖiY‡hvM¨ UvKvi mv‡_ wba©vwiZ Kwgkb Rgv w`‡Z nq| AZtci e¨vsK G `wjj ˆZwi K‡i †Kvb kvLvi cÖwZ
wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| `wjjwU MÖvnK‡K n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i Ges †m Zv
cvIbv`v‡ii wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| cvIbv`vi Avw`©ó e¨vsK ev Zvi cÖwZwbwai wbKU WªvdU Rgv w`‡q wbw`©ó UvKv msMÖn
K‡i|
M) †c-AW©vi (Pay-order)t GKB wbKvk Nifz³ GjvKvq wbivc‡` UvKv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨vsK wbw`©ó wd-Gi
wewbg‡q †h F‡Yi `wjj Bmy¨ K‡i, Zv‡K †c-AW©vi ejv nq| e¨vsK AvÁvc‡Îi e`‡j †c-AW©viI Bmy¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| AvÁvcÎ Ges †c-AW©vi DfqB cwic~iK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
N) e¨vsK M¨vivw›U (Bank Guarantee)t e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb MÖvnK 3q c‡ÿi †Kvb A_© wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwi‡kv‡a
e¨_© n‡j wb‡RB cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv †h `wj‡ji gva¨‡g cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K e¨vsK wbðqZv e‡j| ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨
GwU †ewk e¨eüZ nq| Avg`vwbKviK we‡ji A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡j e¨vs‡Ki †Kvb `vwqZ¡ _v‡K bv| hw` †m wej
cwi‡kva bv K‡i Z‡e e¨vsK Zv cwi‡kva K‡i †`q|
2. AevwYwR¨K FY (Non-Commercial Credit)
A-evwYwR¨Kfv‡e e¨env‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨vsK †h mKj F‡Yi `wjj Bmy¨ K‡i Zv‡K A-evwYwR¨K FY `wjj ejv nq|
e¨vsK mvaviYfv‡e ågYKvix‡`i myweav‡_© GB FY `wjj cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| A-evwYwR¨K FY `wjj‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v-
i) ågYKvixi †PK (Traveller's Cheque)t †`k-we‡`‡k ågYKvix‡`i myweav‡_© e¨vsK G RvZxq †PK Bmy¨ K‡i
_v‡K| ågYKvixi †PK gva¨‡g Ggb GK cÖKvi FY-`wjj hvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK `wj‡j DwjøwLZ e¨w³ ev cÖvcK‡K
wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨vs‡Ki Aci †Kvb kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa‡K kZ©nxb wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i|
(ii) åvg¨gvb †bvU (Circular note)
ågYKvix‡`i cÖ`Ë †h FYcÎ Bmy¨Kvix e¨vs‡Ki we‡`‡ki kvLv †_‡K fvsMv‡bv hvq, Zv‡K åvg¨gvb †bvU ejv nq|
ågYKvixiv wbivc‡` G †bvU wb‡q we‡`k ågY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges hLb `iKvi nq ZLbB fvswM‡q wb‡Z cv‡i|
åvg¨gvb †bvU GK mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv _v‡K| cÖwZwU‡Z UvKvi cwigvY D‡jøLmn we‡`‡ki kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa‡K wbw`©ó
e¨w³‡K UvKv cÖ`v‡bi kZ©nxb wb‡`©k _v‡K| †bv‡Ui mv‡_ GKwU cÖ`k©bcÎ _v‡K| cÖ`k©bc‡Î µwgK b¤^imn †bv‡Ui

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 134

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

msL¨v, cÖvc‡Ki bvg, bgybv ¯^vÿi, UvKvi cwigvY, Bmy¨Kvix e¨vs‡Ki †h mKj kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa †_‡K †bvU fvsMv‡bv
n‡e Zv‡`i ZvwjKv I wVKvbv _v‡K|
(iii) ågYKvixi cÖZ¨qcÎ (Traveller's Letter of Credit)
ågYKvix ev ch©UK‡`i c‡ÿ e¨vsK G ai‡bi cÖZ¨qcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K| †h cÖZ¨qc‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vsK Zvi we‡`k¯’
kvLv ev cÖwZwbwa‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ PvIqvgvÎ †Kvb ågYKvix‡K cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k
†`q, Zv‡K ågYKvixi ev ch©UK‡`i cÖZ¨qcÎ e‡j|

Avcbvi Ávb SvjvB Kivi Rb¨ CC Pledge Ges CC Hypothecation Gi

wkÿv_©xi KvR
weeiY LvZvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:
e¨vsK †kqvi wewµ K‡i, wiRvf© MVb K‡i Ges msM„nxZ AvgvbZ †_‡K †h mKj FY cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Znwej
†_‡K FY ejv nq| CC Pledge-Gi ‡ÿ‡Î e¨vsK e¨emvqxi µqK…Z gvj‡K Zvi †MvWvD‡b RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e
iv‡L| c‡i MÖvnK Zvi cÖ‡qvRb gZ gv‡ji A_© cwi‡kva K‡i gvj Qvwo‡q †bq| CC Hypothecation-Gi ‡ÿ‡Î
F‡Yi A‡_© µqK…Z gvj MÖvn‡Ki †`vKvb ev †MvWvD‡b ivLvi AwaKvi †`qv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b|

