MITEL (mp &me) ® 8086 Archilecline SN Sewers" x Registes Onganiration ob 8086'> 8086 has. a powerrfel set of | megtslems know as general purpose & specka® puypose vegistess - Al these, vegteto ane ete agile geneand purpore Riyistns famanat dala. mgs ~ Genera® purpose neghstews Can be used as either g-K ow 16- bib vegistens - “hey may be ether used foo holding data, yariables @ wtesmediia Le yesults temponaxily - “the. General purpose, ie-brk reg isless, ane ww) AX (Accumulator ) AX Tau JAL] (a) ax (Gate Register) xen [6b 3). Cx (Covar Regis) ex| cH Job a) ox (Aala Register 7) 3) Dx| DH | DL > Ax % used as 1G-bIb aceumvlator, The lowe g-biks of Ax sepnesented as AL and Highes a_bilt of AX gepoesertec as AH TUB fe tue. mosk impos lant general punpese weg isles used to stove. gescells of some — astthanette oposiatoons - _~ Bx C Base wegtster ) holds the. offset addvess cf a location in the membty. TE ®& also, usec to weber do Hue data wa te membYy ate regtstes &5 clebault count negistes tect to hold the count walue while -execcrEing te sepeated soing. Instouctions ‘and the. Loop insbou~ -ctems © Ch fs usd te hold> te, count vale while execeebing tue. chit / notalé instocc fie’=e DE Aata registers is a geneeal puy which may be. ued as an a iv case 66 a ew inshucktons + Ek In oouttiplicatior cperation st is usect to hold a past of tue vescuth. Befow diviserv operation jh es Used! 10 hold a park of “The. clividend : special puspose- e_'stts ~The specrald puspose bess ave used as segment vegistens, potater— and- index vegistess OF as offsel stosage vegistens fot ota addvessing modes. Ae 7 Segment Regislans ~ Tr 8086 Me complete imege. byte memiy & divided ‘ale 16 logical segments - pavirount capac of each membty GH kbytes ere, ane our segment segislens . ose vegister estinatcon wes (cede segrvent) cs 2 ps (ata Segenertt ) bs (9 ES (exta segerenth) es (4) ss Clack segerent) SS — > cs'— he code seg ren negisten 9 used Pow addvessing a cnemoy location iw tue Code segment of the memB-Y 5 whe we. execettable paggnam fs stowed - =» BS addwessing & membuy — es— te exboa segment vegtetor G, anothes. date, segment of Te. membuy bey exbon segment aleo contains data. 5 8s'— stack segment vegisles fe cased fox addwessing ctack segrnenE eb the coembty beep ae. dale segment weg istew & used Por location , where. dala is steveddcoat which % used to shove shack alata. The opr Uses the shack foo ‘tenpevory stosing haps leet data with pus & PoP opevations - pow ken oPoiates £ index wzisloxs — the pointes. & Sndex aegislaxs ob 8086 ane. up) sP (stack Pointer) Ww BP Case Pointer) (3) 8) C Sabree Dndlex) w) DI ( Restinatiod Pnclex) ey 1P Cnsttwe fen Pointer) ssp te stack. pointes *s ued to hold te offsek addvess ( lower y-bils 6b physicad address) 96- the date stowed at tue. top of Hie, stack seqenent+ SP wih $s negis ee can genenate the 20-BE physical addlsess ° sep te base pointes addvess of te clala te inte the stack segonent: 3 ST The, sz negis los es ow. addvess of tue, scunce- data while execeeting. sting. inshruc ion s* rot qejor regiske uted to hold the offset addvess of tie destination alata |p data) ino The, extra segment, while executing string cnshuc tions: Generally sper oie