BuffersDefinition ™="Buffers are compounds or mixtures of compounds that by their presence in the solution resist changes in the pH upon the addition of small quantities of acid or alkali.”Necessity of a buffer system: '= Sometimes Its necessary that a solution ofa definite pH be prepared and stored, The preservation of such a. Solution 1s even. moro flout! than is preparation. Solution comes In contact with alt will absorb CO, and. Becomes acide. On the other hand, solutions stored in. ‘glass baila, aikaline Impurles rom tho glass may altot Ite pH. Bue to these reasons, pharmaccutieal solutions. are Dutfored a8" the ‘butor solutions are capable’ ot maintaining pH at some fail constant value when even. Small amounts of acid or base are added.Types of buffers: Generally buffers are of two types; ™Acidic buffers ™Basic buffersAcidic Buffers: ‘An occ butter @ combination of weak acid and is sat witha strong base. Le, Weak acid & salt with strong base (conjugate base). EXAMPLES: = CH,COOH CH,COONa = H,C0, /NaHico, = H,P0, /NoH,PO, ‘= HCOOH / HOONBasic Buffers: Abasic butler isa combination of weak base and its salt with a strong acd Le. Weak base & salt with strong acid (conjugate acid). EXAMPLES: = NH,OH /NH,CI = NH, /NH,ct = NH, /(NH),CO,Phosphate Buffers (Double salt buffers): Besides the two general types of buffers acidic & basic), a third appears to exist. This is buffer system composed of two salts: ‘*=Monobasic potassium phosphate (KH,PO,) ‘=Dibasic potassium phosphate (K,HPO,).Buffer action ‘The resistance ofa butter solution to a change in pH Is. known a8 Butter action,Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: = Consider butter systom of CH,COOH (Weak electrolyte) land CH,COONa (Strong electrolyte). There will be a ar ge Conceniration of Nas lons, CH,COONa fons, and un- dissociated CHCOOH molecules. = Whon an acid is added _/-® ha strong aca (He! is added in CH,COOH / CH,COONa bute, the changes that will occur may be represented as: oom“The hydrogen ions yielded by the quickly removed as unionized acetic the hydrogen ion concentration is tt only slightly affected (because produced is very weak as comps added).tong is andin 204 OC00N hatte Bos ‘ ‘The hydration lie bythe Nao ate therfore emoved 3 wate ‘The suply of hydrogen ions needed fortis purpose beng consantiy provided the assocation of arate ci.Mechanism of Action of basic buffers: ” Gechoiel owite stuns arctan a Nin German sea tc + amorascencr gsi nic ue, cage ta 7 ee ‘Te nytrogen one yldes by the Hel ate threore removed 3 wae ‘The suppWy of OM ons neaded for ths is constantly proved by the ammonum hyeroaeWhen a bose is added ‘trong base (NaOH) Is added in NH,OM / NH,CI butter, the changes that will occur may be represented as: — =~ The hydroxyl ons yielded by the NaOH are therefore quickly removed as unionized ammonium hydroxide and the pH of solution is only slightly affect.Mechanism of Action of phosphate buffers: | imki,Po, x, HPO, buffer system, H,P0,’ serves a8 wes serves a conjugate base. When hyonium ions are added, then id and HPO, HPO, + HO" > H,P0, + H,0 hydroxyl ions are added to this butfer, the following reaction takes +O > HPO? + H,0BUFFER EQUATION (Henderson — Hasselbalch equation)BUFFER EQUATION (Henderson — Hasselbalch equation)For Acid Buffers: “The pl of acid butter can be calcul ‘constant, Ka ofthe weak acid and t and call used. '= The dissociation expression oft tepresented as: SHA Hk a = [He] [44] /(HA] so tne) = Ka nay ay trom the dissociation ‘concentrations of te acid weak acid can be'= A woak acid is only slighty dissociated, and its dissociation Is further depressed by the addition of the salt (XA) which Provides A" ion (common lon effec) as a result tho [Squllbcium concentration of the unionized acid’ te nea ‘equal to the inal concentration ofthe acid. The equllyium Eoncentration of Ar Is assumed to be equal to the iit ‘eoncenvation of the salt added since it Is completely Aissociated. Therefore, in above equstion (1), we represent Concentration ot A- By salt concentration.