ara in * Provide additional employment opportunities for people in Nusa Teng} all s of tourism and related activitics with emphasis on employment, to the extent possible, of persons from within Nusa Tenggara and from the local areas where tourism is developed * Promote the conservation of traditional cultural patterns and their artistic €x: pressions and placcs of specific historic and cultural importance that repre- sent the heritage of Nusa Tenggara, and minimize any adverse impact of tour- ism on traditional cultures and the general society through carefully controlled development ; Promote conservation of the natural environment, especially the resources of natural landscape beauty, flora and fauna, and the marine environment of beaches, sea gardens, and sea life, and specific outstanding natural features, and minimize any adverse environmental impact of tourism, particularly air, water, visual, and noise pollution and preemption of public use areas, through carefully controlled development. Provide tourist attractions, facilities, and services that can be used by both do- mestic and foreign pleasure tourists and by business and government travelers, with these attractions, facilities, and services also being available for use by local residents. Utilize, to the extent possible, existing and already programmed infrastruc ture, especially the expensive components of land, air, and sea communica: tions, and integrate new tourism infrastructure needed into total development Programming, so that the infrastructure necessary for tourism is multi-purpose and serves general needs as well as tourism requirements; tourism can help _ justify and pay for development of multi-purpose infrastructure. » Develop the attitudes, managerial, and technical skills of local people to € ively participate in tourism and provide efficient tourism servi naintaining the natural friendliness of local people toward tourists tablish a tourism development pattern and program that provides logical nd phased development over the next 5-, 10-, and 20- ¥ periods in conso- na ‘ith the national, regional, and local areas’ capabilities of socially the impact of tourism, of economically providing the necess . while still b. ary infra- Development Plan (Horwath and Horwath 1980) P/WTO assisted project. Malta, an independent in Sea south of Sicily and comprised of the is » is already substantially developed as a tourist foreign tourist arrivals in 1989. As its attrac ean climate combined with good beaches = country is very accessible to the major ernment of Malta wished to expand68 Tourism Play, Ming carefully planned and controlled j, with a longterm objective of improving the quality of and diversifying the , ism product, somew hat shifting the types of tourist markets, and maintaining 3), upgrading the overall environmental quality and functional efficiency of the ,* isting tourism areas specifically and the islands in general % Figure 3.2, which shows the existing land use survey map of the Malta pj, ning study, indicates some of the major types of existing land uses that were a sidered in the planning, as follows: * Development zone boundaries— and mostly already developed w! comes a consideration in determining w’ be situated. © Industrial areas—Those areas that have been industrially developed and ther, fore would not likely be compatible with tourism development. * Airport—The airport location is an important consideration because touris development should not be located too near the airport where it would be ‘ fected by aircraft movements and noise, but there should still be good ace: : between the airport and tourism development areas for the Renvencnen tourist arrivals and departures asi omic benefits, butona Uy, tourism for its ¢cone “Those areas zoned for development (in 19g ith urban uses; their location therefore jy here new tourism development c, an Parkland69 al Surveys «planning Process and ¢ «traction for tourists but are also ause their public can be 4 kland—The existing parklands d with tourist facilities be * Par not be develope: fands that should r park use is more important The tourism plan for Malta will be further presented in case studies in subse- chapters, Other countries with a similar situation of having substantial and 'm but that have had tourism plans pre- rol future development in- cayman Islands in the quen economically successful existing touris he late 1980s and early 1990s to better cont eastern Mediterranean Sea and the C pared in U clude Cyprus in the Caribbean Sea Background Surveys in the Fiji Tourism Plan ‘The national tourism development plan for Fiji (Belt, Collins & Assoc. et al 1973) was prepared by a consortium of consulting firms asa UNDP/World Bank assisted project in 1973. This planning project was a comprehensive one that examined and made recommendations on all aspects of tourism and, in addition to the na- tional plan, included several regional and urban tourism plans and detailed plan- ning for a proposed large beach resort. The planning team of more than 20 per- _ sons, including some short-term specialists, spent several months in Fiji - conducting the surveys and analyses and preparing the draft plans. Close coordi- nation was maintained throughout the project with the relevant government Z and private tourism sector, and some government planners and tourism assigned to work with the international team members the central South Pacific, Fiji is comprised of several hundred is- Levu constitute some 87 percent of the total land area of the second largest reef complex, after the Great Barrier Reef , The attractions of the country include primacily natural a subtropical climatic setting, complemented cultural patterns of the Fijian people, indige- styles, and duty-free shopping. The background | included a description of the location of the atural environment of geology, topography, hy- ous animal life, the reef system and climatic pat iphic and settlement patterns, cultural char- FS with most of the agricultural activities astal plains and river valleys. Much of the as mapped in the planning analysis) unsuitable for intensive development th of the total land is flat or undulat- inder is steep. In many places the70 steep slopes come 10 OF ve wee vyelopable land adjacent t0 “ ‘The plan pointed out that many De : islands, but there are also long st ‘ that some of the beaches that do exist are ¢ slopes and coral reefs exposed at low Hess peaches in developable and accessible location reed for recreation and fisheries use BY hotel sites. Thus, topographic characters’ consideration in locating tourism developm constraint, a sufficient number of suitable found to provide a viable basis for substal Related to topography and location. of good. the existence of mangrove swamps along many § these mangrove areas are located near