1. PjwZ g~jabRwbZ Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ e¨vsK †Kvb ai‡bi FY gÄyi K‡i?
K. avi L. evwYwR¨K FY
M. bM` FY N. RgvwZwi³ FY
2. ‡h cÖZ¨qcÎ wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó A‡_©i Rb¨ evi evi e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K †Kvb ai‡bi cÖZ¨qcÎ e‡j?
K. wbwðZ L. N~Yv© qgvb
M. w¯’i N. wbw`©ó
3. ‡Kvb FY e¨vs‡Ki m¤ú`?
K. KzFY L. miKvwi FY
M. RgvwZwi³ FY N. bM` FY
4. ‡h cÖZ¨qc‡Îi e¨vsK ißvwbKvi‡Ki AMÖxg RvnvwR LiP, wegv, ïé I enb LiP cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq...
K. meyR `dv AwMÖg cÖZ¨qcÎ L. jvj`dv AwMÖg cÖZ¨vqcÎ
M. wbwðZ cÖZ¨qcÎ N. `wjjhy³ cÖZ¨qcÎ
5. ‡h cÖZ¨qcÎ e¨vsK B‡”Q Ki‡jB evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K. wbw`©ó cÖZ¨qcÎ L. w¯’i cÖZ¨qcÎ
M. we‡kl cÖZ¨q cÎ N. ‡LvjvcÖZ¨qb
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨vsK Znwe‡ji Drm bq?
K. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab L. AvqKi
M. AewÈZ g~bvdv N. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki FY

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 135

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7. RvgvbZK…Z †h m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv FY`vZvi `L‡j _v‡K Zv‡K Kx e‡j?

K. eÜK L. c~e©¯Z^ ¡
M. ¯’vqx eÜK N. mgZv eÜK
8. ‡h eÜKx m¤úwËi `Lj FYMÖnxZvi wbKU _v‡K Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
K. ¯’vqx eÜK L. mvaviY eÜK
M. ‡fvMeÜK N. `Ljnxb eÜK
9. evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki Znwe‡ji Af¨šÍixY Drm †KvbwU?
K. AvgvbZ L. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab
M. mvaviY mwÂwZ N. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K FY
10. ‡Kvb mwÂwZ ZvwjKvfz³ e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK?
K. g~jab mwÂwZ L. mvaviY mwÂwZ
M. wewae× mwÂwZ N. Ab¨vb¨ mwÂwZ
11. mwÂwZ Znwej e¨vsK Znwe‡ji †Kvb ai‡bi Drm?
K. ‰e‡`wkK L. `xN©‡gqv`x
M. ¯^í‡gqv`x N. ‡emiKvix
12. cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab e¨vsK Znwe‡ji †Kvb ai‡bi Drm?
K. `xN©‡gqv`x L. ¯^í‡gqv`x
M. ga¨g †gqv`x N. wewae×
13. e¨vsK Znwej n‡jv-
K. wbR¯^ Znwej I FYK…Z Znwej L. cwi‡kvwaZ †kqvi g~jab I wbR¯^ Znwej
M. wbR¯^ Znwej I mwÂwZ Znwej N. mwÂwZ Znwej I wewae× wiRvf©
14. wb‡Pi †Kvb DrmwU FYK…Z Znwej ewnf©yZ?
K. mwÂwZ Znwej L. AvgvbZ wnmve
M. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK N. gy`vª evRvi
15. bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ F‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡jv-
i. Dfq `wjjx FY
ii. e¨vsK Znwej †_‡K †`q
iii. PjwZ gyjab ms¯’v‡b e¨eüZ nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 136

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

cvV-7.3 e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi RvgvbZ

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi RvgvbZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi RvgvbZ

e¨vsK FY cÖ`v‡bi mgq Gi †dir cÖvwß m¤ú‡K© cÖ_‡gB wbwðZ n‡Z Pvq| †Kbbv FYMÖnxZv M„nxZ FY
ev my` A_ev DfqB h_vmg‡q cwi‡kva bv Ki‡j e¨vsK wec‡` co‡e| †m Kvi‡Y e¨vsK F‡Yi
wecix‡Z RvgvbZ †bq|
RvgvbZ n‡jv FYMÖnxZv cÖ`Ë †Kvb m¤úwË hv weµq ev n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i FY`vZv Zvi cÖ`Ë FY Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hw` FYMÖnxZv FYK…Z A_© †dir w`‡Z e¨_© nq, ZLb e¨vsK‡K ¯^xq ¯^v‡_©B GB e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| hw` KL‡bv
FYMÖnxZv M„nxZ FY, Zvi my` ev `ywUB †dir cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq, ZLb e¨vsK Zv wewµ K‡i cÖ`Ë F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq
K‡i|
e¨vsK F‡Yi Rvgvb‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Importance of Security for Banker's Advances)
RvgvbZ e¨vsK F‡Yi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i| FY‡K Sv‡gjvgy³ Kivi Rb¨B e¨vsK RvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i| Rvgvb‡Zi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Sv‡gjvgy³ FY`vb t Rvgvb‡Zi gva¨‡g FY`vb Kiv n‡j e¨vsK Sv‡gjv I wPšÍvgy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| FY †di‡Z
e¨_© n‡j RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UKv Av`vq Kiv hvq|
2. FY †di‡Zi wbivcËv t cÖ`Ë F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h RvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv nq Zv FY †di‡Zi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. FYMÖnxZvi `vwqZ¡‡eva e„w×t Rvgvb‡Zi gva¨‡g FY †`Iqv n‡j FYMÖnxZv KZ…K © kZ©vw` jswNZ n‡j e¨vsK
RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB F‡Yi kZ©vw` cvj‡b MÖnxZvi g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai m„wó
nq|
4. RvgvbZ wewµi myweavt FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j mn‡RB ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwËi RvgvbZ wewµ K‡i
F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq Kiv hvq|
5. Kz-F‡Yi cÖwZiÿvt cÖ`Ë F‡Yi wecix‡Z h‡_vchy³ RvgvbZ MÖnY Ki‡j e¨vsK Kz-F‡Yi nvZ †_‡K †invB
cvq| d‡j Zvi Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nq|
FY-RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n
(Considerations before taking securities for a advances)
DËg Rvgvb‡Zi ˆewkó¨ (Features of Good Securities)
FY-RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© e¨vsK Rvgvb‡Zi cÖK…wZ we‡ePbv K‡i| wb‡P G¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
K) m¤úwË Rvgvb‡Zi †ÿ‡Î (In Case of Property Security) t Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yi mgq wb‡Pi
Dcv`vb¸‡jv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡et