genesiad puspose vegis manipulation 3B la ts a special weqislee tno 8086. addwess 06 next jasevucbiory % used'to hold the offset from os waitttent be. vead cect te hold He offset a the data sequent, ~lexs Used Se stoing 3 TP We IP veg BY josh hold tue. to be cxecreficl,x Flag Reqfstas 06 e086— the gone flag negtslor bite can conltel te cperakions && cpu. TH a 16-biF register. it's divided inte two poals” CW Condition Cede, | skul&s flags (2) Machine Coalko! flags - the stalos flag negishes ig the, lower byle ob Flag register along with Guexflow flag. WS past Cans neplects tue wesults of. tue opecrations pestformed bg. ALU. he contso] Flag sregisee %s tue highew byte of 6b 3086. Ft contains three Flags lag cregtslot Lb clivectton Fl 2) Talerrupt FI _ (3) Trap fey “t Foy Bp nw 4 8s 6 wohl 5 1 o [fsb xfelo[z[t[s|z x [|x oves-flow —— | Aineckoo ——— partite eee Auli cry cary Tytery Cs =. camy_ flag s-( cr) THis flag ts set aohen thene ‘is acany cut of MS ih case 96 addition ov borrow gm. cage. ob eubboactiod- to10 O100 BE AY — easy tool oto! () _—— @oorl 1ool peb msB. then Cary ~Heve we get cary ott flag set bey C=)> ponity Hag (PEIK Ps, lag 15 set tol ib the tata” byte of the sesult combaing ever number of Ils. exe IZALH — ooo! OCO!0 1010 9100 34H — Ol! opIp tod! ola! : Se “O09 olor OgltN0gl es: arene alg -4F etn THIS a0 66 a TRIS example He (oweer byle e& the vesult contains 4 aumbea 06 1S Cever) ther pasily flag set é-e) (PE= !)- = Auyiliacy carey flag (AcE om tue. m@bble te) bi Us 9s sek if Htrexe Ps } diree,, desing addition co Canny Pos0 on. bowow dusting sgubbraction: ke QgBH—, colo loll eH O100 Oo}! ( pa = ion oolO comgah ‘Ba E [cies oi bble there (AF=D. eve. we get cary a — > Zeso Flag (eA) Tues flag es seb tf the: wesul of te compatateon oe Compan sor pesrformedt by te instruction is 200° PheviGus ext ayt — OAlO ol00 — 0010 901900 2yuH 2 _ © 3500 B000 -? ooH Here sesutt & zexo , Then (21): al 8199 Flag ispDi- tes flag % sek uahen he oesul bot ong computation negative « ow signed! ope the sign flag equals He msh of fla eset makionsS (t.sigv +o6H — [o\oooclla 40741 — \O/0 000666 we omit Ser TIS Te In signed o} erations MsB represents sig; then sign Flag bik (SF=I)- ~ Taap Flag ES This Flag 95 sch, wpker 6086 enters the single step execertaon mode~ l-er ib “trap flag ts sef, than type 4H intercept genera ticl automatically —> Toterupt flag DE) TP +ifs flag 9s sek INTR intemuph &s aecognized hy 8066 , crhorutise. igndiedk- —»7 Lisectioo Flag (OR)H This fs used by stoing mant ~ -pulation instructions. TA +hfs flag ts seb to O , the steieg $s processecl beginning Lowy lower ackae.ss to highes addvess d.ey auto Soowment> mode, othasoise auledecremenk mode (i.e, from heghor adedvsess to lower addvess). — G28 Flow Flag (oR) thes flag fg seh, Hh He agesult of o signed opesiatiood ts (asge +p shove iw dectinakion § vegis te estirabio snegis taps. BF +4H — fo1ooO +4 HF ojloo Exs- CD DOC 2 es:tlov because, 56 sepresenls —— a sign - _OF= d# Block dl Angra of eb 2086 C CArrchitec ae.) — @ eo} Nifty. secahphetl aoclibectine. eb 8086 4s cticbterlea! tivicled’ ints two parts WW Bus Triterface. ual (BLU) \D Execeetion Uni (EU) Below Frgure sbews He. Internad. block Two pasts can