DETAIL Practice

Building with
Large Clay Blocks

Details
Products
Built examples

Theodor H u g ues
Klaus G re i l i c h
Christi ne Peter

Edition Detail
Authors:
Theodor Hugues, Prof. Dr. - l n g . , architect
Chair of Design, Construction and Building
Materials, Technische Universitat M u nchen
Klaus Grei lich, D i pl.- l n g . , architect
Christine Peter, D i p l . - l n g . , architect
Drawings:
Editors for Deta i l
lna Philipp, Dipl.-lng.
Anna Werth, D i p l . - l n g .
Secretariat:
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Editing and proof-reading:
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Andreas Gabriel, Dipl.-lng., architect
Translators (German/English):
Gerd H. Soffker, Philip Thrift, Hannover
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 DETAIL Practice
Building with Large Clay Bloc ks

Theodor Hugues
Klaus Greilic h
Christi ne Peter

Contents

8 I ntroduction

11 House A
12 External wal l , rendered plinth
16 External wal l , concrete p l i nth
20 External wal l, window
22 External wal l , window and c lay hollow pot floor
24 Double-leaf party wall
26 Load bearing and non-loadbearing partitions
28 Clay hol low pot floor
30 Double-leaf party wall and c lay hol low pot floor
32 External wal l and u nused roof space
38 Double-leaf party wall and c lay-tile roof
41 House B
42 Non-insu lated external basement wall
44 External basement wal l with peripheral insulation
48 External basement wal l with c avity i nsulation
50 Masonry external basement wal l
52 External basement wal l made from lig htwei g ht
c lay bloc ks
56 Rad iator recess, window with rol ler shutter
62 External wal l and converted roof space
68 Chimney
70 Partition and false wal l concealing servic es

73 Princ i p les
74 Clay brick and bloc k formats, dimensional
tolerances
76 Masonry bonds
78 Dimensional coord ination
79 Structure and constr uction
83 Plaster/Render on c lay masonry
91 Supplement

96 Clay masonry b u i l d ings - Examples

1 14 Standards, referenc es, assoc i ations

115 Manufacturers
117 Subject index
118 I ndex of persons, picture cred its
Bauen mit groBformatigen Ziegeln, a book of practical
exerc i ses and the forerunne r of this book, ori gi nate d
at the suggestion of the Munic h-base d Ziegelforum e .V.
The graphic layout and the production of the original e d ition
was c arrie d out at the office s of Sc hwe i ge r Wi nsc he rman,
also in Munic h .
The authors are grateful to the assistance give n by
Dr.-lng. Be rnhard Be hringer (str uctures) and
Dr.-lng. Pete r Roe ke (plaste r/re nder and masonry
tec hnology) .
Building with lar ge c lay bloc ks

In or der to i l l ustrate the problems and relationships,

two, basically sim ilar, terrac e house types, A and
B, wer e devised . These do not c laim to be spec ial
in any way but rather are intended to represent the
"standard c ase". The d iffer ences between the two
house types lie in the degree to whic h the i nter ior
space is used as wel l as the building methods and
building mater ials employed .

A
is a simple house . A has no basement and the roof
space is not used as living acc ommodation. The
intended high degree of self-build involved is
helped by omitting the central heati ng and hot­
water systems, the use of clay hol low pot or timber
joist floors, and the use of conventional b u i l d ing Cold roof space
No basement
elements. The separate electr ic or gas-fired heat­
Raised ground floor
ers requir ed are placed in front of the wal l . H i g h degree of self-build

Longitudinal loadbearing walls

Timber stairs
Minimal chimney
False walls concealing services

8
B
is a more elaborate design. B has a basement
and a roof space for use as living accommod a­
tion. Solid rei nforced conc rete floors and central
hot-water heating and hot-water supply systems
call for a hi gher stand ard of construction, l i kewise
the windows with roller shutters. The use of ex­
perienced contractors is highly advisable. The
couple roof is supported on abutments monol ithic
with the topmost rei nforced conc rete floor and pro­
vides a roof space free from intermed iate columns.
Easy acc ess for handicapped occ upants is guar­
anteed by having the ground floor at th e same
level as the surround i n g ground .

Converted roof space

Heated and un heated basement
Same-level access
False walls concealing se rv ices
Radiators and chimney
Construction by contractors

9
House A

12 External wal l , rendered plinth

16 External wal l , concrete plinth
20 External wal l , window
22 External wal l, window and c lay hol low pot floor
24 Double-leaf party wal l
26 Loadbearing and non-load bearing partitions
28 Clay hol low pot floor
30 Double-leaf party wal l and c lay hol low pot floor
32 External wal l and unused roof space
38 Dou ble-leaf party wal l and c lay-tile roof

11
Exte rnal wal l, re nde re d p l i nth
Ve rtical se ction through fo undation and plinth
D a
Use an excavator to dig the
tre nche s for fo undatio ns i n
stab le subsoils. The width o f
the fo undatio n is the refo re
dete rm i ne d by the width of
the excavato r b ucket and
must also be checke d with
re spect to the permissible
beari ng pre ssure . The nece s­
sary depth to preve nt frost
heave ( m i n . 800 mm, in ex­
pose d locatio ns as much as
1 200 mm) can be achieved
with a strip fo undatio n of
ade quate de pth .
D b
, " ; , , , , , ; , , ,
Build a p l i nth wal l on the
, / , , , , , , , , ; .
levelling bed joint on the plain
co ncrete (grade C 1 2/1 5)
foundation and prote ct this
wal l agai nst saturatio n o n
both side s .
12 DF One approach we l l te ste d
fo r re nder makes use of a
waterproofi ng syste m made
from an elastic sealing coat­
ing. Apply a suitable fi l le r to
achieve a smooth surface
and then paint o n the coat­
ing with a b rush in seve ral
b
layers to achieve a minimum
thickness of 2 mm; o n the out­
side apply a coat of p laste r­
ing mix gro up P I l l suitab le
a
for p l i nths.
In o rde r to ensure that
wate r running down the
facade drains c le ar, both
wate rproofing and re n de r
co ntinue to the outside e d ge
of the fo undatio n via a
rounde d corne r fil let.
The surrounding strip of
coarse gravel re duces the
amount of wate r splashing
up o n to the p l inth.
D e
Spread a layer of hardcore
ove r the excavation betwee n
the walls to preve nt capillary
action and permanent satu­
ratio n fro m unde rne ath, and
to provide re l ief for a te m po ­
rary b uild-up of wate r. This
layer should consist of 1 50 mm
of coarse -graine d , c le an
12
gravel ( D I N 1 81 95}, ideally
grad ing curve 1 6/32 , which
is readily co m pacte d b ut is
sti l l sufficiently pe rmeab le .
In o rder to preve nt co ncrete
see page whe n casting the
ground floor slab, cove r the
hardcore with a sheet of
0 . 2 mm po lyethyle ne .
D d
To protect against mo isture
rising through cap il lary
actio n , a continuous damp­
proof memb rane (dpm) is
re quire d . The dpm and the
damp-proof co urse (dpc) i n
the wal l must be jo i ne d
to gethe r.
I n o rde r to minim ise the
d iffe re ntial settle ment
betwee n wal l and ground
floor slab , careful co m pac­
tion of the subso i l and the
anti-capillary hardco re is
necessary. lt is he l pful to
cast the floor slab as late as
possib le . The floor water­
proofing, assuming non­
hydrostatic pre ssure and a
mode rate load i n g , sho uld
consist of o ne layer of b itu­
men fe lt (e . g . G 200 DD with
g lass cloth inlay) or o ne
laye r of b u i lt-up b itume n fe lt
(e . g . V60 S4 with g lass
fleece inlay) with 1 00 mm
bo nde d laps: laid loose, fully
o r partially bo nde d .
Bo nd the dpm unde r the
floor to the dpc in the wal l
with 1 00 mm ove rlapping
jo ints. As these are made at
d iffe re nt time s , a rob ust dpc
using a b itumen fe lt with a
metal fo i l inlay (e . g . Cu 0 . 1
D ) i s to be re comme nde d .
 Vertical section through foundation
D e
If the subso i l around the
foundation trench is unsta­
b le, formwork is required on
both sides of the strip foun­
dation . Setti ng up the form­
work in turn requires a work­
ing space of 500 mm. I n
addition, the sides o f the
excavation must be sloped
back ( 60°-40° ) to suit the
angle of repose of the part ic­
ular soi l .
D f
The masonry p l i nth wal l con­
structed on the foundation
must be waterproofed and
� � � � � - - � - � ­
the waterproofing must be
, , ' � ' ' ' , , ' '
, � ' ,I , , ' ' ,I ' '
protected agai nst mechani­
cal damage. This can be
achieved by means of, for
example, corrugated bitu­
men sheeting or synthetic
studded sheeting.
s Backfi l l the foundation
trench in layers and com­
pact the backfi l l i ng material
inside and outside simu ltane­
ously.
O g
Build the ground floor slab
i nto the masonry p l inth . I n
order to accommodate
stresses due to d ifferential
settlement, the slab must be
reinforced, at least around
the edges.
Covering the anti-capil lary
hardcore with polyethylene
sheeting i s the simplest
approach. However, damage
caused by the reinforcement
or while casti ng the rein­
forced concrete floor slab is
a risk here (see p . 1 2 , b) .
D h
One key advantage of the
rei nforced concrete ground
floor slab is that the junction
between the damp- proof
membrane (dpm) and the
damp-proof course (dpc) is
not vulnerable to settlement.
The continuous dpc in the
wal l at the same leve l , to­
gether with the standard
plinth height of approx.
300 mm (DIN 1 8 1 95), deter­
m i nes the position of the
ground floor slab above the
surrounding ground. Water­
proofing agai nst ingress of
moisture from the side "must
be desig ned to continue up
the wal l for max. 300 mm
above ground level in the
standard case in order to
guarantee suff icient adjust­
ment options i n the ground
level. U pon comp l etion ,
this d i mension should not
be less than 1 50 m m . "
( D I N 1 81 95 part 4 )
D i
The moisture-resistant render
to the plinth continues to the
top of the p l i nth. lt is possi­
ble to achieve no d ifference
in texture between p l i nth
render (P I l l} and lightweight
render (P 11) by choosing
suitable plastering systems.
The dpc continues to the
outside edge of the structural
masonry. Attach a strip of
expanded metal over this
problematic interruption in
the substrate to provide a
background for the render.
13
External wal l , rendered pl inth
Vertical section through glazed door
D a
Set up the frame to the
glazed door on the ground
floor slab. Align the frame,
wedge it in p lace and fix it to
the floor slab with steel fixi ng
cramps. Join the floor water­
proofing to the frame.
After positioning the frame,
add a concrete topping with
an approx. 1 0 % fal l to the
outside. To prevent satura­
tion, the wood of the frame is
wrapped in polyethylene
sheeti ng or crepe paper.
D b
The strip of insulating mate­
rial ( moisture-resistant poly­
styrene, mineral fibre or per­
l ite batts) required at the
wal l j unction conti nue unin­
terrupted. Add the thermal
insulation after casting the
concrete ground floor slab in
order to avoid damage to
masonry and insulation. The
facing of cut c lay blocks
creates a uniform substrate
for the render.
14
D e
Place the step ( p recast con­
crete, reconstituted stone or
in situ concrete) in front of
the door on the compacted
backfi lling but separate from
the house; better still, on
300-400 mm of properly
compacted gravel to pre­
vent frost heave. All surfaces
should have a 1 -2 % fal l .
D d
Supporti ng the open grid
flooring on an angle bracket
screwed into the step en­
ables the sequence of ope­
rations to be separated.
D e
Tuck the sheet metal sill
over the screed behind the
render on both sides, screw
it to the galvanised water
bar and seal it at that point
with a fi l let of sealing com­
pound.
D f
Fix the galvanise d , close­
mesh open grid flooring by
means of spacers and self­
tapping screws, or by
means of bolts welded to the
flooring. The floor water­
proofing must remain per­
manently bonded to the
water bar.
Th is robust detail with water
bar and single-rebate frame
is only possible in a lobby
that is not permanently
heated.
 Vertical section throug h entrance door

'---l---'1 L__--

15
Ext ernal wall , concrete plinth
Vertical section through foundation and p l i nth

Da
Build the foundation only on
virg in subsoil (no fill) and
deep enough to prevent
frost heave . Set out the
external wal l exactly on the
strip foundation , which is
wider than the wal l and is
cast d i rectly against the
sides of the trench . Set up
the formwork for the con­
crete p l i nth on this.
Db
Cover the anti-cap i l lary
hardcore with an approx.
50 mm layer of bl inding con­
crete (grade C 8/1 0) to pre­
vent seepage of the cement
slurry. This also eases the
positioning of the reinforce­
ment required for the rein­
forced concrete floor slab.
De
As bitumen felt can split
when subj ected to bending,
employ a bitumen felt with a
metal foi l inl ay for the damp­
proof course (dpc) i n the
wal l .
I nsert approx. 50 mm thick
i nsulation (mineral fibre,
rigid expanded polystyrene
foam) i nto the middle of the
wal l to guarantee the neces­
sary thermal i nsulation.
Reduce the effect of the
thermal bridge - masonry
backin g/p l i nth concrete ­
by extending the i nsu lation
downwards.