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 137

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv (Acceptability) t FYMÖnxZv F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h RvgvbZ w`‡Z AvMÖnx, e¨vsK Aek¨B Zv
AvBbMZfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i †`L‡e| m¤úwËi AvBbMZ welq †R‡b bv wb‡j c‡i mgm¨v n‡j
e¨vsKvi `vqx _vK‡e|
2. weµq†hvM¨Zv (Marketability) t e¨vsK F‡Yi Rvgvb‡Zi cÖK…wZ Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i mn‡RB Zv weµq
Kiv hvq| mn‡R I `ªæZZvi mv‡_ weµq Kiv hv‡ebv, Giƒc RvgvbZ †bIqv G‡Kev‡iB DwPr n‡e bv|
3. m¤ú‡`i Zvij¨ (Liquidity of Wealth) t RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e hv MÖnY Kiv n‡e Zvi Zvij¨ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvij¨†hvM¨Zv ej‡Z RvgvbZ `ªæZZvi mv‡_ weµq K‡i bM` A_© cÖvw߇K eySvq| †h Rvgvb‡Zi Zvij¨†hvM¨Zv
†ewk, RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e †mwU ZZ fv‡jv|
4. gvwjKvbv (Ownership) t FYMÖnxZv †h RvgvbZ w`‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i, Zvi gvwjKvbv cÖK…Z c‡ÿ FYMÖnxZvi
_vK‡Z n‡e| e¨vsK‡K wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e †h FYMÖnxZvB Rvgvb‡Zi cÖK…Z gvwjK|
5. `vqgy³Zv (Free from Liablility) t RvgvbwZ m¤úwË Ab¨ ‡Kvb FY I `vq †_‡K gy³ wKbv ‡m m¤ú‡K© e¨vsK‡K
wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
6. m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ (Price or Value of property) t RvgvbwZ m¤úwËi g~j¨ Aek¨B ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq|
¯^vfvweKfv‡e M„nxZ Rvgvb‡Zi g~j¨ F‡Yi †P‡q †ewk n‡Z n‡e|
7. n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨Zv (Transferability) t RvgvbZ mn‡R n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ RvgvbZ ¯^í e¨‡q I
mn‡RB Ab¨Î n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hvq|
8. RvgvbZ `Lj (Possession of security) t Ggb m¤ú`‡K RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi `Lj Lye
mn‡RB †bqv hvq| FYgÄy‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ Rvgvb‡Zi `Lj wb‡Z n‡e|
9. g~j¨ w¯’wZkxjZv (Price stability) t †kqv‡ii welqwU we‡ePbv Kiæb| ‡kqv‡ii g~j¨ cÖwZwbqZ DVvbvgv K‡i|
GwU RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e Lye fv‡jv bq| †h Rvgvb‡Zi g~j¨ `ªæZ DVv-bvgv K‡i bv eis w¯’wZkxj, †miƒc RvgvbZB
F‡Yi wecix‡Z DËg e‡j we‡ewPZ|
10. ¸Yv¸Y (Quality) t cPbkxj cÖK…wZi †Kvb cY¨-`ªe¨‡K RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY c‡P hvIqv
c‡Y¨i †Kvb g~j¨ _v‡K bv|
L) e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi †ÿ‡Î (In Case of Personal Security) t e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi †ÿ‡ÎI KwZcq welq
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wb‡P G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1. Avw_©K mvg_©¨ (Financial Ability) t e¨w³K M¨vivw›U RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e †bIqv n‡j cÖ_‡g we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e
RvgvbZKvixi Avw_©K kw³ I mvg_©¨‡K| M¨vivw›U †`Iqv e¨w³i mvg_© bv _vK‡j †m FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
2. mZZv I b¨vqcivqYZv (Honesty & Integrity) t RvgvbZKvix wn‡m‡e whwb M¨vivw›U w`‡eb Zvi mZZv Ges
b¨vqcivqYZv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Amr I bxwZnxb †Kvb e¨w³‡K KL‡bvB RvgvbZKvix
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hv‡e bv|
3. mybvg I mvgvwRK gh©v`v (Goodwill and Social Status) t e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi gva¨‡g FY`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î
RvgvbZKvixi mybvg I mvgvwRK gh©v`v‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
Rvgvb‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Security) t e¨vsK g~jZ mKj mgqB Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z FY cÖ`vb K‡i| wb‡P
Rvgvb‡Zi †kÖwYweb¨vm m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1.e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ (Personal security) t cÖ‡qvRb I cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbvq e¨vsK A‡bK mgq FYMÖnxZvi ev Z…Zxq
e¨w³i M¨vivw›U wb‡q FY`vb K‡i| Z‡e FY cÖ`v‡bi mgq RvgvbZ`vZvi Avw_©K kw³ I mvg_©¨, mvgvwRK gvb-
gh©v`v, mybvg Ges e¨w³MZ PwiÎ I mZZv Mfxifv‡e hvPvB Kiv nq| FYMÖnxZv FY`v‡b e¨_© n‡j e¨vsK
RvgvbZ`vZvi wbKU †_‡K my`mn mgy`q A_© Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU 7 c„ôv 138
 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