> PHY = Ka. (Aci) [Sat] ——~ (2) '= Taking og on both sides, we get: "= log(H] = logka + log [Aci [Sat ‘= multiplying both sides by ~ve sign, f= togltt'] = slogKa ~ tog [Aci | [Salt] As loalit] = pH & -logka=pka = pHt= pka -log{ Acid [Salt] OR rr Eq. (3) is called as Henderson ~ Hasselbalch equation, It helps in calculating the pH value of buffer solution, the concentrations of acid as wellas that of the salt are known,Buffer equation for basic buffer can be calculated in same way as that for acidic buters. Consider a basic buffer composed of a mixture of weak base (BH) and its Salt (BA). The dissociation constant for base can be written 3s, BOH © a + OF 8°] [OF] /{BOH] oR [OH] = Kb (BOM /(841=A woak base Is only slighly dissoclated, and is dlesoclation is further depressed by the addition of the Salt (BA) which provides Bion (common fon effect) 35.2 Fesult the equilibrium concentration of the unionized base is nearly equal to the intal concentration of the bse. The equilibrium concentration of B* la sasumed to be equal to the inal concentration of the salt added since it ls completely dissociated. Therefore, In above: ‘equation (1), we represent concentration of B+ by salt ‘concentrationSignificance of Henderson ~ Hasselbalch equation: ‘by this equation, the pf a buffer sotion canbe cletated fom the nti oncertations ofthe weak aci and thes provided when fa sven. However, the Henersen equation fr abesic buffer will ve pOM, and so pH canbe calated 35; } pla = pits pom « pit =phw pow pits 14 Pon ‘Alu, the dissociation constant ofa weal aid (pt) oa weak bose (pk can bbe calculated by measuring the pt of ber solution containing equimolar oncentations ofthe attr base) and thesa,+= 57+ og 01/003 487 von 500 |The i otto bur soutien cotanng 0.03 Mot a1 Cone. Ofsat = 01004 kata. 10* = apaie A pas dog ta tog 1810-4 fog 18 10-)=- (og 18 109 10-)=- (0.25 (4) — 1 pH pha 09 anata) 272476 vlog 010025 -275-0397= 334BUFFER CAPACITY natant change te pion an adaionofansci erase” 1 Bic ist octane, etic or Trae ot ne (ns ong oon oe rah sou bm mao 7 Song ac or base nade) tothe bro bg soot sp change a a 1 fengPrepare a butter solution of pH 5 from acetic acid HCOOH & CH,COONa. pka of CH,COOH is 4.7, equ pt-s by ean orate en, vous, pt «a Tie slo 18) 7 aba l? 6a" tone)APPLICATIONS OF BUFFERS:In biological systems: 1 The pt ot blood is maintained at about 74 by two butter Systems, That ae; Shae! 1 carton eld carbonate & cid aka sodium sl of pooper act > tnaccondary butters: these are present in eeythrcytes which = oxychaemoslobin /hasmoglobin & seid /akal potasium ‘Sale of phosphoric aca .areprosent In plasma, The plasma“ earstly as large dovations of pH may lead to eonseauences, The ideal pH of a parenteral product whichis pH of blood. Tho mest commonly used Products injoctons) are aca, {geramae.5 preparation (Le. ey preparations): are gone used in opthalnic preparations to maint the physical pH range of berima fu (.e. ye Sejm hf hsp rara PB. thas aoe bla fis dasonirt "Sr ait oSangs Co. a8 185, | sao ere most comment used in optic 7 ia orale Sbanss and powphase 7 in louments and creams: