A first-order differential equation of the form dy oy f POQ= Feo. is said to be a linear equation in the dependent variable y. SOLVING A LINEAR FIRST-ORDER EQUATION (i) feco(ern) form identify P(x) and then find the integrating factoe!?™ pt (ii) Multiply the standard form of the equation by the integrating factor. The left-hand side of the resulting equation is automatically the derivative of the integrating factor and y: a [ney] = elPO4 f(y), (iii) Integrate both sides of this last equation. Occasionally, a first-order differential equation is not linear in one variable but is linear in the other variable. For example, the differential equationBERNOULLI'S EQUATION The differential equation D. rat) fy ) where m1 mis any real number, is called Bernoulli’s equation. Note that for n = 0 and u= 1, equation (4) is linear. Fort # 0 and n # 1 the substitution v = y'~" reduces any equation of form (4) to a linea —Typical form of Bernoulli's equation * The Bernoulli equation is a Non-Linear differential equation of the form 2 + P(x)y = f(x)y" » Here, we can see that since y is raised to some power n where n#1. * This equation cannot be solved by any other method like homogeneity, separation of variables or linearity.Method of Solution * The first step to solving the given DE is to reduce it to the standard form of the Bernoulli’s DE. So, divide out the whole expression to get the coefficient of the derivative to be 1. —_—=__—_——" * Then we make a substitution u = y?—” —” * This substitution is central to this method as it reduces a non- linear equation to a linear equation. White: eS ANOINNNI Bernoulli Substitution 44 Ay fae [ _* Soifwe have u = y!"", | Vv then = a= (1-ny"2 ay Oe _* From this, re mrloce all the y’s in nthe equation in terms of u and replace in terms of “ and u P dx dx ‘ * This will reduce the whole equation to a linear differential equation,DEFINITION 2.4.1 Exact Equation A differential expression M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy is an exact differential in a region R of the xy-plane if it corresponds to the differential of some function f(x, y) defined in R. A first-order differential equation of the form — = is said to be an exact equation if the expression on the left-hand side is an exact differential. err i7 age anrdt dy n xy dx + ey? dy =0 a THEOREM 2.4.1 Criterion for an Exact Differential Let M(x, y) and N(x, y) be continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives in a rectangular region R defined by a -1 ~ ae sinat we sinh at Vecaa nt S>a . = (say +B * (say +B S74 2as f-7 ray +520 . laaay sho IL fs Le(S).e20 i 17. f(ct) 18, if flu) du a) 1. rf) 20, a Flu) — s 21. uO) 22. uN ft-a) le Fis) 23, sin af—af cos at 24, f'()) F(s)-f(0)