2. m¤úwË RvgvbZ (Property Security) t e¨vsK FYMÖnxZvi ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwËi wecix‡Z FY cÖ`vb Ki‡j
Zv‡K A-e¨w³K RvgvbZ ejv nq| e¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi †P‡q A-e¨w³K RvgvbZ AwaK wbivc` Ges mn‡RB
Av`vq†hvM¨| Ae¨w³K RvgvbZ‡K cÖavbZ 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
K) c~e©¯^Z¡ (Lien) t FYMÖnxZv e¨vs‡K †h m¤úwË RvgvbZ wnmv‡e iv‡L, Zv m¤ú~Y© FY cwi‡kva bv nIqv ch©šÍ
e¨vs‡Ki wbKU iwÿZ _v‡K| Gfv‡e m¤úwË wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i msiwÿZ ivLvi AwaKvi‡K c~e¯ © Z
^ ¡ ejv nq|
L) cY¨eÜK (Pledge) t hLb FY MÖn‡Yi k‡Z©i Av‡jv‡K FYMÖnxZv e¨vs‡Ki FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbivcËv wn‡m‡e
cY¨`ªe¨ eÜK iv‡L, Zv‡K cY¨eÜK ejv nq| G †ÿ‡Î e¨vs‡Ki wbKU c‡Y¨i `Lj †Q‡o †`qv nq Ges Zv e¨vs‡Ki
`L‡j _v‡K| FYMÖnxZv FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j e¨vsK h_vh_fv‡e †bvwUk cÖ`vb K‡i cY¨ wewµ K‡i F‡Yi UvKv
Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M) m¤úwË eÜK (Mortgage) t FYMÖnxZv hLb Zvi ¯’vei m¤úwËi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK gvwjKvbv ev AwaKvi
e¨vs‡Ki wbKU Ac©Y K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K m¤úwË eÜK ejv nq| FYMÖnxZv FY I my` cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡j Rvgvb‡Zi
gvwjKvbv e¨vsK jvf K‡i|
N) `Ljwenxb eÜK (Hypothecation) t e¨vsK I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ G g‡g© Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq †h, eÜKx m¤úwË
FYMÖnxZvi `L‡jB _vK‡e, Z‡e G m¤úwK©Z mKj `wjjcÎ e¨vs‡Ki wbKU _vK‡e - Giƒc Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq
`Ljwenxb eÜK| Avgv‡`i †`‡k †`vKvbxiv G ai‡bi FY wb‡q _v‡K|
3. AwZwi³ RvgvbZ (Collateral Security) t cÖ`Ë F‡Yi m‡e©v”P wbivcËvi Rb¨ ¯’vei ev A¯’vei RvgvbZ Qvov
hw` AwZwi³ †Kvb RvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv nq, Zv‡K AwZwi³ RvgvbZ ejv nq| AwZwi³ RvgvbZ e¨w³MZ Ges
Ae¨w³MZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Avcbvi Ávb SvjvB Kivi Rb¨ Mortgage Ges Collateral Gi cv_©K¨ LvZvq
wkÿv_©xi KvR
wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:
RvgvbZ n‡jv FYMÖnxZv cÖ`Ë †Kvb m¤úwË hv weµq ev n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i FY`vZv Zvi cÖ`Ë FY Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hw` FYMÖnxZv FYK…Z A_© †dir w`‡Z e¨_© nq, ZLb e¨vsK‡K ¯^xq ¯^v‡_©B GB e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| hw`
KL‡bv FYMÖnxZv M„nxZ FY, Zvi my` ev `ywUB †dir cÖ`v‡b e¨_© nq, ZLb e¨vsK Zv wewµ K‡i cÖ`Ë F‡Yi UvKv
Av`vq K‡i| e¨vsK g~jZ mKj mgqB Rvgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z FY cÖ`vb K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.3

√) wPý w`b|
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√
1. A¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L e¨emv‡q †Kvb ai‡bi FY gÄyi Kiv nq?
K. avi L. bM` FY
M. RgvwZwi³ FY N. AevwYwR¨K FY

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 139

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. mvaviYZ †Kvb ai‡bi FY gÄy‡ii †ÿ‡Î m¤úwË RvgvbZ Avek¨K bq?

K. avi L. bM` FY
M. RgvwZwi³ FY N. ga¨ †gqvw` FY
3. ‡Kvb ai‡bi RvgvbZ e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q AwaK cQ›`bxq?
K. e¨w³MZ L. Ae¨w³MZ
M. AwZwi³ N. cÖZ¨qcÎ
4. weµq‡hvM¨Zv wfwˇZ e¨vs‡Ki wbKU wb‡Pi †Kvb RvgvbZwU DËg?
K. ‡kqvi L. ¯’vqx AvgvbZ iwk`
M. FYcÎ N. ‡bvU I eÛ
5. ¯’vei m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L †Kvb FY gÄyi Kiv nq?
K. avi L. bM` FY
M. AevwYwR¨K FY N. RgvwZwi³ FY
6. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU e¨vsK F‡Yi wecix‡Z cÖPwjZ RvgvbZ bq?
K. ¯^Y© L. ‡kqvi
M. e¨w³K RvgvbZ N. cwiwPwZ
7. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb e܇Ki Pzw³ wjwLZ I wbewÜZ nq?
K. c~e©¯^Ë¡ L. ¯’vqx eÜK
M. `LjvnxbeÜK N. fvmgvbeÜK
8. mvaviY ¯’vei ¯úwË eÜK †i‡L e¨vs‡K †Kvb ai‡bi FY gÄyi K‡i|
K. bM` FY L. RgvwZwi³ FY
M. AevwYwR¨K FY N. avi
9. AwZwi³ RvgvbZ-
i. Ae¨w³K nq
ii. weµq g~j¨ _v‡K
iii. g~j Rvgvb‡Zi AwZwi³
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
10. DËg RvgvbZ we‡ePbvq Ae¨w³K Rvgvb‡Zi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
i. MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
ii. weµq‡hvM¨Zv
iii. `vqgy³Zv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 140

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

cvV-7.4 FY we‡kølY

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

FY we‡kølY Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

FY we‡kølY †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

FY we‡kølY
evwYwR¨K e¨vsK AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq wK wK bxwZ AbymiY K‡i
e¨vsK wewfbœ Lv‡Z Znwej wewb‡qvM K‡i gybvdv AR©b Kivi cÖqvm cvq| e¨vs‡Ki G cÖqvm hv‡Z
mdjZvi cy‡®ú gÄywiZ n‡q D‡V, Z¾b¨ FY ev AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq wb‡¤œv³ bxwZmg~n K‡Vvifv‡e AbymiY K‡i
P‡j:
1. Zvij¨ t AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq evwYwR¨K e¨vsK AZ¨vek¨Kxqfv‡e †h bxwZ AbymiY K‡i Zv n‡jv Zvij¨ bxwZ|
e¨vsK wb‡Ri UvKv wb‡q Kvievi K‡i bv e‡j Zv‡K jMœxK…Z A‡_©i ZijZvi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z
nq| Zvij¨ mgm¨v e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ gvivZ¥K wech©q †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB AwMÖg cÖ`vbKv‡j e¨vsK KZ
ZvovZvwo wewb‡qvMK…Z A_© †diZ cv‡e Zv cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i †`‡L| KviY AwMÖg cÖ`Ë UvKv
mgqgZ †diZ bv †c‡j AvgvbZKvix‡`i AvgvbZ PvIqvgvÎ cwi‡kva Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| e¨vs‡Ki ZijZv iÿv
Kivi Rb¨ Gi Znwej †Kvb Lv‡Z AwaK w`b e¨vwc AvUK ivLv nq bv|
2. AwMÖg UvKvi wbivcËv t AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq F‡Yi UvKvi wbivcËvi K_vI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| F‡Yi wbivcËv
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZt FYMÖnxZvi wbKU n‡Z Dchy³ RvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv nq| †Kvb Kvi‡Y FYMÖnxZv
h_vmg‡q F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z AcviM n‡j e¨vsK RvgvbZ weµq K‡i F‡Yi UvKv Av`vq K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡i| GZبZxZ, †h mKj †ÿ‡Î FY cÖ`vb Ki‡j SuywK _vK‡Z cv‡i e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq, †m mKj †ÿ‡Î FY
cÖ`vb Kiv weÁR‡bvwPZ bq| FY †diZ cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ n‡q FY cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|
3. gybvdvi m¤¢ve¨Zv t FY`v‡bi mgq gybvdvi m¤¢ve¨Zvi welqwUI †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| e¨vs‡Ki AwMÖg cÖ`vb Kivi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b Kiv| ZvB †h mKj Lv‡Z FY cÖ`vb Ki‡j AwaK cwigv‡Y gybvdv AwR©Z n‡e †m
mKj Lv‡ZB AwMÖg cÖ`vb Kiv evÃbxq| gybvdvi m¤¢vebv bv _vK‡j FY cÖ`vb KivB DwPZ bq|
4. F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ t e¨vsK‡K FYMÖnxZv KZ©„K FY MÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ fvjfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| Drcv`b
Lv‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j GKw`‡K †hgb FY †diZ cvIqvi m¤¢vebv mgwaK _v‡K, †Zgwb
Ab¨w`‡K †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœqbI Z¡ivwš^Z nq| Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z FY`vb Kiv n‡j gybvdv AwR©Z nIqvi
m¤¢vebv ÿxY Ges †`‡kiI we‡kl g½j mvwaZ nq bv|
5. we‡K›`ªxf~Z wewb‡qvM: GUv Rvbv K_v †h, e¨vsK AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i| wKš‘ G wewb‡qvM
hw` gywó‡gq K‡qKRb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ SuywK eûj cwigv‡Y e„w×
cvq| GKRb‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y FY †`qv n‡j †m hw` Zv cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Z‡e e¨vsK gvivZ¥Kfv‡e
ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| G Rb¨ e¨vs‡Ki DwPZ, eû msL¨K e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qvM we‡K›`ªxf‚Z ivLv|
6. weµq‡hvM¨ RvgvbZ t e¨vsK FYMÖnxZvi wbKU n‡Z F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h RvgvbZ MÖnY K‡i Zv mn‡R
weµq‡hvM¨ nIqv evÃbxq| RvgvbZ Ggb ai‡bi nIqv DwPZ hv mn‡RB evRv‡i weµq Kiv hvq| AwZ mn‡R
weµq‡hvM¨ RvgvbZ e¨vs‡Ki ZijZvI wbwðZ K‡i|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 141