De
To prevent damage caused
by splashing water, con­
struct the plinth with ade­
quate concrete cover to the
rei nforcement and without
any construction joints , and
compact the concrete care­
fully.

Dd
A flush finish with the render
above is achieved by creat­
ing a chamfer to the top out­
side edge of the concrete by
means of a triangu lar fil let
( 1 5 x 1 5 mm) . Separation at
this point is necessary owing
to the d ifferent deformations.
Use a galvanised, better sti l l
stai nl ess steel, stop bead at
the bottom of the render and
fi ll the joi nt between stop
bead and concrete with an
elastic sealing compound to
accommodate the different
changes in length due to
shri nkage and thermal
expansion.

16
Vertical section through g lazed door

D f
The damp-proof course
(dpc) in the wal l continues
across the door open ing
and must be protected for
the duration of construction
work. Carefu lly bond the
exposed edge to the sub­
strate in order to prevent
moisture seeping under­
neath .
Build in the door threshold
on preformed compressible
sealing strips glued i n place.

O g
Lay the stiffer thermal insu­
lation on the more elastic
im pact sound insulation and
cover this with a separating
layer before pouring the
scree d .

O h
Pour the floating screed
without any material connec­
tion to the adjoining parts of
the construction ; only in this
way can the sound insula­
tion qual ities be guaranteed.
The perip heral strips of insu­
lation (mi neral fibre,
expanded polystyrene foam
8-1 0 mm thick) should
extend 20-30 mm above the
finished floor leve l . Cut this
off flush after layi ng the floor
finish.

17
External wal l , concrete pl inth
Plan on entrance door
D a
The " bridge-like" arrange­
ment of the open grid floor­
ing has advantages: the
space between the flooring
and the door reveal is wide
enough to allow easy c lean­
ing, and the door frame does
not need to be notched to
accommodate the floori ng.
18
D b
After positioning, aligning
and fixi ng the door, cast the
galvanised water bar into
the concrete. Then clean the
concrete ground floor slab
and remove all loose debris.
To im prove adhesion,
roughen the surface and wet
it; alternatively, apply a
bonding coat.
Dc
The door frame finishes j ust
above the screed and is
screwed to the continuous
water bar. Protect the end
grain of the wood and seal
the joi nt on all sides with a
permanently elastic sealing
compoun d .
 Elevation on and vertical section throug h entrance door

- - - - -- - · -- · - -------- -------- - ­
.- --------. -------------- . --------------- -- ,

' '
I
- - - - - ------ --------- --· ------- - - - ---- - - - -
- ------ - - - - - - - ,
------------ - - -- - --
----------- ,
'
' '
' '

'
c

::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::·:·: :::: : : [1.�����

LD I I I I I I
f.-

-----· ------- - . - - - - - - - - - - - · ·· · - - -- - - - - - - - - -----·

19
External wal l , wi ndow
Horizontal sections throu gh different reveals
D a
The masonry shoulder at
doors and windows has a
long trad ition . Derived from
brick masonry bonds, the
depth is 1 1 5 mm ( 1 /2 brick)
===;:;::::===;:;:===;:;==:=::;l -------------------------------------------- and the width approx. 60 mm
( 1 /4 brick) . In l i g htwei ght
clay block masonry the
shoulder can be created
with specials or by sawing
whole blocks to suit.
This somewhat more elab­
orate detail is becomi n g
popular a g a i n for practical
and other reasons. For
instance, it improves thermal
insulation and moisture con­
trol aspects, and the joint
between window frame and
render is set back and thus
protecte d .
I nstall t h e window frame,
primed and given a first coat
of paint, on a preformed,
compressible and i mpreg­
nated seal ing stri p ; this
compensates for irregu lari­
ties as it tries to return to its
ori g inal size. Fill the joint
between frame and masonry
with a moisture-resistant
i nsulating material ( e . g . non­
CFC foam) . Sealing the joint
on the inside with a mois­
ture-resistant seal ing com­
pound prevents saturation
due to condensation water
and ensures that the seal ing
compound remains fully
effective over the long term .
Prefabricated sealing gas­
kets are available to ensure
airtig htness and moisture
tightness between wal l and
window; the use of these
helps to guarantee a good
detai l .
20
D b
The om ission of shoulders
at the head and reveals sim­
p l ifies the detail consi dera­
bly. However, many prob­
lems have to be overcome
at the resulting "straight"
joi nt:
- accommodati ng d i men­
sional and flatness toler­
ances ( D I N 1 8202 ) ;
- fixing the frame (fixing
cramps, screws every
approx. 800 mm) ;
- accommodating tempera­
ture-related changes in
length, deformations and
movement without damage;
- sealing agai nst wind (from
the outside) and water
vapour (from the inside)
because condensation
water can be expected in
the joint due to the tempera­
ture d ifference of 1 5-20° ;
- protection against rain and
driving rain - the most
favourable values in terms of
moisture control have been
measured in the middle of
the reveal, the isotherms are
d istributed over the entire
width of the reveal.
D e
If the window moves further
outwards, it is not j ust the
stresses on the components
and their joints due to sun,
wind and rain which increase.
We find with hi gh-qual ity
wal l insulating materials in
particular that the tempera­
ture in the reveal can drop
below the dew point in the
winter. The result is conden­
sation water and mould
growth. I nsulation across the
reveal is advisable.
Positioning the window at
least 20 mm back from the
l i ne of the structural wal l
h e l p s t o achieve a decent
return for the render.
 Vertical section through sill and l i ntel

D d D f
I rrespective of the type of The l i ntels used here consist
reveal and the position of of shal low U-shaped clay
the window withi n the thick- channels in which the con-
ness of the wal l , there is ventional or prestressed
never a masonry shoulder at reinforcing bars are laid and
cast in. In structural engi-
the s i l l . Fix the standard type
of window sill - made from neeri ng terms these bars
2 mm sheet aluminium with form the tension tie of the
l i ntel . A "compression zone"
a fal l of approx. 1 : 1 0 - to the
wall with brackets in such a of masonry shou ld therefore
way that the rainwater drip be built over such shal low
f
projects approx. 30 mm l i ntels; use lightweight clay
beyond the render. Attach blocks of compressive
L- or C-shaped sections to strength class 1 2 .
both ends of the aluminium Shal low clay li ntels are
sill for tucki ng behind the available in depths of 7 1
render on both sides. Do not and 1 1 3 mm, and widths of
remove the factory-applied 1 1 5 or 1 75 mm. Without a
plastic wrapping around the structural analysis, shal low
aluminium sill until all the clay l intels may be used only
rendering and painting works as single-span beams up to
have been completed in a span of 3. 00 m. Temporary
order to avoid, for examp le, supports during erection are
splashes of l i me or cement. necessary for clear spans
exceeding 1 .25 m. Prefabri-
D e cated conventionally rein-
If the desired sill height is forced or prestressed shal-
not a multi p l e of the size of low clay l i ntels are covered
blocks being used, saw by approvals.
blocks to form appropriate Sawn make-up blocks are
make-up un its. required at the supports for
Rustproof masonry reinforce- shallow clay l i ntels, either
ment laid as high as possible above or below, in order to
in the spandrel panel helps match up with the bed joi nts
to prevent cracking. i n the wal l (every 250 mm) .

21
External wal l, window and clay hol low pot floor
Vertical section throug h lintel and floor-wa l l j unction

Da Dd
Clay hol low pot floors can If shal low clay l intels with
be laid qu ickly without form­ d ifferent widths (1 1 5 and
work for self-build projects. 1 75 mm) are being used,
Merely the beams require the thermal i nsulation can
temporary support during be considerably improved
erection . by fitting i nsulation approx.
' " , " , , , " , , ,
The floor un its- the hol low 80 mm thick (mi neral fibre
; , , , , , , , , , .

cl ay "pots" - are laid on in or extruded polystyrene)

situ concrete ribs with pre­ between the l i ntels. Position
fabricated lattice beams the window in l ine with this
acting as the reinforcement i nsulation.
(see p . 28) .

s Db
c b a To al low hei ght adj ustments,
but also to avoid excessive
bearing pressure at the
edge and to prevent the
voids of the clay b locks
being fi l l ed with concrete,
provide a leve l l ing bed of
mortar 20 mm thick.

De
Lay the lattice beams of the
ribs with a m i n . 1 00 mm
bearin g on the bed of mortar
and connect them together
by means of an in situ con­
crete ring beam . The i nsula­
tion, about 50 mm thick,
between beam and block­
work is best inserted after
casting the beam.
To create a uniform sub­
strate for the render, saw a
large-format clay b lock to
suit.

22
 Vertical section through li ntel

s s

D e D f
L i ghtweight clay channels The use of shal low clay l i n­
matching the thickness of tels with d ifferent depths
the wall, 238 mm deep and and widths permits the con­
240 mm long, serve as per­ struction of l i ntels with shoul­
manent formwork and pro­ der and thermal i nsulation.
vide a uniform substrate for
the render. Position the insu­
lation and the reinforcement,
then fi l l the channels with
concrete. Th is type of rein­
forced concrete l i ntel can
span clear openings up to
about 2.75 m.

23
 Double-leaf party wal l
Vertical section through foundation

24

D a
The sound reduction i ndex
(57 dB, D I N 4 1 09) required
for the party wall can be
achieved with a double-leaf
wal l comprising two leaves
of 175 mm lightwei ght clay
blocks, gross density class
0.8, p l us m i n . 30 mm thick
semi-ri gid mineral fibre i nsu­
lating batts . The batts are
positioned loose and held in
place by the masonry
leaves.
The sound reduction index
can be increased to 67 d B
(enhanced requirements,
DIN 41 09) and the wal l
classed a s a fire compart­
ment wal l (Bavarian Building
Code) by using vertically
perforated clay blocks with
B-type perforations and
gross density class > 1 .2 .
D b
Continuing the damp-proof
course (dpc) across the
separating joint has no
adverse effect on the acous­
tic properties of the wal l .
Build the leaves of the party
wall i n succession , not
simu ltaneously, in order to
rule out - as far as possible
- acoustic bridges for struc­
ture-borne sound caused by
debris and mortar drop­
pings. Separati ng joint
b oards with an inorgan ic
coating on one side, devel­
oped for dou ble-leaf con­
crete walls, can be used
here to help keep the work
clean.
D e
The separating joint must
continue through the foun­
dation if the en hanced
requirements are to be met.
To do this, cast the strip
foundation i n two halves.
Place the separating joint
board agai nst the part cast
first and cast the other half
against the coated side of
the board.
Plan on party wal l-external wal l j unction
D d
I n both variations, conti nue
the construction of the party
wal l as for the external walls
and plinths shown on pp. 1 2
and 1 6.
D e
Shear wal l s do not need to
be built into the external
wal l s - a butt joi nt is ade­
quate - when other means
(e.g. flat anchors cast in) are
provided at the j unction to
resist the tensi le and com­
pressive forces.
O f
The separati ng joint, fi lled
with elastic insulating mate­
rial , must continue through
to the render and be sealed
there with an elastic mate­
ria l . Stop beads, fixed with a
background to the wal l , are
frequently used . The joint
itself is then covered with a
folded PVC profi le.
The solution shown here
0
makes use of two stainless
steel stop beads along the
sides; the render continues
right up to these stop beads.
The space between the stop
beads is fil led with a closed­
cell foam profile and after
su itable treatment the joint is
closed off with a perma­ The ideal place for the rain­
nently elastic sealing com­ water down pipe would be
pound. directly over the joint. How­
ever, it is d ifficult to fix the
p i pe clips securely to the
soft joint material - special
fixings wou l d be required .
25
Load bearing and non-load beari ng partitions
Vertical sections through foundation

12 DF

D a
If separate concrete ground
floor slabs are used i n each
room, this saves concrete
and rei nforcement and also
enables the use of d ifferent
floor constructions . How­
ever, this does subj ect the
damp-proof mem brane
(dpm) to an increased risk of
d ifferential settlement and
hence damage.