beaches moval and land fill to provide land for resorts ant The plan emphasized that mangrove areas are importal ple, in natural land formation, as a sea life habitat with 1 production, and for control of flooding), but that in, sidered for reclamation for tourism, urban, and agricultt tal technique being applied in some places in portions of mangrove in their natural state but reclaiming inland ricultural use. tential was targeted for beach and water related recreation and relaxation. T fore, micro-climatic patterns were a very important consideration in the pla for tourism in the islands. Being in the southeast trade wind belt of the Sou northwestern or leeward sides, with considerable variation in the ext sonality of rainfall. Climatic patterns were categorized into four 2 ; baat ones b temperatures, total rainfall, and seaso i , and seasonalit eee ity of rainfall as follows (temperatu ; infall of 55 to 100 inches; k dry season—moderate rainfall wit eprees a te ._ dsrees and an annual rainfall of 80 to 130 incest Very weak dry season-high rainfall with RY grees and an annual rainfall of 100 t Moderate to no dry season with an annual rainf, in annual temperature of ith a mean annual tem, ‘© 200 inches; and amea all of 80 to over 200 thet lan pointed out that, fror : suitable for tourism with isitors. A specific perature of 77 & | a sae) temperature of 67 degrees anf ma climatic st; er arc a and poi Y hiesneath point, the drier, warmer # spsereraiee ving pleasant wea ditto © aspect of climate that the pla ae that the plan analyzed was the hazard are more for viplanning Process and General Surveys vil Pacific region a peri i Pee er nne has experienced periodic severe hurricanes th: continue occurring, but the preci dictable. The plan emphasized tha of tourism facility development m hurricane damage, Where there is definite Seasonality, March and the dry season from June to particular importance to the North Ame traditional northern hemisphere vacati spond to the northern hemispher hemisphere’s winter season (Australia ant tourist market for Fiji), A major consideration in ure situation, at inevitably will ¢ paths and frequency of hurricanes are unpre- tthe specific siting and construction standards nust take into account the likely possibility of the rainy season occurs from January to September, The dry season period is of rican tourist markets because this is the ion period (although it does not corre © winter season), and the southern in the southern hemisphere is an import- planning tourism in Fiji was also the land ten- As the plan indicated, the land must be available in otherwise suitable locations for tourism development, and the availability must be at @ price (either through purchase or lease) that is equitable to both the Owners and the developers. In Fiji, nearly 84 percent of the total land area is held by indigenous Fijians under customary tenure and cannot be alien- ated by sale to private individuals. This tenure is characterized by extended family communal ownership of specific parcels of land. However, leasing of Fijian land can be effected through the administration of the Native Land ‘Trust Board, which reviews lease terms to ensure that proper land wu ‘Proposed and equitable lease fees are obtained. Frechold land that can be bought and sold occupies about 10 percent of the land area although much this is in developable and accessible areas. Sale of freehold land is be- ng common. The remaining 6 percent of the land is Crown or public ‘which are mostly mangrove and rugged interior areas, some of re suitable for public park use. The plan mentioned that some ex- m development in Fiji seems to have been located based only ability regardless of other locational criteria. A land tenure © types of land ownership in order to achieve a reasonable equity benefits of development. the background survey of topography, climate, and land ten- on of good quality beaches and infrastructure development provided essential input into the Fiji planning analy: ulation distribution was also examined with respect to supply to work in the tourism areas. Because of the ion throughout the developable coastal areas of the ,ajor constraint in location of tourism areas. Gen- ved as background for the economic impact ing. Sociocultural patterns were also attraction features and the sociTourism Plan, the Sri Lanka Tourism Plan + et al 1967) Was preparey ourism planning approac, d south of India in the Climatic Patterns Survey for The tourism plan for Sri Lanka (Harris Kerr MOTSNS in the late 1960s and con dered to be & model of the © used and application of sound planning principles. Locate ffers varied attractions of rich cultural patterns, some Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka ©! outstanding archaeological ‘and historic sites, scenic mountain landscapes ang tea plantations, many good beaches and marine areas, €XOUC wildlife, and a trop. ical climate ‘Tourism has substantially developed since preparation of the to any of the plan's recommendations having been followed, although during the m 1980s, tourism was somewhat af. fected by internal political disturbances ‘As shown in Figure 3.3, the approach to showing climatic patterns in a man ner suitable for tourism planning analysis wat to indicate areas of different rainfall feels, because this is 2 highly variable climatic factor both seasonally and throughout the island, Average rainfall rang: from 25 to 50 inches in some of the coastal areas to over 200 inches in the highest elevations. However, much of the rainfall takes place during two distinct monsoonal periods as shown on the map. with an unusual regime uurism plan with m id to late NORTHEAST MONSOON October-Februarysannng Process and General Surveys me? é Rains occur in the western part of the May to September, when the ¢ eastern part of the island durin tober to February, when the gime offers a major island during the southwest monsoon from astern areas are drier; and rainfall is highest in the Ng the northeast monsoon period lasting from Oc Western areas are drier, This double monsoon re- advantag z BseGIeRe thc conc ntage to the country of having drier periods at various astline throughout the ood beaches for resort develop Brite Pe and west coasts. Thus, seasonality of beach although, of course, s eau fall patter is greatly reduced at the national level, Eee enntey ¢, ‘sonality of rainfall still affects each of the coastal areas. As fe ntry, temperatures are mild throughout the year, with a decrea temperatures at the higher elevations w' developed. sein here some mountain resorts have , Emanuel, Editor. 1979. Tourism: Passport to Development? New York: Oxford University Press. Planning Association. 54 (3): 360-372. Reprinted by al of the American Planning Association. t Programme and World Tourism Organization.