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7. Rvgvb‡Zi ¸Yv¸Y t Rvgvb‡Zi cwie‡Z© FY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Rvgvb‡Zi ¸Yv¸Y fvjfv‡e hvPvB K‡i
†`Lv KZ©e¨| RvgvbZ wbK…ógv‡bi n‡j Abv`vqx F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨vsK RvgvbZ weµq K‡iI we‡kl jvfevb n‡Z
cv‡i bv|
8. FYMÖnxZvi mZZv t AwMÖg cÖ`vbKv‡j e¨vsKvi‡K Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| Zvn‡jv,
FYMÖnxZvi mZZv I b¨vqcivqYZv| Amvay e¨w³‡`i KLbI FY †`qv DwPZ bq| G ai‡bi †jvK wewfbœ iK‡gi
Uvjevnvbv K‡i F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kv‡a wej¤^ Ki‡Z cv‡i wKsev wbK…ó RvgvbZ cÖ`vb K‡i e¨vsK‡K duvwK †`qvi
†Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K m”QjZv t FYMÖnxZv Avw_©K w`K n‡Z m”Qj n‡j Zvi wbKU n‡Z mn‡R FY Av`vq Kiv
m¤¢eci n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡j wKsev Zvi m¤úwË bv _vK‡j FY †diZ cvIqvi
e¨vcv‡i m‡›`‡ni AeKvk _vKv ¯^vfvweK| ZvB AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq e¨vsK FYMÖnxZvi Avw_©K m”QjZvi
welqwUI ‡f‡e †`‡L|
10. FYMÖnxZvi e¨emvwqK ˆbcyY¨ t AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq FYMÖnxZvi (hw` wZwb e¨emvqx nb) e¨emvwqK mvdj¨
we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv e¨vsKv‡ii DwPZ| †Kbbv e¨emv‡q Amdj e¨w³ FY MÖnY Ki‡j c‡i †m FY cwi‡kva
Ki‡Z mÿg bv-I n‡Z cv‡i| FYMÖnxZvi e¨emvwqK AwfÁZv FY cwi‡kva ÿgZvi Dci me©`vB cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki FY cÖ`v‡bi bxwZi weeiY LvZvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc:

evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ Lv‡Z Znwej wewb‡qvM K‡i gybvdv AR©b Kivi cÖqvm cvq| e¨vs‡Ki G cÖqvm hv‡Z
mdjZvi cy‡®ú gÄywiZ n‡q D‡V, Z¾b¨ FY ev AwMÖg cÖ`v‡bi mgq e¨vsK¸‡jv wewfbœ bxwZ K‡Vvifv‡e AbymiY
K‡i P‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b|

1. wK‡mi gva¨‡g e¨vsK ißvwbKvi‡Ki g~j¨ cÖvwßi wbðqZv weavb K‡i?
K. e¨vsK WªvdU L. ‡c-AW©vi
M. cÖZ¨qcÎ N. IfviWªvdU
2. cÖZ¨qcÎ Bmy¨ K‡i?
K. ‡K›`ªxq e¨vsK L. ißvwb Dbœqb e¨vsK
M. ißvwb Dbœq ey¨‡iv N. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
3. FYMÖnxZvi A‡_©i mvgwqK cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vsK †Kvb ai‡bi FY gÄyi K‡i?
K. avi L. bM` FY
M. RgvwZwi³ FY N. `wjj FY