wérk sieullanecusl dinqnam ob 8086+ 7% | Aioy to incwwase syste speed & hence Memory theoughput. Tulesface — = 74 Addvess \ id OV Serene Crys I : erase 5 ' : \ Queve o ! Be 3 | \ ES ahs = x ! | wags oll Tustovetion I | Poink’s J 1Exe Bus Totivface. Unik BTU)— thts unik Ps tue goRe's Moterface to the cutside BF provides a Full 16-biF bi-dizectional dale bus and go- biE addwess bus the bu jnterface ont can pesford all extevaad, bus opesations Ghee memird / LO sead ) oie opesrattons « Fo io lement these functions the BIV ceatains = he jn sbruchaO Queue Segnent vegiste as Tnstrwetio paoter Address Seamed Bus conto] logis —> Tastevck>o. @ueue— 70. peed up pregaem execution jhe piu fetches SP jostivetion dyles at atime from mem BY these iostsuctions ave held os the execution unit ya group 6 veg ‘Sten calleL queue. Wilh the help ob queue. TE % possible te -Rfeh next - instoucticd pohen current insteuctiow tion The BID continue tars pocess fs in exec tnett queue. Ps not full. Bue to this, instwe len world - fetch ime %, eliminated: Tnsteoched pointes = Zt can store the, address +> yon oe rere " next insteuction at the time 66 execer (tod — Addwess Sumeoes ~ Generally to paovicle aor bit at. addvess we ov store upped I6- bils fv physic segment wegistaxs © (ewe g-bils in “Index, pointer yegislaes « pith This, adelvess gunmedt woe, will geh base. addvess € physical addwess bY adding ebaset adel gest Base addvess — 2000H =" pbbsetaddwess — 2345H Physicat addvess = 20000 2305 “RQBOSH -Exelon ak lay ev tellg the BIU fsom whee etch insbeuctions ov dat, clecodes jnstouc tions cto and execulés inctouctions- Ft contcuns > coolkol Covcecityy . 5 Insteuchion decodes 27 ALL ane, Register opganiaabibo Co fla isler Ls flag puspose weqis lax Ls Polotens & Inolex vegis lets the contol oxcuitry in the BU divects re fotera® operations - AD decoder can translate: Te, rostouctions fichecl Bom The, membry cols a sexes ee ackions » which the 6 pextons - aw is 16-bit. theay add, subbeack, AND , OR >XOR, Inewemen by decvemen lS ,complemenF& shitt binaty pomleae a) Registes oagani eaten gqenesad purpde used te hold data , nesctts fempesoly alae) the stals 66 he segislass ane ase associated Lh isles can co’ a Povoless & lodex vegistess with segment veg islexs to psedece 20-5 « Pir_diagnaws 0b 86+” goB6 an opesale following tip modes - minim ce} fs packaged ip a 4o pin, DIP package - configuaation shown 19 below Aguie: 8086 signals can be, categorised 9S gqacceps: @® Sgqnals having dernmon fonction & 10 MID& mar meds. have special Lnction S For- | addeess - ry any one. of the 5 & maxim emodes he pin Sigaals bie mm modeOsiqnale which hat . - anax mode Re special fonctions foy- cc op = ae Mode Min Mode. Gap a yo Vee. Any O|* 34 [J ADS Ads U4 29 f] Ale/Ss ADL + aa [] Ara sep “Abw O/? 36] Ae/SS ADdioL}é act Aulse apa (7 gu {l BHE/St dg (8 Bi mime ADs (7 arf] RD Dg L|'© 8086 ait RG/G% (Hoe) 4 MP so RG/ET (Heo) Abs Bock a ADY [| > aa & Ads C13 Ls Cu (0) ADs] ae C pI) Hf 26 [] So et »ROis z (DEN) ee asf @50 CALE) ADT ‘ ay 1 OS Cinta) on te . a3 (1 TesT TAIT [98 C ce g'9 Ad H READY GND Ql t] RESET os Aeses ee h oke__con con oh oo bolh © mount etx more ~ © Signal “Signals conic. = ADe ADIs > These i. act as addvess ~ data bes. ALE (Adeloess Latch €nable) Ps cet Clogic ), mese pins addwess + ond shen ALE & ab ‘0’ ypese pins caw chit ABbi* ecaot to demultiplex Dddvess > data bvs copesate.ly hy usta’ (atehes along. wom ALE. wheneve®—> Ae {Sa t LS isle Ral: Spbseiptrs ase aibteiplexdat te) provide Address signals Gre O19) & shales Este (53 ~S6) wohen ALES! ; These Pins Cary addaess , ALE =o s these pins carey data - Tn shalas bes 93 454 Pydicale, the. segment the Current BUS YU accessed by the 8086 dusio, = eq ee, access — &S > o eka Segment ° f Stack Segment t 4p code. [No Segeent sap Data Segmontt Bys the SF Sdicates the Condition ob the IE BIE, 6 always semains at lage o- —> BHE/sx the bos High enable i's used fo the 8086 cle enable. the pigher alata bus Ca -Ors) closing excl / woe cpeaation - & $6 always at logic 4- > My shes, pio & used to select ties ecient oo maxi aod: configuration + pohens this, pin CS Sh opecates ak aiaiovnv n power SU (y(45v) “0 pune 4s aie to gecund Ft opesales _= Gils he mode > ° x fo maximum mode > RD whenever Ths signal & at logic o Hen S086 Gan peaforn Memory ) TO sead openg. be) . re 45 the setv%xo tor the gsound connection Gnound one i ane en: : powes supply the 8086 has tteo ; age nse bE" cenwey to gxouncl duty ctyele of. 3) ch she ctocks sgnal mush have & 2ay% to provicle. puopes eternal timing tou — INTRE The Sotenry tL sequegh isa level- hatcware, rotaweepl + which clepencts on the. slates 6@ Tre 6086. bxiggewed!otemupt flag bE TO 1F% 4 thew wa inte f enabled, ie IF & 0 Thon tolereupt é oe reninti= he von maskable. ntewupt ts a hardware. ae ° xo, He +t H inles {s~ foterupt - When’ OCoLNs 1 ype O2H inlemcepls occer red SVC = The. power supply pine provicles Aaah signa ( ce to the, 2086 woah ; ae ee ee fapot 9s used fo insenta rastbeuchians sty Es © ti % F reapy pl ib 4 Gale tue timing cycle o& 8086- 34 the. 4 y Pp + has no effect oo te opesabroo. TIL % 0, entexs wot cfale (lo) fobetween Ts &Ty 06 timing. giqnads, . ee pio % ‘teslked by warr instruction): Tits o, sesh tue wait instruction -foncttens Nop (no cperabior ), Ait is4, they O86 can woth vsti] TEST pio becomes } = RESETO SSS Hh iopet causes Hue 8086 to veset, obit fs at logic for a minum of ~fouk clocking posiods. Lhenevee 8086 fs vesel, csLip ase \aitiaQized to FEEFH & 0000H sespectioely & ate offer sagistews initialized te coor @_Siqnale which have specie’ -fonctierns 1 MINI mede ~> M[fom stfe pio fndicates uohetbes the 8086 fs pesfosming memsiy gead/ wile: openra ting (10/70 =f) 08 To sad] wile operation (m/F5 =). 2 WRE the wail signal Poditcafes +uat Me gos6 % Seuding cata, toa memay orn To device. ot logis 0 -> TR the. data toavemib ox receive sh nao© Yndicalés thab te 8086 Kes dala bus -traucmteta: Cor] R= ry ov vecetving. (o7/ R=0) data ¢ Ths signal, Se used to contol Hie. data flow divecttoo 5 exbomnad. cata, bus - — DEN = Bata bus enable. signal mdicales he avaleability of wallid clala thaogh addzess / data bus at logico- —7 ALE when te addsess latch enable fs ab high en clicales address (cata. bus & addzess/ statis bus contain addsess which can be ether anemaig {ZO addvess ° > INTRA ue totereph aknowledge. signal isa wespoase dome. INTR oyternept pia - Ttyusk used to place. athe. totermupt. ype oF vector dala bus C Do- Dx), 9, sonse te Me INTR btenupt a Holo = que td lope neguests a dlivect mem ay access & % genesalecl bg pmA conboolka. / a Heo ST just aknowled ement Fos ae P ants pio ges connected to eufpel ob Soi eu eS ya © gnats sobfeh rave spore ints oe ——_— 3B, 5 Shor Te stabs bis indicalés the -fencheo Bak ok the cue? bus cycle: ZS 5 So foncleoo } ° o anereuph Ai know ledgement- o oe 35 Lio read ° to Tlo ws ite oO A { HOLTmity nead Memaly waite So ° opcode fetch 1 ote ° f ae Qs & OS) the Queue. shalos bile show te ctalds of tue intesnal iosbructioo queue oh the 88 these. pinS ase provided -for access by the numekit poaessor (803): Belevo table shows fhe. -funckion 66 @s,& Qo GET G80 onetin = oO © Queue & Fdle (no operation) O | —Gisst bype of opeede. ts wead Prom The, CHeue- \ o Quour. i eraply” rt 1 Qubseguent byle of opcode rs wead from the Wes the lock output % vsecl to lock he . This pio Is activated, insbuc lero: =» Lote RS pes tphoarls ott the syslem by using the LOCK prefix 0 any ROLE &LG[TIH rhe request grant phhs veguest pMmA during the maxinuen anode. operation ob “the 8086 - - ahese (hes age bidlivecltona@ and ave. used to segues and grant a pMmA operiit con.ay Memiong. Cogacization:— © i> 2026 & a 16-EE processes & * can suppoals im byte Che, ao-t addsessbus) of external memosg over the addvess wange o0000H +o FRERFH. Ly the 2086 exganices menor as wdtidval bytes of data. means “SE eguines Oe anes locales) to store one byte (g-bits) of data dive. bytes Ly the B0R6 can access any —two consecet wsord (16 -bits) of dala The lowes C.successive bytes ) as a addsessed byte fs the least significant byle of the wood , and the highes— addwessecl bylé & tte mes signifecant byle - Example = — Consides past of imbyle memduy —e Rguae, sepnesents : the storage locatzoref comA| OF _| OcooB addmess oocaAH contains He Nine olue oF H, hie rhe localton econ Titan | oP address coolot Contains come | 2a | o0a0F tue value 7D+H Ly “tea. [TEBProond aagae 9A % slowed So, the locations CocODH te OOCOEH- wond= The wond of cate % at an even — address boundaty % called —altigned wid. th even-address poundasy nepresenls addsess 86 east stgnificant ‘. te of wond %& even & adldvess eb mast significen byte of wad @ edd. Orenilarslly, the Bid of data fs akan odd~ addyess boundary, °s called misallgnect wHad- Odd- ent addvess of least sigorficaat addsess boundagy sepses byte of word “ks edd & addvess of most significant byte of wosd Zs even.Example consider a pant of A Mbyte meméyy Addwess Alligned widods 000034) word co0064 woads o000SH ‘ued ©0004 H wand 00003H word 2-.2- ooco2H a wards oooog 4 es: ooo00H misattigned wards L= store double. wond we srequine tout ea f Cs Le A double word % said te be altignedt when lead sfctePEcant byte addsess % a multiple a a Le Sinillasly te double void at addoec’ ° a multiples of + %° calle misaligoecl double. wid: Exacople— consider a past of A Mega byle nemo . id oo00sH} Bytes” | es a “s cocot | Bytes | wed Cowes tt es |< Oocor2H | BY 2 re _| Double wad! a o.oco) H Byte 4. o J bof Ne coooo tt [Byte o Je rors abbignedt, Deulele wads Here Loullole wads o£ 4 ane alagned & ed couble weds: wemaiaing ane angatig?