26

b c
D b
The constru ctional advan­
tages of the co nti nuous rein­
forced co ncrete ground floor
slab become clear at the
partitio ns.
No n-lo ad bearin g partitions
can be "carried" by a rein­
forced concrete grou nd floor
slab if the slab is provided
with su itable reinfo rcement
to distribute the load .
Vertical sections throu gh ground floo r slab
De
Secure joi nts in the d p m are
also necessary below load­
bearing partitio ns.
The fou ndation to the par­
titio n , which is not affected
by frost heave and can
th erefo re be shallower, is
co nnected to the d eeper
fou nd ation at the externa l
wal l either v i a a shou lder or,
if the d ifference i n d epth is
o n ly smal l , by a slo pi n g (30° ,
approx. 2 : 1 ) ar�angement.
27
Clay ho l low pot floors and non-load bearing partitio ns
I sometric view of clay ho l low pot floo r
C lay ho l low pot floo rs con­
sist of beams, or rather ribs,
with no n-stru ctu ral clay ho l­
low "pots" in between . The
prefabricated ribs must be
temporarily su ppo rted dur­
ing erectio n , but further
formwork is u nnecessary.
28
The compression zo nes of
the ribs, rei nforced as lattice
beams, are finished on site
with in situ concrete. Spans
of 5-7 m are possi ble by
using floor u n its of d ifferent
depths (between 1 60 and
250 mm) and by varying the
spac ing of the ribs (500 o r
625 m m centres) . A n in situ
stru ctu ral concrete to pping
added o n site improves the
load -carrying capacity and
sound i nsu latio n .
 Vertical sectio ns through partitions

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, , , ,,,,,..
,.
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6 OF

D a D b
In this detail the partition If the partitio ns do not co in­
and the rib are on the same cide with the ribs, a rein­
axis. forced trimmer formed by a
row of concrete-fi l l ed "nega­
tive pots" is required .

29
Dou ble-leaf party wal l and clay hollow pot floo r
Vertical sectio n throu g h floor without co ncrete topping

If the structu re is not a mu lti­

ple of the size of the clay
ho l low pot floo r u n its, co n­
struct make-u p (end) bays.

D a
With large ed ge marg ins lay
flat "negative pots" and fi l l
them with co ncrete to form
an ed ge beam (reinforced
as requ ired ) . The brick-o n­
end masonry u n its guaran­
tee the function of the sepa­
rating jo int.
The beari ng fo r the floor
units, a bed of mortar approx.
20 mm thick, should be at
least 30 mm deep.

D b
With small ed ge marg ins
between lattice beam, or
rather the ri b , and wal l, fi l l
the space between the floor
u n its and the brick-o n-end
masonry u n its with concrete
(rei nfo rced as requ ired) to
fo rm a ring beam .

D e
If the ring beam has to co n­
tinue u p to the separating
jo int, then it shou ld be cast
in two pieces, with the sound
i nsu lation being positioned
after the first concrete pou r
and kept c lean with a poly­
ethylene sheet. The po ly­
ethylene sheet u nd erneath
the mortar l evelling bed pre­
vents cement slurry seeping
into the separating jo i nt.

D d
A concrete to pping co nsider­
ably improves the load -car­
rying capacity with regard to
imposed loads and light­
wei ght partitio ns, but also
the acou stic perfo rmance of
the clay ho l low pot floor. I n
terrace hou ses - assu m i ng
no high demands o n impact
and airborne sound insu la­
tion withi n the same resid en­
tial u nit - a carpet with good
sou nd insu lation pro perties
cou ld well be adequate.

30
 Vertical section th rou gh floor with concrete topping

b. d
r

i D JD
I l

K
K
K
K
I< 7 , 5 OF

31
External wal l and roof space not used as living accommodatio n
Vertical sectio n through eaves, purl in roof and clay ho l low pot floo r

12 DF

32

D a
The floo r u n its should bear
max. 30 mm on the external
wall, or rather mortar level-
ling bed . They are jo ined
to gether and to the ribs with
an in situ co ncrete ring
b eam.
D b
lt is easy to co nstru ct a ven-
tilated, "co ld" roof space
and this presents no pro b-
lems in terms of insu l atio n ,
mo istu re co ntro l , etc. The
roof is simply an "u mbrel la"
over a heated, heavyweight
structu re. lt is l ittle trou ble to
provide the to pmost floor
with thermal insu l atio n . This
type of floor is airtight and ,
thanks to its mass, stores
heat wel l .
Ventilation in shal low-
pitched roofs ( < 1 0° ) takes
place from eaves to eaves
(min. 20 mm net per m) ,
controlled by wind pressure
and wind suctio n. On steeper
roofs ventilation at the rid ge
or near it (e. g . i n the seco nd
row of tiles from the to p) is
necessary.
As it is not possible to pre-
vent dust and driving snow
fro m entering the roof space
throu gh the jo ints in the roof
covering, this limits the use
of the roof space.
De
Co nnect the eaves pu rl in to
the ring beam with ragbolts.
Th� ragbolts are inserted
into correspond ing pockets
which are fi l l ed with con-
crete after aligning the pu r-
I in.
Vertical section throu g h eaves, pu rlin roof and clay ho l low pot floo r
D d
The thermal insu l ation laid
over the clay ho l low pot floor
is afterward s covered with a
screed , which has joints
arou nd the ed ge and every
25-40 m2. The screed serves � ' ' '
as a wearing cou rse, pre- h
vents d amage caused by
any mo istu re present in the
roof space and also acts as
fire protectio n . s
D e
When using interlocking clay
roof tiles, check the length of
the rafter to ensure that it is
su itable fo r the cover length
of the particu lar ti les chosen.
D f
"Negative pots" act as per-
manent fo rmwork fo r the
stiffening transverse ri b .
O g
Gable wal l s, if not su p po rted
by maso n ry piers or cross-
walls, must be fixed to the
roof stru ctu re ( D I N 1 053) ,
e . g . by means of galvanised
steel flats or ru stproof rag-
bolts. The jo i nt between the
final rafter and the maso nry
of the gable must be able to
s
transfer the forces invo l ved .
D h
After setti ng u p the rafters,
finish off the to p of the gable
wal l with a screed , flush with
the rafters. Cover this with a 12 DF
flashing of, fo r examp le, fu l ly
bonded bitumen roofing felt
V 1 3 . The 1 0--1 5 mm deep
cou nter battens of AW 1 00
p lywood prevent water co l-
lecti ng behind the tiling bat-
,
tens. The cover width of the
clay verge ti les must co in-
cide with the width of the
bu i ld i n g .
33
External wall and roof space not u sed as l iving accommodation
Vertical sectio n thro u g h eaves, p url in roof and clay ho l low pot floor

1----r'----YI: ::::::::: :::==·--

12 OF

34

D a
The roofing felt u nder the
tiles is a water-repel lent but
vapo u r-permeable material
which remains stable despite
temperature changes, e . g .
mesh-rei nforced polyethyl-
ene. lt prevents the ingress
of d ust, rain and d riving
snow. Stretch it taut, secure
it with co unter battens and
ensure that water can d rain
away at the eaves - id eally
into the gutter (see p . 36, d ) .
D b
As on p. 32, flat-pan tiles are
used here as wel l . The roof
pitch of approx. 3JO chosen
for our examp l e is suitab l e
for virtually all types of clay
roof tile: bullnose tiles as
crown or slip ti l i n g , pantiles,
interlocking tiles with single
or do uble tro ughs, right u p
to the ever mo re accurately
interlocking varieties.
De
Determ ine the cross-sec-
tio nal areas of g utters and
downpipes based o n the
size of the roof area to be
d rained . C reate the fal l of
the gutter - min. 1 mm/m -
by bend i n g the g utter
b rackets to suit.
Vertical section thro u g h eaves, purl in roof and clay ho l low pot floor
D d
The roofing felt below the
tiles co ntinues over the to p e
of the maso n ry, to which it is
bonded . The thin counter
batt ens prevent water collect-
ing behind the ti ling battens.
D e
Use the two-piece bent
sheet metal verge whe n , for
example, the width of the
build i n g is not a multi p l e of
the cover width o f the inter-
lo cking clay tiles. Otherwise,
special o r cut tiles are neces-
sary.
D f
Connect t h e masonry gable
to the roof structure by
means of cast-in ragbolts.
Bracing i n the p lane of the
roof i s thereby necessary.
s
12 DF
35
External wal l and roof space not u sed as living accommodatio n
Vertical sectio n throu gh eaves, pu rl in roof and timber joist floor

:::::<.:,
:: , �
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' ".
-
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b i!;�·:;j:
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,, ,
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:. =- ,' , ' y=y_=.;

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.

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6 DF

12 DF

36

Da
The timber joist floor over
the u pper storey represents
an inexpensive and , for self­
bu i ld projects, simple form
of construction . Virtually any
depth of thermal insu lation
is possible with loose mate­
rials, and easi ly laid . lt is
possible to improve the low
heat storage capacity by
using heavy loose materials
or by laying solid bricks 50-
70 mm thick below the lo ose
materia l .
O b
The stability of the bu ild i n g
in all d irections is guaran­
teed by joining a l l load bear­
ing and shear wal l s to the
floors with proper structu ral
connections. If ring beams
are provided , the walls can
be regarded as being su p­
ported on all four sides; the
floor joists only need to be
held in position in that case .
Line the joists pockets in the
masonry with a moistu re­
resistant thermal insu lation ,
at least at the end of the
joist, preferably on al l sides,
to redu ce the risk of d amage
by condensation water.
De
The airti ght connection
between the 0.2 mm poly­
ethylene sheet and the wal l
i s achieved with ad hesive
and by using a clamping
batten pressed onto a pre­
formed compressi b le seal­
ing strip along the wal l . The
most secure connection is
when the polyethylene sheet
is wrapped arou nd a batten
and screwed throu g h this
into the wal l .
Vertical section throu g h eaves and timber joist floor
O d
G lu e the roofing felt below
the tiles to the nai led sheet
metal. The perforated sheet
metal bent into an i nverted
V-shape ensures ventilation
below the clay roof tiles.
D e
Even if the plastering work is
carried out before l aying the
timber joists, the u neven­
ness of the wal l and the ring
beam must be evened out
with an ad aptable "system"
which closes off the joints
airtight.
This can be achieved with
a batten nailed throu g h a
preformed compressi b l e
sealing stri p . Fill t h e void
between joist and wal l com­
pletely with an u ncompacted
mineral fibre material.
After fi l l i n g the bays
between the joists with a
loose insu lati ng material, nail
on the actual flooring mate­
rial . The gaps at the ed ges,
necessary to al low move­
ment of the flooring, can be
covered with a triangu lar
fi llet.
e
D f
C onnect the gable wal l to
the roof constru ction in such
a way that forces can be
transferred .
6 DF
12 DF
37
Dou ble-leaf party wal l and clay tile roof
Vertical sectio n throu gh ring beam and timber jo ist floo r

38
 Vertical section th rou gh ring beam and clay ho l low pot floor

D a
If th e floo r jo i sts are paral lel
with th e wal l , th e slender, tall
party wal ls must be secu red
with ring beams if th ey are
not co nnected to th e braced
roof stru ctu re.

D b
Connect th e u nsu p po rted
tops of the walls to the braced
roof structure such th at forces
can be transferred . Continue
th e separating joint th rough
to th e roof even in a roof
space not u sed as living
acco mmodatio n .

D e
Th e roofing felt h eld by th e
cou nter battens - essentially
taut but sagging sl ightly due
to temperatu re ch anges and
extension of th e material - is
bond ed to th e mortar level­
ling bed .