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 142

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

4. FY gÄy‡ii mgq e¨vsK wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡ePbv K‡i bv?

K. MÖvn‡Ki m¤ú` L. MÖvn‡Ki D‡Ïk¨
M. MÖvn‡Ki esk gh©v`v N. MÖvn‡Ki AZxZ †iKW©
5. cÖZ¨qcÎ †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK FY?
K. `wjwj L. A`wjwj
M. AevwYwR¨K N. bM`
6. ågYKvixi †PK †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK FY?
K. A`wjwj L. AevwYwR¨K
M. evwYwR¨K N. RgvwZwi³
7. ‡KvbwU ¯^í‡gqvw` FY bq?
K. avi L. bM` FY
M. Ifvi WªvdU N. Zjex FY
8. e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ Øviv †Kvb FY Aby‡gvw`Z nq?
K. RgvwZwi³ FY L. avi
M. bM` FY N. ¯^í‡bvwU‡k FY
9. ‡Kvb wnmv‡ei aviK‡K e¨vsK Overdraft Bmy¨ K‡i?
K. mÂqx wnmve L. ¯’vqx wnmve
M. ‡cŠb:cywbK N. PjwZ wnmve
10. bM` FY †Kvb wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g gÄyi Kiv nq?
K. FY wnmve L. PjwZ wnmve
M. mÂqx wnmve N. ¯’vqx wnmve
11. bM` FY I RgvwZwi³ F‡Yi g‡a¨ wgj nj-
i. ïay D‡ËvwjZ A‡_©i Dci my` w`‡Z nq
ii. e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ FY †`qv nq
iii. FY wKwˇZ cwi‡kva Kiv hvq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 143

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœvewj
1. †mv‡jgvb GKwU cÖwZôv‡b †QvU PvKwi K‡ib| wKš‘ wZwb wb‡R e¨env‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ †iwd«Rv‡iUi †Kbvi R b¨
e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡jb Ges F‡Yi A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡jb| Gevi wZwb Aem‡i †M‡jb| GLb wZwb fve‡Qb
Gevi FY wb‡q gRy` e¨emvq Ki‡eb|
K. ˆe‡`wkK wewbgq Kx?
L. ¯^Y©gvb GjvKv ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
M. DÏxc‡K †mv‡jgv‡bi †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii FYwU †Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK FY? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K †mv‡jgvb gRy` e¨emvq Kivi Rb¨ e¨vsK †_‡K Kx ai‡bi FY †c‡Z cv‡ib?

2. mvqvb we‡`k †_‡K Mvwoi LyPiv hš¿vsk Avg`vwb K‡i evsjv‡gvU‡i Zvi wbR¯^ †`vKv‡b weµq K‡i| ißvwbKviK
ïaygvÎ jvj Kvwj‡Z †jLv cÖZ¨qc‡Îi gva¨‡g cY¨ weµ‡qi k‡Z© ivwR nq| mvqvb Zvi e¨vs‡K Giƒc cÖZ¨c‡Îi
gva¨‡g e¨vsK F‡Yi Av‡e`b K‡i| e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ mym¤úK© _vKvq mvqvb cÖZ¨qc‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vsK FY wb‡q
mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ e¨emvq K‡i hv‡”Q|
K. c~e©¯^Z¡ Kx?
L. N~Y©vqgvb cÖZ¨qcÎ ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
M. mvqv‡bi e¨emv‡qi mvd‡j¨i KviY Kx? eY©bv Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K ißvwbKviK Kx AwMÖg ¸`vg fvov cvIqvi AwaKvix? Dˇii mc‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|

3. mwRe GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb Zvi e¨emv‡qi m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ fvÐvwiqvi jvgx e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
K‡ib| e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v Rbve mwRe‡K Zvi e¨w³MZ RvgvbZ Qvov Rxeb wegv cwjwm Rgv w`‡Z e‡j| Gici
Rbve mwRe e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi wbKU Zvi Rxeb wegvi cwjwm cÖ`vb K‡i Ges e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v wegv cwjwmi
gvwjKvbv, g~j¨, evRvi †hvM¨Zv cÖf…wZ welq we‡ePbv K‡i 20,00,000 UvKv FY gÄyi K‡i|
K. e¨vs‡Ki Znwej KZ cÖKvi?
L. cÖZ¨qc·K GK ai‡bi wbðqZvcÎ ejv nq †Kb?
M. Rbev mwRe jvgx e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi wbKU †Kvb ai‡bi RvgvbZ Rgv †`b? eY©bv Kiæb|
N. jvgx e¨vsK Rvgvb‡Zi †Kvb †Kvb welq we‡ePbv K‡i Rbve mwRe‡K FY gÄyi K‡i e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?

4. ivûj e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡q Zvi d¨vkb nvDRwU‡K m¤úªmviY Ki‡Z Pvq| e¨vsK F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j
e¨vsK RvgvbZ Pvq| wKš‘ ivûj RvgvbZ w`‡Z AcviM| Zvi gvgv wg. Rybv‡q` ¯^bvgab¨ GKRb e¨vsKvi| G
Ae¯’vq ivûj cÖ_‡g Zvi e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³ K‡i I c‡i e¨vsK Zvi gvgvi mv‡_ 2q Pzw³wU K‡i| Gfv‡e
ivûj e¨vsK †_‡K FY msMÖn K‡i e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ K‡iwQj|
K. cY¨ eÜK x?
L. FY Av`v‡q RvgvbZ‡K me©‡kl e¨e¯’v ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. ivûj †Kvb ai‡bi Rvgvb‡Zi Rb¨ FY †c‡qwQj? eY©bv Kiæb|
N. DÏxcK Abymv‡i ivn~‡ji e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ‡Z gvgvi fzwgKv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 144

 wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ

5. AvBwf e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Zvi wbR¯^ Znwej n‡Z wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨vsK AvMvg gRyi K‡i| G e¨vs‡Ki GKRb MÖvnK
Rbve †givgZ Avjx Zvi 5 kZvsk Rwg eÜK †i‡L 20 jÿ cwi‡kva K‡ib| wKš‘ Aci GKRb MÖvnK Rbve
ingZ Avjx‡K 20 jÿ UvKv F‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vsK PjwZ wnmve †Lvjvi civgk© †`q| ingZ Avjx Zvi F‡Yi A_©
†PK †K‡U msMÖn K‡ib Ges D‡ËvwjZ A‡_©i my`mn 40 wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kva K‡ib|
K. RgvwZwi³ FY Kx?
L. evwYwR¨K `wjwj FY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. AvBwf e¨vsK KZ©„K gÄyiK…Z Rbve †KivgZ Avjxi M„nxZ FY eY©bv Kiæb|
N. AvBwf e¨vsK KZ©„K gÄyiK…Z Rbve †KivgZ Avjx I Rbve ingZ Avjxi e¨vsK AvMv‡gi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK
we‡kølY Kiæb|