D d
lt is advisable to replace th e
tiling battens by galvanised
steel angles. A clearance of
1 0-20 mm between the angle
and th e to p of th e masonry
enables th e roof structu re to
defo rm without restraint. Fill
the space between the angles
with an inco m bu sti ble, vo lu­
metrically stable insu lating
material . If th e roof space is
to be co nverted into living
accommodatio n at a later
date, th e separating jo i nt
must co ntinue u p to th e
roof covering and th e tiling
battens must be d ivided .

39
House B

42 Non-insu lated external basement wal l

44 External basement wal l with perimeter i nsu latio n
48 External basement wal l with cavity i nsu latio n
50 Maso nry external basement wal l
52 External basement wal l made fro m lig htweig ht clay b lo cks
56 Rad iator recess, window with ro ller shutter
62 External wal l and converted roof space
68 C h i mney
70 Partitio n and false wal l co ncealing services

41
No n-insulated external basement wall
Vertical sectio n through co ncrete plinth
D a
C ast the upper, and rein­
forced, part of the strip fo un­
d ation to gether with the rein­
fo rced concrete basement
floor slab in one pour, then
strike the outside formwo rk.
The depth of the reinfo rced
concrete basement floor
slab d e pends on the loads
from the basement part itions
but sho uld be m i n . 1 20 mm
in o rder to ensure the neces­
sary co ncrete cover to the
reinfo rcement.
D b
A d amp-proof mem brane
(d pm) beneath the screed
c is not required when the
build i n g is fo unded on a
d quick-d raining subso i l and
neither a high- q ual ity floor
coverin g nor impact so und
i nsulation or thermal insula­
tion is required . However, if
a d amp-proof mem brane is
not included , a layer of hard­
core to prevent cap i llary
action is necessary . An
approx. 30 mm bonded
cement screed is adequate
as the wearing co urse in
simple basement rooms.
D e
Basement wal ls constructed
i n normal-weight concrete­
even if they are reinfo rced -
must be waterproofed on the
side in contact with the so i l .
The type of waterproofing
depends on the level of
b
" "
mo isture to be expected on
� � ' ; , ; , , , " " ,
/ " ' / , / , , , , / ,
the outsid e . D I N 1 81 95 part
1 tab le 1 categorises types
of waterproofing accord i n g
a to moisture load and so i l
type. Moisture in the so il must
always be reckoned with .
Furthermo re, in cohesive
so ils and/o r on slo p i n g sites
the presence of water in
dro p let/l iquid form is to be
expected . This means that
waterproofing to protect
against non-hyd rostatic
pressure must be backed
up with a drainage system
42
which prevents sho rt-term
hyd rostatic pressure (see
p p . 48 and 52) .
Special measures must be
taken fo r hyd rostatic pres­
sure on the o utsid e .
Fo r moderate loads water­
proofing to the normal-weight
co ncrete of the external
basement wal l can be
achieved i n various ways:
e.g. with one layer of bitumen
felt, bitumen bui lt-up felt, in
each case with a fabric in lay
and 1 00 mm laps o n a prim­
ing coat; with b itumi no us
coatings in several layers;
with two layers of a mineral
sealing coati ng with build ing
authority approval. Whereas
in the case of flexible sheet­
ing good protectio n is
required d uring backfil l ing
and the upper "exposed "
end must be sealed, the
mineral coati ngs cannot
brid ge over any cracks
owing to their inherent
brittleness.
D d
The gro u nd floo r co nstruc­
tion in this example includes
thermal insu lation to i nsulate
agai nst the unheated base­
ment. Take the presence of
heavy co ncentrated loads
into account when choosing
the insulating material. Place
the impact so und i nsulation
beneath the thermal i nsula­
tion and around the ed ges -
without i nterruption - in
o rder to prod uce a "floating"
floo r constructio n . Conse­
quently, the floor finish must
be fully isolated as wel l ; con­
tinuing the ed ge insulating
strip up to finished floo r level
is advantageous.
 Vertical sect io n t h rough co ncrete lightwell

De
Lightwells of in situ co ncrete
"hang" on t he basement wal l
and must b e co nnected to
t his - possibly wit h fo lding
anchors which are placed i n
t he formwork a n d , after strik­
ing t he fo rmwo rk, are ex­
posed again and fo lded o ut
into posit io n .

Df
The base of t he lightwell can
be covered with a coarse
gravel , which wi l l have to be
rep laced from time to t ime­
g assuming a q uick-draining
subso i l and backfi l l i n g .

Dg
The to p edge of t he lightwell
in t hi s example is reduced to
match t he size of t he grat ing
e
so t hat any paving or grass
can co ntinue right up to the
edge of t he frame. Cast t he
top edges of t he lightwells
later to mat c h t he level of
ext ernal works and external
doors, also wit h falls if neces­
sary .

Dh
If t he t hermal insu lat io n is
attached to t he u nderside of
the ground floor slab, this
results in a thermal bri dge to
t he external wall. This has to
be minimised by including
insulat io n wit h i n t he t h ick­
ness of the wal l which ex­
tends down at least to t he
underside of the ground
floo r slab.

43
 External basement wal l with perimeter insu l ation
Vertical sectio n throu gh prefabricated p l i nth
D a
The basement wal l can also
be waterproofed by using
impermeable co ncrete. This
type of concrete is achieved
with m i n . grade C 25/30
concrete havi ng a l i mited
water penetratio n depth
(max. 50 mm) , and by ad­
hering to the requ ired water/
d cement ratio and grad ing
1 2 DF
curves. Rei nfo rcement to
prevent/limit cracking is
essentia l . Carefu l com pac­
tion and su bsequent treat­
ment is requ ired . The mini­
mum thickness is not pre­
scri bed but should not be
less than 250 mm.
External - perimeter -
thermal i nsu lation to compo­
nents in contact with the so i l
is produ ced from c lose-cel l
extrud ed , polystyrene foams
or cellu lar g lass , which
absorb little o r no mo istu re
and are attached to the
waterproofed basement wal l
with dabs o f , fo r example,
bond ing mortar.
Cover the i nsu lation with
corrugated bitu men sheet­
ing o r studded flexible
sheeting to protect it against
mechanical d amage du ring
backfi l l i n g .
D b
Fou ndatio ns to small hou ses
are often simpl ified and co n­
structed together with the
grou nd slab as a raft fou nda­
tio n , which must be pro perly
designed and reinforced
accord ingly. Thickening of
the slab may be necessary
u nder heavy load s , e . g . i nd i ­
vidual co lu mns, i ntermed i ate
load bearing wall s with larger
openings.
If the raft fou ndatio n is
constructed from imperme­
able concrete l ike the exter­
nal wal l , seal the jo int
between the two co ncrete
compo nents with a water­
sto p o r water bar.
44
D e
A heated basement forming
part of the living accommo­
d ation requ ires an acou stic­
a l ly and thermally insu lated ,
waterproofed floo r slab with
a flo ating screed . To prevent
satu ration of the impact
sou nd insu lation by the co n­
structio n mo istu re i n the
concrete floor slab, provide
a separating l ayer of, for
exam ple, po lyethylene
sheeting.
D d
Protect the transition between
basement wal l and external
wal l - the p l i nth - agai nst
splashing water and mecha­
nical d amage by means of
precast co ncrete or natu ral
stone panels. Su p port these
on cast-in ancho rs. Finish
the render at a sto p bead
and close off the jo i nt to the
pl i nth with a permanently
elastic sealing co mpou nd .
The external maso nry pro­
jects approx. 90-1 00 mm
beyond the concrete wal l .
The u nderside o f the perfo­
rations in the clay blocks
should be closed off at the
proj ectio n . On the insid e ,
reinfo rce t h e p laster with a
textile mesh at the transition
between the two materials.
 Vertical section thro u g h rendered p l i nth

D e
Lay the insulation below the
reinfo rced co ncrete base­
ment slab on a fi lter gravel
or layer of blinding and cover
over with a separati ng layer.
C ast the basement slab o n
this. A covering o f lean-mix
concrete is advisable.
12 DF
When calculating the heat­
ing requirements allow for
small heat losses via the
5 DF thermal bridges at the strip
fou ndatio ns u nder the exter­
nal walls and load beari ng
wal ls.
O h
D I N 1 81 95 part 4 calls for at
least one horizontal d amp­
proof co urse (d pc) i n the
internal and external walls.
The number of horizontal
d amp-proof co urses is left to
the d iscretion of the design
team.
The damp-proof course
beneath the masonry of the
wall represents a precau­
tionary measure preventing
mo isture rising from the co n­
crete below.

D f
Co nti nue the mineral sealing
coating beneath the external
wal l and jo i n it to the flexible
sealing coating o n the o ut­
side of the external basement
wal l .

O g
The b u i ld i n g trade is d ivid ed
on the best method of con­
structin g a rendered plinth
on properly fixed perimeter
insulation batts. At least two
coats of impermeable render
(suitable fo r plinth work) will
be necessary on splatterdash
and a galvanised back­
gro u nd, add itio nal ly rein­
forced if necessary.
Whether the normal rend er
thickness of 20 mm is suffi­
cient fo r this type of detail is
q uestionable. The render
that extends into the gro u nd
must be protected against
lo ng-term saturatio n .
e

45
External basement wal l with perimeter insu lation
Horizontal section through prefabricated lightwe l l

46
 Vertical section throu gh prefabricated lightwel l

D a
Fixing a lightwel l to a wal l
with perimeter i nsu lation i s
not without its pro blems
because the insu lation should
not be penetrated or, at
best, only min imally . I nd ivi­
d ual fixings using heavy-duty
anchors and spacers with
bu ild ing authority approval
are therefo re employed . The 1 2 OF

approved ed ge d istance
between ancho r and window
opening must be assured . 5 OF

O b
Fu rthermore , the "surface of
the wal l " presents pro b lems.
Althou gh the render to the c
plinth can co ntinue down
into the lightwell to gether
with the backgrou nd , su ch
small areas of render com­
plicate the co nstructio n . The
area can be rendered before
mou nting the lightwe l l .

D e
If requ ested , some manufac­
turers wi l l position the rebate
at the to p of the l i g htwel l
externally . A n inco nspicuous
ed ge is thu s possi ble.

O d
Below ground level seal the
jo int between the bu i ld ings
with flexible sheeting. The r - -- - - - -
111

small loop of excess mate­ l ·�1· QH:�::::

._ _ _ - - - - J.IJ

rial is necessary to accom­

mod ate movemerit. The jo i nt
between the bu i ld ings must
co ntinu e throu gh the plinth.

47
External basement wal l with cavity i nsulation
Vertical sectio n through co ncrete plinth

Da
The reinforced concrete
strip fo undatio n req uires
fo rmwo rk to both sides.
Cover the anti-cap i l lary
hardcore layer, included for
add itional security , with a
layer of b l ind ing co ncrete,
grade C 8/1 0, and then cast
the reinfo rced concrete
gro u nd slab on to p of that.
This forms a good base for
worki ng in d ifficu lt, e . g .
e
clayey, subso i ls d uring rai ny
periods.
Drainage around the
perimeter is necessary o n
slo ping sites o r i n cohesive
so ils.

Db
Lay the pipes, min. 1 00 mm
N B , fo r the perimeter drain­
age o n a gravel bed to a fal l
o f 0.5%, better 1 % , and sur­
ro und them with a filter mat
in order to keep out the fin­
est so i l particles. In o rder to
avoid undermining the fo un­
c d ation , do not lay the d rain­
p i pe and the filter bed lower
than the underside of the
fo undatio n . A d i stance of
m i n . 200 mm between the
to p of the structural slab and
the underside of the d rain­
p i pe is mand ato ry.

De
The concrete d rainage un its
protect the waterproofing
a against mechanical d amage
and ensure that water is
d rai ned away fro m the
external wal l .

48
 Vertical section through lightwel l and entrance door

D d
The detail with moisture­
resistant cavity insulatio n ,
e . g . polystyrene o r mineral
fibre batts, and an i nner l eaf
ensures adequate thermal
insulation and a good mois­
ture balance in heated base­
ment roo ms. lt is not usual ly
necessary to include a vapour
barrier o n the inner side of
the thermal i nsu latio n .

D e
The thermal insulation on the
underside of the slab over
the basement is necessary
in this case in order to reduce
the thermal brid ge effect of
the mono l ithic reinfo rced
co ncrete co nstructio n .

D f
If complicated junctions are
to be avo id ed , seal the pro­
jecting basement wal l with
a dense, mesh-rei nfo rced
screed . Such a detail requires
a location protected fro m
the weather and preferably
roofed over.

D g
A co ntinuous slot in the base
of the lightwel l ensures water
can drain away into the quick­
draining backfi l l i n g material.
g

49
Maso n ry external basement wal l
Vertical sectio n throu gh rendered p l i nth

D a D e
The wal l s to u nheated base­ The 25 mm mastic asphalt
ments are bu ilt using verti­ floor finish (surface finished
cally perforated clay blo cks, with a smoothing compound)
e . g . H lz 1 2- 1 . 2-6 OF, which laid o n a special bitu men
have a greater compressive bu i lt-u p felt satisfies basic
strength but, mainly , a higher requ irements regard i n g ther­
gross density. mal i nsu latio n and impact
As maso n ry basement sou nd insu latio n .
wal l s can o n ly resist lateral
so i l pressure o nce the verti­
cal load of the bu i ld i n g is
available, backfi lling is car­
ried out later, e . g . after com­
p leting the stru ctu ral wo rks.
A water-repellent basement
wal l rend er of grou p P I l l
provides the waterproofi n g .
12 DF A s this rendering is relatively
expensive and time-consum­
1 ing, is also rigid and there­
1
1 6 DF fo re vu lnerable to cracking,
1
1 flexible seal ing coatings
1 which can be rendered over
1
1 may also be u sed .
1
1 s Drainage mats, e . g . corru ­
1 gated o r studded sheeting,
1
1 protect against mechanical
1
1 d amage during backfi l l i n g .
1
1
1 D b
,I
Lay a damp-proof cou rse
(d pc) of R 500 b itumen roof­
ing felt, better sti l l Cu 0. 1 D
waterproof sheeting ( D I N
1 8 1 95) , o n the strip fou nda­
tio n and bond this to the
d amp-proof membrane
(d pm) over the rei nfo rced
c
concrete ground slab. Great
care must be taken with the
jo i nt where the strip founda­
tion projects beyond the
basement wal l ; the provision
of a rou nd ed fil let and a fal l
to the outside is advisable.
The dpc beneath the walls
should be jo ined to the
grou nd slab dpm in o rder to
produce an id eal , contro l l ed
horizontal waterproofing sys­
tem.

50
 Vertical section through prefabricated lightwel l

D d
The pl inth render u p to the
level of the d amp-proof
course has the same com­
position and thickness as
that on the external base­
ment wal l . lt is finished flu sh
with the render to the masonry
above; s l it the joint between
the two types of rendering
with a trowel. An ang led
d undercut is reco mmended .

D e
Bu i ld u p the prefabricated
lightwel l units o n the backfi ll­
ing separate fro m the house.
This arrangement overcomes
the need to fix complicated
anchors i nto the masonry
but does requ ire the backfi ll­
ing to consist of clean, com­
pactable material. lt is essen­
tial to compact the material
carefu l ly and pro perly in
o rder to reduce settlement
s
of the free-stand ing lightwel l
and hence damage to the
masonry.

51
External basement wal l made fro m lightwei ght clay b lo cks
Vertical sectio n throu gh rendered p l i nth

D a
Basement walls mad e fro m
large lightweig ht clay blocks
provide the necessary ther­
mal insu l atio n fo r heated
basement roo ms and all the
cond itions fo r a comfortable
interior climate.
A structu ral analysis must
be carried o ut befo rehand to
ensu re that the wal l thick­
ness co mbined with the ver­
tical load are able to resist
the lateral so i l pressure over
the depth of the basement.
Waterproof the wal l with
an elastic coating, e.g. made
fro m a bituminous material,
which contin ues as a flexi ble
sealing coati ng i n the area
of the rendered p l i nth. Drain­
age mats guarantee protec­
tio n fo r the waterproofi ng.

D b
The damp-proof mem brane
a (d pm) to the ground slab,
required to protect against
water held or flowi ng in the
so i l du e to cap illarity (suc­
tion water, retained water,
cap i l lary water), shou ld be
secu rely bonded to the
d am p-proof course (d pc)
beneath the masonry wal l
(protectio n against capillary
mo istu re) and also the ex­
ternal waterproofi ng.

D e
Lay the peri meter d rainage
b o n a gravel bed and protect
it on all sides with a filter mat
agai nst ingress of fine par­
ticles.

52
 Vertical section throu gh prefabricated lightwell

D d
A nu m ber of manufactu rers
produce prefabricated p las­
tic lightwells fitted with a
su itable grati ng. These are
ancho red in the maso nry .

D e
If the reinforced co ncrete
floor slab spans over the
wi ndow opening, it is not
necessary to provide a
masonry "compression
zo ne" over the shallow clay
l i ntels (see p. 2 1 ) .

12 OF

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53
External basement wal l made from lightweight clay blocks
Vertical section thro ugh entrance door

D a
The wooden threshold to the
door prevents condensation
water and the fo rmation of
ice in winter; the rebates
and seals can continue right
aro und the door. However,
special precautions for this
d etail are necessary, also
because it is subjected to
high mechanical load s: the
cho ice of a su itable species
of wood , e . g . oak; the provi­
sio n of fal l s to the o utside;
keeping o ut heavy or d riving
rain by means of the close­
mesh o pen grid flooring
screwed on clear of the
wood ; the fo rmation of a
water bar with d ri p throat to
repel incoming water.
Th is latter task is o n ly ful­
filled by the botto mmost
board of the o uter leaf to a
very l i mited extent. To do
this, the entrance door m ust
be protected fro m the wind
and weather.
As mechanical d amage is
hardly avo idable, this detai l
is not suitable for heavily
trafficked areas.

D b
The build i n g of a "naturally"
coo l and damp basement
fo r storage purposes requires
a subso i l in which d rai nage
is abso l utely guaranteed . A
build-up of water m ust be
ruled o ut. An anti-capil lary
hardcore layer m i n . 150 mm
d eep below the floo r of so l id
clay bricks bedded in sand
b
is advisable for extra secu­
rity . The inside of the base­
ment wal l s should be pro­
vid ed with an elastic sealing
coati ng painted over with a
m ineral whitewash , l ime­
wash or mi neral paint.

54
 Vertical sections throu gh partitio ns

D e
The d rawi ng shows the tran­
sition between the storage
roo m with its floo r d i rectly o n
the ground and the thermal ly
and impact-sou nd insu lated
floor of the heated basement
area. The damp-proof mem­
brane (d pm) u nder the
heated area must be fixed to
the water bar at the door.
D d
Partitio ns in the basement,
ju st l ike externa l walls,
requ i re protectio n against
moistu re rising from below.
D e
A d pm is not requ ired below
partitio ns over basement
areas.

12 DF

� � , / ,. / / / ,. / ,
, " , , .. .; / , / / ,

6 DF

55
 Radiator recess, window with ro l ler shutter
Vertical sectio n throu gh clay ro ller shutter box

D a
The ro ller shutter box and
the outer leaf co ncealing the
floo r slab fo rm a u n ifo rm
su bstrate for the render.
Such boxes are facto ry-pre­
fabricated , no n-load bearing
items which can carry their
e own wei ght over o penings
De
The 1 75 mm maso n ry leaf
behind the rad iator recess
enables the rad iato r to be
mou nted in the usual way o n
cast-in wal l brackets. The
i nterru ptio ns to the thermal
insu lation simply have to be
accepted .

I
/ 8'
I
up to about 5 m wide thanks
to their integral reinforcement. D d
I
I
\
They are approx. 300 mm Fit the thin wi ndow board ,
\
'
'
deep and available fo r wal l e . g . 25 mm natu ral stone,
...... __ _ /
thicknesses of 300 o r 365 mm. into chases i n the maso nry
reveals and su ppo rt it o n
D b brackets every approx.
The mai ntenance opening 600 mm.
cover, made from 1 2-1 5 mm
BFU plywood and a layer of D e
thermal insu l atio n , e . g . m i n . Cut an o pening in the
3 0 mm rigid polystyrene foam, masonry fo r the shutter
is screwed i nto a rebate o perating cord if a special
formed by an alu m i niu m brick with a ready-mad e
angle. o pening is not being used .
lt is rare fo r any attention
to be paid to the detail at the
ends of the mai ntenance
o pening cover; heat losses
and d rau ghts are the resu lt.
Co nti nu i n g the angle frame
arou nd all fou r sides and
jo i n i n g it to the thermally
insu lated su p po rts fo r the
ro ller shutter box wou ld be
necessary.

56
 Horizontal sections throu g h ro l ler shutter box, window, rad iator recess

O f O i
The brush o r l i p seals to the Cutting the thermal insu la­
o pening for the shutter o per­ tion to fit exactly in the
ating co rd cannot com­ recess is the standard so lu­
pletely ru le out heat losses tio n . Heat losses throu gh
at this po int. the no n-i nsu lated sides are
igno red ; any condensation
11
,, O g water that does occu r here
11 is simply d riven off by the
,,
A clay ro ller shutter box
11
11 requ ires a m i n . 80 mm bear­ heat from the rad iator.
11
11
ing, 1 50 mm on the operat­ Wood -woo l slabs o r sand­
11 ing cord sid e . Cut off the wich panels with a poly­
11

11
11
rend er sto p bead at the styrene core have suffi­
11 u nderside of the shutter box ciently rou gh su rfaces to
"
'I to match the clear o pening provide a key for plaster.
:,
of the window.

O
g
h
Rad iator recesses must be
co nstru cted to match the
masonry bond of the wal l .
Ru nning the p i pes in verti­
cal slots in the external wall
and weakening the sides of
the recess fo r con necting
the rad iato r pipewo rk was
fo r a lon g time the standard
solutio n . In o rder to meet the
enhanced thermal i nsu latio n
requ irements of newer leg is­
===�====J.·:--------------- ---- latio n , insu late the slots at
least on the outsid e , prefer­
ably on three sides. Cut the
slots fo r co nnecting the rad i­
ator pipework with a masonry
saw.

11 h
11
'
L_ __ _ _ - t�����-M���
11
11

11
,,
11 ,,
11
11
11
,,
11
h
11

57
Radiator recess, window with rol ler shutter
Vertical section through prefabricated roller shutter box

Da
"Half" roller shutter boxes
are available for windows
with a masonry shoulder at

11 the window head .

A l i ntel flush with the ceil­
ing or a shallow clay l i ntel

�
spans over the opening in
the masonry. This deter­
mines the size of the rol led­
up shutter and in turn the
hei ght of the window.
From the point of view of
thermal i nsulation , operating
the shutter with a winding
mechanism fitted in the
reveal or on the wal l is pref­
erab le to the operati ng cord .

Db
I ncorporating a 300 mm c lay
masonry unit (5 OF) in the
365 mm external wal l (6 OF
or 1 2 OF un its) but flush on
the outside creates a recess
in the wal l , 1 35 mm high x
65 mm deep, above the re­
inforced concrete floor. With
i nsulation at the back of the
recess, this can be used for
the radiator p ipework. Con­
nect the p ipes to the rad i ator
underneath in the radiator
recess. Smooth , fi l l and coat
the screed . A structural ana­
lysis is required for this hori­
zontal slot.

De
Span over the radiator recess
with a shal low clay l inte l . The
window board can be corre­
spondingly thinner in this
case .

58
 Horizontal sections through roller shutter box, window, radiator recess

O d
The ends of the rol ler shutter
box bear m i n . 40 mm on the
external wal l . The bond of
the masonry above the
&: shallow clay lintel must
CXX CK1' .X YX 'XX :x 'XX xX XXXX .XX match the masonry bond of
� +t
�
the large clay b locks of the
11
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' ><tn J
external wal l .
-,
I - y;
.. J

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D e
d
J�.:::=.-:=-:::::.::.:-.::: ::: :::_ =-:::_-=--=--�.::.::: :::_-_-::.
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The masonry shoulder en­
1 :1 :1
r

1 1 1
, r ....__
ables the guide track for the
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 roller shutter to be fitted vir­
1 1 1 1 11 tual ly flush with the render.
The bottom end of the track
is welded closed and rests
on the sheet metal window
sill. The U- or L-shaped

==:;:;:::.::::;:::==:::=;! - ----------- -
0
- -------- - -- -·
bent-up ends of the window
sill are notched to suit.
Precautions to prevent
galvanic corrosion are nec­
essary if the metal of the
track and the metal of the
window sill are different.
Slit the joint between
rendering and roller shutter
track with a trowel , or fi l l the
joint with sealing compound.