6. c‡ik gÐj GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb Zvi wbKU¯’ c~evjx e¨vsK †_‡K PjwZ e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ 6 gv‡mi g‡a¨
cwi‡kva¨ 5 jÿ UvKv FY MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb †f‡ewQ‡jb G FY cwi‡kv‡ai ci Avi †Kvb cÖKvi FY Ki‡eb
bv| wKš‘ nVvr Zvi cvwievwiK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 2012-2016 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cwi‡kva‡hvM¨ AviI 10 jÿ UvKv FY
MÖnY K‡ib|
K. mg‡qi wfwˇZ e¨vsK FY cÖavibZ KZ cÖKvi?
L. AevwYwR¨K FY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. c‡ik gЇji PjwZ e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ M„nxZ F‡Yi †gqv`wfwËK aib Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Rbve c‡ik M„nxZ FY `ywUi g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zzjbvg~jK my‡`i nvi AwaK? hvPvB Kiæb|

7. evwo wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Rbve bvwRi Avn‡g`‡K e¨vsK FY w`j| G‡ÿ‡Î evwowU g~j AvgvbZ wn‡m‡e ivLv n‡q‡Q|
bwRi Avng‡`i GKU †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q †R‡b e¨vsK †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨ RvgvbZ w`‡Z †P‡qwQj|
wKš‘ e¨vsK ivwR nqwb|
K. e¨vsK wj‡qb I gU©‡MR Kx?
L. FY cÖ`v‡b e¨vs‡Ki we‡eP¨ welqmg~n Kx Kx?
M. bvwRi Avn‡g` †Kv¤úvwbi †h †kqvi RvgvbZ wnmv‡e w`j Zv †Kvb ai‡bi RvgvbZ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. bvwRi Avn‡g` †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨ gyj¨ RvgvbZ wn‡m‡e wb‡Z e¨vsK ivwR n‡jv bv †Kb? Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|

8. BL e¨vsK Zvi MÖvnK‡`i wewfbœ †kÖwY‡Z fvM K‡i FY cÖ`vb K‡i| BL e¨vsK mvaviY FY, bM` FY,
RgvwZwi³ FY QvovI PvwnevgvÎ †`q FY, ¯^í‡gqvw` †bvwU‡k wjR, wcGwW cÖf…wZ FY cÖ`vb K‡i| Gme FY
cÖ`v‡b BL e¨vsK A‡_©i wbivcËv, Zvij¨, F‡Yi RvgvbZ, F‡Yi D‡Ïk¨, FYMÖnxZvi mZZv I mybvg,
wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ, Avw_©K mvg_©¨ cÖf„wZ we‡ePbv K‡i| Gme welq we‡ePbvi d‡j e¨vs‡Ki e¨emvq m¤úªmvwiZ
n‡”Q|
K. †c-AW©vi Kx?
L. cÖZ¨qc‡Îi cÿ¸‡jv Kx Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. BL e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi cÖK…wZ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. BL e¨vs‡Ki e¨emvq m¤úªmvi‡Y we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiæb|

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 145

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

9. cÖvBg e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Lv‡Z FY cÖ`vb K‡i| g‡°j‡`i‡K cÖZ¨qcÎ,
e¨vs‡Ki AvÁvcÎ, ågYKvixi †PK cÖf…wZ `wj‡ji gva¨‡g e¨vsKwU FY mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i, hv Zv‡`i e¨emv-
evwYR¨ I we‡`‡k åg‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e cÖvBg e¨vsK A‡_©i wbivcËv, F‡Yi cwigvY, RvgvbZ cÖf…wZ
welq we‡ePbv K‡i MÖvnK‡`i FY myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
K. L.T.R Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
L. e¨vs‡Ki KvR F‡Yi ZË¡veav‡b Rvgvb‡Zi ZË¡veavb bq †Kb?
M. cÖvBg e¨vs‡Ki †h ai‡bi F‡Yi K_v DÏxc‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
N. cÖvBg e¨vsK FY gÄy‡ii Rb¨ Kx Kx welq we‡ePbv K‡i we‡kølY Kiæb|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.1 : 1. K 2.M 3.M 4.5.M 6.N 7.N 8.N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.2 : 1.L 2.L 3.M 4.L 5.N 6.L 7.N 8.N 9.L10.M 11.L 12.K 13.K 14.K 15.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.3 : 1.L 2.L 3.L 4.L 5.K 6.N 7.L 8.N 9.N 10.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.4 : 1.M 2.N 3.M 4.M 5.K 6.L 7.K 8.K 9. N 10.L11.K

BDwbU 7 c„ôv 146