D f
Continuous reinforcement in
the masonry, at least in the
uppermost bed joint, is neces­
b
sary to minim ise cracki ng.

,,
1I 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -· ·
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59
Radiator recess, window with roller shutter
Vertical section through wi ndow/rol ler shutter element

D a
The removable external
fascia board of this special
construction overcomes the
problems of a maintenance
cover that does not close
tightly. The inside face of the
wal l can continue uninter­
rupted . Roller shutter and
window are incorporated as
a single element from the
outside, with a neat transi­
tion to the render.
Operating the roller shutter
by means of an electric
motor is more complicated
but does avoid the weak
poi nts described earlier.

D b
Screw the fascia board to
the shutter box, e . g . water­
proof-glued grade AW 1 00
plywood , to the frame tucked
behind the render. Leave a
small gap to highl ight the
joint and protect the top of
the fascia board with a metal
Z-section.

D e
The rad iator p ipework runs
in a slot (parallel with the
external wall) in the rein­
forced concrete floor slab.
Thermal insulation is not
necessary because the
existi ng thermal perform­
ance is unaffected and any
heat lost from the p ipes sti l l
benefits the same residential
unit, in this case a terrace
house.

60
 Horizontal sections throug h roller shutter box, window, rad iator recess

Dd
A steel flat bracket fixed to
the frame supports the shaft
of the roller shutter.

De
This detail permits the win­
dow element to be fitted
flush with the render. How­
ever, it is advisable to inset
the window by m i n . 1 0 mm,
preferably 20-30 m m , in
order to al low for tolerances
and to provide some protec­
tion from the weather.

==;:;:====;::;====:;:=:=�t ---- - - - - - ----- - -- - - - -- -·

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61
External wall and converted roof space
Vertical section through eaves of couple roof

12 OF

62

D a
The rei nforced concrete
floor slab can be used as
the tie for the rafters and
therefore eliminates the
need for any columns in the
roof space. Fix the eaves
purlin with ragbolts every
approx. 1 .5-2 .0 m cast i nto
pockets in the reinforced
concrete abutment mono­
lithic with the slab. Notch
the continuation of the raft­
ers to suit or provide counter
battens.
D b
The areas outside the con­
verted roof space are col d .
Conti nue the thermal insula­
tion to the roof together with
the airtig ht membrane or
vapour barrier down the out­
side of the timber stud wal l .
Provide thermal insulation on
top of the reinforced con­
crete slab.
D e
Bond the roofing felt below
the roof tiles to the eaves
flashing. The bottom course
of clay roof tiles rests on a
strip of bent-up perforated
sheet metal fixed to the eaves
flashing with clips. The per­
forated sheet metal guaran­
tees ventilation and al lows
any moisture to drain away.
D d
If the roof surface is in the
form of a "stiff plate " , the
connections to adjoining
components around the
edges of the roof plate must
be capable of transferri ng
the forces which occur.
The gable wal l is attached
to the roof structure. Rag­
bolts fitted carefully into the
masonry every approx. 1 .5-
2.0 m are suitable. I n order
to prevent corrosion caused
by condensation water, it is
advisable to select stainless
steel fasteners. Insert plywood
spacers as necessary.
Section throu gh verge, roof ti les-render junction
The junction with the gable
wal l may also include a rein­
forced concrete capping
beam along the top , unsup­ ..r=1
ported edge of the masonry.
ll
As the rei nforced concrete �
/ / �; .. .. ,' ,' .. ,' .. ,' , ' . · / .. · , �
beam is cast in "steps" , L...J e
which are determined by the
§��
�� x)O(;\\
masonry bond and the size
of the masonry units, spec ial
<' , _
�> - - -
_ :f
d
care should be taken to en­
r � J
sure that no therma l bridges
through the concrete ensue.
..
�
g
D e
Bond the roofi ng felt under
the roof tiles to the screed
with a small loop. Any rain­
water reaching this point can
drain away safely thanks to
the strips of waterproof-glued
grade AW 1 00 plywood
screwed to the top of the
wal l .
D f
Continuing the render right
up to the underside of the
clay bullnose tiles is a sim­
ple and elegant deta i l . The
tiles should project min.
30 mm, preferably 50 mm,
beyond the render. Rein­
force the render with a tex­
tile background. In order to / / /
/
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
reduce the amount of rain­ 12 OF 1' / / / / / / / / / / / / /
\l'J'\7':; \7\1'
water draining off the verge,
the roof tiles along the edge �
are raised sli ghtly.
D g
s �/ /
, / / ·,/'/ /
// , /
/ / /
Clamp the airtight
membrane/vapour barrier
tightly against the p lastered
inside face of wall with a
conti nuous board .
- -- .
'---- -
63
External wal l and converted roof space
Vertical section throu gh eaves of couple roof

64
 Section through verge with parapet

c
� n
�
f
,1' / " / , / I' / I' / / "' / "
" / / " , " , / / / , / " ' ,
" ,

D a D e

-- �
The gutter adjoins the roof The gable wall is constructed
d
covering directly and is joined as a parapet projecting wel l
to the downpipe via a coni­ above the roof surface and
cal header. The ventilation thus accentuating the edge rh
layers below the roofing felt of the roof. Clad the inner 11
and above the thermal i nsu­ face of the parapet with sheet �
lation end at the perforated metal.

I
<

I)(fiX
The parapet also has a
<
plate through which fresh air
can enter. Th is p late is fixed
to the tilting board with con­
sheet metal cap p i n g . Lay
this on a separating layer -
<
/
'

cealed nails, held in place bitumen roofing felt, PVC '

by a continuous c l i p , and
the bottom edge is finished
as a rainwater drip.
O b
The "ventilated" roof, also
known as a "cold deck", re­
quires a continuous air i nlet
along the eaves (2 %o of the
associated sloping roof area,
min. 200 cm2/m unobstructed
opening) and with this roof
pitch an air outlet at the
ridge too (0.05 %o of total
slop ing roof area) .
In this case a vapour bar­
rier is not required, which is
difficult to i nstall properly on
site anyway. Instead , a
"vapour check" is incl uded
which only allows as much
vapour through as can be
carried away by the move­
/ �
sheet, oiled paper depend­
ing on the metal - and on
approx. 25 mm grade AW [o e
1 00 plywood battens fixed
with c l i ps.
The capping overhangs
the render by about 30 mm
and the bottom edge finishes
with a rai nwater drip. Bend­
ing up the capping a long
the outside edge and/or pro­
viding a gentle fal l towards
the roof surface avoids satu­
ration of the gable wal l .
O d
Use sheet metal soakers at
the junction between the
overlapping plain bullnose
tiles and the masonry para­
pet. Fix the sheet metal para­
pet cladding with clips and
provide a generous overlap /
/ /
/
/ /
/ / / / /

12 DF
/ / / 1' / / / / / / / / /
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / /
ment of air in the ventilation to the soakers. N VI\ VVV
layer.
Airtightness is absol utely D e �
imperative. Use, for exam­
ple, impreg nated paper,
After fixi ng the airtight
membrane/vapour check, s
R
>< / ,
/ / / " , , / , , , // / / ,

crepe paper or polyethylene seal the plasterboard cei ling

sheet for the airti ght mem­ agai nst the gable wal l with a
brane and vapour check. permanently elastic material.
Care should be taken to
ensure that all joints are
adequately overlapped or
bonded and, above al l , con­
tinuous and tightly sealed
junctions with other compo­
nents. Provided the material
chosen has a suitable
vapour d iffusion resistance ,
the airtight mem brane can
also act as a vapour check.

65
External wal l and converted roof space
Vertical section through eaves of couple roof

12 DF

66

D a
A patented rafter abutment
made from galvan ised sheet
steel and screwed to a cast­
in proprietary channel elimi­
nates the need for a concrete
abutment. Side plates hold
the rafter i n place.
D b
Providing full-depth insula­
tion between the rafters in
the form of a loose material
(e. g . cellulose fibres or per­
lite) requires the construc­
tion of a box. Attach an air­
tight membrane/vapour
check to the underside of
the rafters and cover this
with 19 mm tongue-and­
groove or p lai n-edge floor­
boards. This ensures ther­
mal insulation right down to
the eaves. Dwarf walls can
be provided as required to
close off areas of the roof
space. Add itional counter
battens only at the rafters
reduce the number of per­
forations in the vapour check,
compensate for b u i l d ing
tolerances and provide
space for electric cables.
D e
Accord ing to the manufac­
turer, the 22 mm bitumen­
impregnated wood fi bre
insulating board attached to
the top of the rafters can
function as a water run-off
layer below the roof cover­
ing. The vapour permeabil ity
of this material should be
such that it is suitable for use
with the airtight mem brane/
vapour check. Rule of thumb:
the vapour permeabil ity
should increase towards
the outside.
Fire protection require­
ments with respect to the
roof structure, e . g . F 308,
must be taken i nto account
and may require different
sizes of loadbearing tim ber
members or a fire-retardant
lining or cladding.
Section through verge with profiled bargeboard
D d
I n roof structures with verti­
cal framing the purlins,
kneebraces and posts or
common rafters are respon­
sible for transferring the
wind loads.
The gable wal l is "sus­
pended" from the roof struc­
ture. The junction detail here
is no d ifferent to that for a
roof p late (see p . 63) . Cast
the rei nforced concrete cap­
ping beam on the stepped
gable wal l . Thermal i nsula­
tion to the top of the beam is
required because owing to
the stepped arrangement
the concrete extends into
the heated area below and
wou ld otherwise result in a
thermal bridge. The antici­
pated deformation of the
rei nforced concrete beam
(as a result of the unavoid­
able shrinkage, aggravated
by temperature fluctuations)
must be taken i nto account
when designing this deta i l .
The use of a gable wall with­
out a reinforced concrete
cap ping beam overcomes
this problem (see p . 33) .
12 DF
Whatever the situation, care­
fu l ly fi l l the gap between the
wal l and the final rafter fully
with insulating material and
connect the vapour check at s
least airti ght.
D e
Cut the outer leaf at the top
of the wal l to suit and finish it
off with a cement scree d .
The "serrated" bargeboard,
cut to match the line of the
b u l l nose tiles, i s screwed to
a batten and that in turn to
the overhanging ti ling bat­
tens.
67
Chimney with flue lining
Vertical section through rendered chimney stack

a D a
The advantageous position
near the ridge means that
the chimney only needs to
conti nue 400 or 500 mm

�I above the ridge capping,

depend ing on the appl ic­
able G erman building code.
Cast the in situ concrete
flaunching on a levelling bed
of mortar. The cast-in expan­
sion sleeve a llows for the
changes in length of the flue
lining, which is insulated and
enc losed in masonry.

D b
A rendered chimney stack
requires a sufficiently wel l
insulated flue.
The ch imney stack should
be as smooth as possible in
c order to improve flow char­
acteristics. On the other
',
han d , to protect the render
'
, ..., and accommodate move­
<,
',
,
ment, a sheet metal capping
.....
.....
..... , with a large overhang is
'
' desirable.
'
'
' If there is no risk of corro­
sion, this confl ict can be
overcome by providing a
sheet metal capping of, for
examp le, stainless steel .
Connect the capping to the
expansion sleeve with a
welted joint. The rai nwater
drip around the edge of the
capping stands wel l clear of
the render.

D e
If joints fi lled with perma­
nently elastic material are
deemed undesirab le, the
only option is to accept the
risks and fit a capping strip
12 DF flashing behind the render.
Separate the render and the
sheet metal with a
2-3 mm wide slit.
Sheet metal flash ings in
facing masonry are fitted
into raked-out joi nts, fixed
with c l i ps and sealed.

68
 Prefabricated chimney
Vertical section throug h chimney stack with facing brickwork

D d
The chimney here consist of
lightweight concrete flue
blocks around a thermally
insulated flue lining of refrac­
e tory clay.
The min. 1 1 5 mm facing
masonry of frost-resistant
clay bricks - VMz or VHLz -
is seated on a built-in pre­
cast concrete element and
must be built and pointed
particularly carefully. Per­
pends left open act as in lets
and outlets to the ventilation
cavity.

D e
Place the prefabricated
flaunching on a bed of mor­
tar, rake out the joint min.
20 mm deep and fill it with a
permanently elastic material
to secure the joint against
driving rain . If the flaunching
oversai ls the masonry, this
protects the joint to some
extent.

69
Partition with services concealed behind false wall
Vertical section through san itary fittings

D a
False walls for conceal ing
services are desirable owi ng
to the rational installation.
[> There is no need to mod ify
[> the masonry in anyway.

[>
�
In those cases in which
the sound insu lation to the

[>
wal l , particu larly a party wall ,
i s adversely affected by pipe­
[) work, a false wal l i nstallation
[) is i n d ispensable.
[) The system shown here
f) makes use of prefabricated

< b instal lation elements made

h from polymer concrete for
<
lru'-t
the respective sanitary fit­
< © I tings .
<
V
(
I
)
D b
r
I
K
The false wal l can terminate
I
I

�
at a typical shelf height, and
K I
I
I be finished off with ceramic
K I I

f<
7
tiles, or it can continue up to
I I
-L I
the ceiling.
k -- I _,:
I I
I The vertical soi l pipe is
vented above roof leve l .
l> I
I
I
I
[) I I D e
[> L T , _j
I I
[)
The junction between the
I I flexible floating screed and
I I
f) I I
I I
the ri gid false wal l must

v a I I
allow for movement. Include

L> I0 \ \- a seal ing strip with a loop,

[>
'
' conti nue this up the wal l and

[> = �

/
� =;:
-it-
!I I
bond it to the wal l . Seal the
joint between floor and wal l
L> I
I

,-�
with a permanently elastic
I I il
k:
material .
I I il
r<
:
I il
As neither a shower nor a
I
K
floor outlet are intended , this

a ��
-

c bathroom is classed as a

C§
1'---- 7,5 DF
Ll
h
�>�<�
, " , ; , , , , , , / , , , / / /
/ , ->�
> �, ->> :-"/:</>'/>>',->>', -; , : <,>', <<<<, >:, :-
/ ; , , , / / / , , / / " , .
wet area (but not a flooded
area) and does not requ ire
waterproofing beneath the
�
I"-
floor covering and screed. lt

�
V
is usually sufficient to lay the
ceramic floor tiles in a water­
' ' ' , , ' /
/ / / ' / , / / / / ' proof tile adhesive with nar­
[> row joints.

[::;
[)b

70
 Plan on false wal l conceal ing services

> I
I
I
I
> I I
V I I
:1 /l===�
)===::::� I I
K I I
I< I I
Ik:
I I
" I I
I< - -�
L� I I
I<
K
V
I
1
I
I
<::'--, I
I
I
I
/ I I
� 1�- ,1
� ( I
"' �-1
< I
I I

Ik:
I

" I I
Ik:''
I I
" I I

[>
� -
�
- 11f "rl---t--
- --1
I
V I
[>
I'-,
<0 I
I I
I

/ <0 I I
> ., I
I
I
� L��
- -� I

/ I r

J! i
>F======� �
�==�� �------
[
�<::'
a

I I
--, I I
v
"' /
� - ��
'

V ;' � - /1
I \

�
K/
)======K
I
I I
I
V I I
[> I :
f)
> --
�
I1
�� I

� 0
�
>
R:
��----�== k
==*/F=====\r=====�========================�========
I � 11

71
The following section deals with the most important pri nciples
for building with large clay blocks:

- Clay block formats and d i mensional tolerances

- Clay block types and mortar
- Masonry bonds
- Di mensional coordination

The essay "Masonry of large clay blocks - structure and

construction" by Dr.-lng. Bernhard Behringer clearly i l lus­
trates the i nteraction of the components to form a complete
structure.

The report "Plaster/Render on c lay masonry" by Dr.-lng.

Peter Roeke explains the basic rules for applying plaster/
render to clay masonry by way of the behaviour of the wal l
and its "cladd ing".

Just how building with large clay blocks is affected by the

Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV - Energy Economy Act) -
wh ich has rep laced the 1 995 Warmeschutzverordnung
(WSchVO - Thermal I nsu lation Act) - is not consi dered in
this publication. The new Act is a com prehensive document
wh ich has repercussions for building design and b u i l d ing
services: the heat gains and/or losses associated with ori­
entation and fenestration , airtightness, thermal bridges and
also the heating systems.

73
Clay brick and block formats , di mensional tolerances
The various sizes of clay
bricks and blocks are de­
rived from a basic module,
the thin format designated
by the format code OF. Th is
allows d ifferent brick/block
formats to be com bined in a
masonry construction .
Larger formats made up of
this format are easi ly imag­
ined, whereby the un its - as
in the masonry construction
- are assembled with joi nts.
Clay bricks/blocks without
conventional perpend mor­
tar are given the nearest for­
mat code ( D I N 1 05) .
When desi gnating large ver­
tically perforated clay blocks
it is necessary to specify the
thickness of the masonry in
order to d istinguish the
blocks exactly. For example:
clay blocks with the code
6 OF are avai lable for vari­
ous wal l thicknesses and
course heights; clay blocks
with the code 1 2 OF can be
manufactured for 240 mm
and 365 mm walls. In these
cases the webs and fins
separating the perforations
or special perpend arrange­
ments are designed for a
particular wal l thickness.
74
The dimensions g iven for the
clay masonry un its are refer­
ence sizes. D I N 1 05 permits
d imensional deviations from
the reference sizes: min imum
sizes and maximum sizes.
So the actual d imensions of
a c lay masonry unit 240 mm
long may vary between 230
and 245 mm; for a 300 mm
unit a length of 290-308 mm
is permissible; for a 365 mm
unit, 355-373 mm.
However, on the building
site it is im portant that the
del iveries for a certain struc­
ture a l l lie with in a certain
tolerance: the d imensional
deviation is ± 1 0 mm for
240 mm units, and ± 1 2 mm
for 300 and 365 mm units.
The deviations for the height
of a unit are stricter:
233-243 mm for a reference
hei ght of 238 mm, and a
d imensional deviaton
of ± 6 mm.

Lightweight vertically perfo­
rated clay masonry un its are
clay bricks and blocks per­
forated perpendicular to the
bed joint ( D I N 1 05 part 2 ) .
The d ifference between
these and vertically perfor­
ated clay masonry un its type
Hlz is their low gross den­
sity, which may not exceed
1 000 kg/m3. They are avai la­
ble as type HLzA with type A
perforations ( 1 5-50% of bed
face area, each single open­
ing :s:: 2.5 cm2) , as type HLzB
with type B perforations (as
type A but with size of open­
ings specified ) , or as type
H LzC with type C perfora­
tions (closed on five sides,
total cross-section of perfo­
rations max. 50% , each sin­
gle open ing :s:: 1 6 cm2, size
of opening specified) . Light­
weight vertically perforated
clay masonry units type W
(HLzW) of hei ght 238 m m
have type B perforations
and must also comply with
requirements regard ing
gross density and the number
of rows of perforations in the
direction of the wal l thick­
ness. New developments
outside the D I N standard
are covered by building
authority ap provals.
Clay block formats , d i mensional tolerances
Lightweight vertically perfor­
ated c lay masonry units are
available with d ifferent per­
forations and perpends.
Here are a number of
examples of clay blocks of
format code 1 2 OF for 365 mm
external wal l s :
D a
Block with grip (thumb)
openings for masonry with
mortar to the perpends.
D b
Block with mortar slot for two
methods of laying: laid indi­
vidually with mortar to the
perpends but the slot l eft
empty, or laid in rows brick
to brick and the slot fi lled
with mortar.
D e
Block with grip (thumb)
openings for interlocki ng
perpends without mortar.
D d
Toothed block for multiple
interlocki ng perpends (no
mortar) or as a gauged
block for thin-bed mortar
joints .
The method of layi ng the
blocks without mortar to the
perpends reduces the work­
load during layi ng and the
amount of mortar req uired,
and also improves the ther­
mal insulation value of a
plain external wal l . However,
deviations in the sizes of the
individual units cannot be
compensated for in the mor­
tar joints like with conven­
tional masonry. At corners
and junctions with other
wal l s the perpends sti l l have
to be filled with mortar; and
at door and wi ndow reveals
mortar joints or make-up
units are necessary.
Mortar for masonry work is a
mixture of sand and binder
(lime or cement) p lus admix­
tures and additives which
alter the properties of the
mortar by physical or chemi­
cal means ( D I N 1 053) .
Normal-weight mortar is
either m ixed on site or sup­
plied ready mixed ( D I N 4226
part 1 ). We d istinguish
between mortar groups
MG I , 11 a, 11 b and I l l , and
each group has to com ply
with certain conditions
( D I N 1 053) .
Li ghtweight mortar is sup­
plied ready mixed or as pre­
mixed dry mortar. Due to its
lower oven-dry bulk density
and the use of a lig htwei ght
mi neral ag gregate, this type
of mortar improves the ther­
mal insulation properties of
sing le-leaf external walls.
We d isti nguish between
groups LM 2 1 and LM 36
( D I N 4226) .
Thi n-bed mortar is a fine­
grain premixed dry mortar
( D I N 4226) . lt must be used
with a bed joint thickness of
1 -3 mm. lt is classed as a
mortar group MG I l l .
75
Masonry bonds

Walls are built accord i n g to For estimatin g purposes , th e

.
the followin g b aslc princi­ approXl mate work 'lng times
p ies - the b ondlng rules are as follows:
( O I N 1 053) :
- U n its in on e course sha l l per sq uare metre of 1 1 5 mm
be of equal h eight, the bed partition:
JOints shall b e continuous . OF 1 .5 hours
- The perpend s and wal l 2 OF 0.9 hours
.
JOi nts of succe sslve courses 6 OF 0.3 hours
must b e offset . This offset ­
�
the bon d i n d imension ­ per square m etre of 240 mm
must be 0 . x unit height · P art1' t1on:
'
but not le ss than 45 mm O F 2 . 1 hours
( e . g . 95 m m for a unit 2 OF 1 .5 hours
238 mm high) . Large clay 1 2 O F 1 ·2 hours
blocks are u:�ally offset by
half the len g . of the block.
Crosswal ls - tc l u d i n g shear
�
per square etre of 365 mm
external wa
walls - do no necessarily O F 3 .3 hours
have to be bonded ·In - a 2 OF 2 . 1 hours
b utt JOint .1s ade q uate when 1 2 O F 1 .4 hours
other m eans are provided . to
resist tens·IOn and compres-
Slon, e . g . fl at anchors b u i lt
in.
Simpl e masonrY b onds are
used for la rge clay bl ocks,
.
which usually m atch the thick-
ness of th e wal l . For exam-
�
pie, stretch bond for parti­
tions 1 1 5 ' 1 5 and 240 mm
thick, hea d er bond for exter-
nal walls 365 mm thick.

76
 Masonry bonds

D a Stretchers are masonry units

1 1 5 mm wal l l a i d with their longitu d i nal,
stretcher bond with DF units i . e . stretcher, faces parallel
with the line of the masonry.
D b Headers, however, are laid
1 1 5 mm wal l perpendicular to the l i ne of
stretcher bond with 6 DF units the masonry. The outward
appearance of both bonds
D c is therefore simi lar, i . e . suc-
240 mm wall cessive courses offset. But
header bond with DF u nits the appearance of this
b lockwork masonry is differ-
0 d ent from the fami l iar brick-
240 mm wal l work bonds - i n t h i s case
stretcher bond with 1 2 DF English bond - character-
u n its ised by their regular alterna-
tion between stretchers and
D e headers .
365 mm wal l
E n g l i s h b o n d with DF u n its

D f
365 mm wal l
header bond with 1 2 DF
units

77
D i mensional coordination
Masonry dimensions are
based on the "octametric"
system: the 1 1 5 mm u n it
plus 1 0 mm joint form the
basi c module of 1 25 mm. By
adding or su btracting joints
we arrive at the three basic
d i mensions:
External dimension
A = n x 1 25 - 1 0 mm
Open ing dimension
6 n x 1 25 + 1 0 mm
= age due to cutting should be
Projection d imension
V = V = n x 1 25 mm
78
D i mensional coordination
also applies to clay masonry
un its laid without mortar to
the perpends. In this case
the perpends are taken to
be 3 mm wide and the u n its
247 mm long. Smaller un its,
ends and junctions are cut
to suit. Even though these
days cutting and sawing on
site can be carried out accu­
rately and efficiently, wast­
avoided when structures are
designed accord ing to the
masonry dimensions of the
"octametric" system . lt should
be remembered that stand­
ard windows and doors are
also desig ned to fit the
"octametric" system.

1.
Three-dimensional construction
Buildi ngs, with their load-carrying and bracing elements ,
are loadbearing structures whose stabil ity must be guaran­
teed. That concerns both the individual loadbearing ele­
ments and the overall three-d imensional construction of the
loadbeari ng structure.
The primary load beari ng elements (apart from roof struc­
ture and foundations) are the walls and the floors. In the
construction an individual wal l acts together with other wal l s
with w h i c h it is d i rectly connected or coupled v i a floor
plates or capping/ring beam systems.
1.1
Walls
Masonry wal l s forming part of the load-carrying construc­
tion (" loadbearing wal ls") usually assume two different
structural functions:
Load-carrying :
- vertical dead and imposed loads from floors, other walls,
roof
- horizontal loads perpendicu lar to the wal l due to wind or
soil pressure
Braci n g :
- horizontal loads paral lel to the wal l due to floors, capping/
ring beams, crosswalls
Walls without such functions are designated "non-load­
beari ng".
1 .2
Floors, capping/ri ng beam systems
The primary structural function of the floor is always to the
transfer the load per u nit area to the loadbearing elements
(walls/beams/columns) . In addition , floors also act as hori­
zontal restraints for the walls; when designed as shear­
resistant p lates they form, together with the shear walls, a
construction braced in all directions.
Masonry of large clay blocks - structure and construction
Dr.- l n g . Bernhard Behringer
If a floor element is not designed to act as a p late (e.g.
timber joist floor, clay hol low pot floor without concrete top­
ping) , the function of the three-d imensional coupling of the
walls is ach ieved with capping and ring beam systems.
Capping beams are components su bjected to bending
which provide restrai nt transverse to the p lane of the wal l ,
i . e . resist forces d u e t o wind or soil pressure. R i n g beams
accommodate axial forces (tension or compression) , i . e .
"anchor" together, for example, t h e walls - normally pro­
vided with capping beams - transverse to the beam .
Capping and ring beams - normally of reinforced concrete
- can be om itted in certain circumstances (max. 2 proper
storeys, length < 1 8.00 m, window/door openings < 60% of
wal l length, or if wi dth of opening > 2/3 x storey height, then
< 40% of wal l length ) . In these cases the floor beams (every
2.00 m) must be suitably anchore d .
1 .3
Simplified structural analysis
D I N 1 053 prescribes cond itions which, if comp l ied with,
enable a wal l to be designed using a simplified structural
analysis with simpler stress verification. In addition , for sim­
ple types of b u i l d i n g , l i ke the terrace houses considered i n
this book, the stabil ity is also g uaranteed for :
- max. 2 storeys with storey hei ght up to 2 . 75 m
- load beari ng walls: d = 365 or 240 mm for internal and
external wal l s
- non-load bearing walls: d = 1 1 5 mm
- u pper floors of concrete, tim ber joists or c lay hol low pots,
max. span 4.20 m
- normal i mposed loads for residential use (max. 5.0 kN/m2)
- proportion of windows < 60%, for windows > 1 .80 m wide
< 40%
I n these cases the only structural analysis requ i red for all
load beari ng masonry walls is to show that the actual com­
pressive stress cr = N/A is less than the permissible com­
pressive stress.
N is the vertical compressive force due to the self-wei g ht of
the wal l plus the floor and roof loads carried by the wal l .
A is the cross-sectional area o f the wal l o n which this com­
pressive force acts. The permissible stress is the "basic
permissible stress" cr0, which is merely dependent on the
type of clay masonry u nit being used (masonry u n it
strength) and the mortar (mortar group ) .
79
Structure and construction contd .
1 .4
Detailed structural analysis
Exceptions or special cases in which the geometric
framework cond itions given in 1 .3 above are not com p l ied
with are dealt with i n section 2 below. I n these cases the
components covered by the simp l ified stress verification
accord ing to D I N 1 053 part 1 must be checked for various
other effects.
One primary parameter for assessing the stresses in a
wal l is its "slenderness", i . e . the ratio of buckl i n g length hk to
wal l thickness d . The buckling length of a wal l is the clear
storey hei ght m ulti plied by a factor p which takes into
account the lateral restrai nt and the type of connection to
the floors. The factor p l ies between 1 .0 (wall held on two
sides, no restraint due to rei nforced concrete floors) and
0.35 (wall held on four sides, spacing of lateral restraints
max. 2 .00 m) . The value h/d may not exceed 25.
The basic permissi ble stress cr 0 must be reduced by a
factor k, which in turn depends on the coefficients k, and k
2
or k3 . The reduction factors take i nto account the length of
the wal l (k1 = 1 .0-0. 8) , the slenderness (k 1 .0-0) and the
=
2
effects of floor deflection (angle of rotation at supports) for
floor spans between 4 . 20 and 6.00 m (k3 1 .0-0.7) . The
= Horizontal chases in the wall red uce the structural ly effec­
background to these coefficients wi l l not be explained i n
detail here ; the reader is referred to D l N 1 053 part 1 (7 . 2 ) .
2 ported edge" must be al lowed for. However, chases up to a
Special situations ("d isruptions" , special cases)
A detailed structural analysis for the simple houses con­
sidered here i ncludes the roof structure , floors, concrete
components and foundations (structure/subsoil i nteractio n ) .
The masonry walls c a n generally be assessed accord ing to
1 .3 above. Special situations may make it necessary to per­
form calculations accord ing to 1 .4 , or the construction may
require special consi deration.
2.1
"Disruptions" to the overal l construction
The overal l loadbearing structure, the walls and floors, is
weakened if the connections between the elements are
"disrupted". We d isti nguish between two main cases :
80
a
The lack of a connection between wal l and floor, e . g . at
large floor openings in areas with galleries or stairs, where
rooms (and hence walls) are two storeys h i g h .
b
The floors do not act as plates ( e . g . tim ber joist floors, clay
hol low pot floors without concrete topping) .
2.2
" Disruptions" to the masonry wall
The stability of a loadbearing wal l element can be impaired
if local " d isru ptions" impair the restraint with i n the overall
construction or reduce the thickness of wal l :
a
Openings in the wal l (wi ndows, doors) i nterrupt the wal l
plate effect locally a n d t h e sections of wal l between the win­
dows represent "unsupported edges" without lateral
restrai nt. The slenderness of the wall i ncreases, the load­
carrying capacity decreases.
b
tive cross-section ; vertical chases or recesses can , beyond
a certain depth , weaken the wal l so severely that the slen­
derness increases because at these poi nts an " unsup­
certain depth (depending on length) are permitted which do
not have to be consi dered in the structural analysis . We dis­
ti nguish here between the way in which the chases are pro­
duced (milled or chisel led) . D I N 1 053 tab l e 1 0 contains
more detailed information .
2.3
Special case "col umn"
Masonry columns are usually constructed using small
masonry units (i.e. bricks) . They represent a special situa­
tion in two respects:
a
The lateral restraint to this "short wal l " is missing on both
sides, so columns are always held only on two sides ( i . e .
the ends) . Column cross-sections < 0 . 1 0 m 2 may carry only
80% of their permissible design loa d , those < 0.04 m2 are
not permissible as loadbearing elements.
b
Columns are generally positioned at points where loads
from floors or wal l s above concentrate. The load-carrying
capacity with respect to these i ncreased loads must be
proved .

2.4
Special case "basement wal l " (in contact with t h e soil)
Masonry external basement wal l s have to resist the soil
pressure of the backfi lled excavation . This horizontal load is
much greater than the horizontal load due to wind. The soil
pressure causes the wal l to bend, which i n turn sets up ten­
sile and compressive stresses. As it is not permissible to
design masonry for tensile stresses , it is necessary to can­
cel out the tension by means of appropriate compressive
stresses (minimum vertical load ! ) . On the other han d , the
vertical load should not be so high that the compressive
stresses due to bending can no longer be resisted (maxi­
mum vertical load ! ) . An accurate structural analysis is not
requ i red when it can be guaranteed that the vertical load
lies between these minimum and maximum figures (see
3.4 below) .
3 " D isruptions" t o the masonry wal l
Measures to al low for "d isruptions" and special cases
The "d isruptions" described i n 2 . 1 above generally call for
additional constructional measures to be taken. In some cir­
cumstances, however, an accurate structural analysis may
show that the stabil ity is sti l l guaranteed and ad d itional
measures are su perfl uous.
3.1
"Disruptions" t o the overall construction, t h e walls and floors
a Clay l i ntels:
The lack of horizontal restrai nt to the wal l provided by the
floor ( e . g . at large floor openings, galleries, stairs) is solved
in constructional terms by providing a capping beam at the
level of the floor and parallel to the open i n g . However, this
is not necessary when the two-storey wal l at this point can
be shown to be structural ly adeq uate. Th is is possible when
appropriate lateral restraint from crosswal l s ("wall held on
three sides") is avai lable.
b slab should have dimensions l i ke those of capping and ring
Floors that are not designed as p l ates ( e . g . timber joist
floors, clay hollow pot floors without concrete top ping) can
provide horizontal restrai nt for walls if su itably anchored
(see 1 . 2 above) . However, i n terms of the construction it is
better to include capping/ring beam systems, i . e . restrain­
ing and cou p l i ng the wal l s at floor level by way of concrete
components. In certain cases cappi ng/ring beam systems
can be provided in the form of reinforced masonry.
Structure and construction contd.
Capp i n g and ring beams:
The width is governed by the thickness of the wal l minus
any i nsulation necessary. The depth is equal to a course of
masonry. Capping and ring beams must be reinforced .
Rei nforced masonry :
Rei nforc ing bars in the bed joi nts must be protected
agai nst corrosion (galvanise d , coated) or of stain less steel .
R i n g beams i n the form of rei nforced masonry are only per­
missible with corresponding perforations in the units (pro­
portion of perforations < 35%, webs and fins not offset with
respect to each other) . This requi rement is not met by large
aerated clay bricks. Rei nforced masonry is therefore to be
regarded as a special solution hardly used in practice and
not advisable for the simple build ings considered here .
3.2
a
Openings in the wal l (windows, doors) are to be spanned
over with clay or concrete l i ntels, or by the rei nforced con­
crete floor slab (beam with i n depth of slab ) . Critical points
here could be the supports (end of wal l or column) because
the concentration of load here results in higher stresses and
the wal l is restrained on only two or three sides, which calls
for a buckl ing analysis (see 1 .4 above) .
Clay l i ntels are prefabricated tension chords for a load­
bearing element consisting of l i ntel plus masonry or con­
crete compression zone. The load-carrying capacity of clay
l i ntels is generally defi ned in tabl es specifying width , depth
and span . The maximum perm issible span of clay l i ntels is
3 .00 m .
Concrete l i ntels :
Lintels not monol ith ic with the reinforced concrete floor
beams. With h 240 m m , spans of approx. 3.00-4 .00 m are
=
possible, depending on vertical loa d . I n the case of a mon­
olithic l i ntel/floor slab, the depth of the l i ntel should be cho­
sen sensi bly: e . g . slab depth 1 60 mm + masonry course
250 mm = 41 0 m m . Spans of 5. 00-6.00 m are therefore
possible, depending on vertical load.
81
Structure and construction contd .

Rei nforced concrete floor slab: Thanks to the self-weight of the floor slab over the base­
Suitably reinforced , a beam can be produced within the ment and the wal l to the ground floor above, the necessary
depth of a reinforced concrete floor slab, which can then m i n i mum vertical load is normally reached in the house
span over an open i n g without the need for a l inte l . The types considered here with 365 mm external walls. At worst,
spans possible depend on the depth of the floor slab, the the only problems occur at open ings in the floor slab at
d i rection in which the slab spans, and the vertical load . ground floor level ( e . g . stairs) or in areas without an external
Deflection is critical for beams within the depth of the slab wall at ground floor leve l . Analyses may be requ i red in such
carrying vertical wal l loads because cracks ensue i n the cases, maybe also constructional measures (e. g . capping
masonry above. Without vertical wal l loads, spans of 3 .00- beam or reinforced masonry) i n certain circumstances. The
4.00 m are possible. maximum vertical load is normally never reached in these
house types, even with low-strength masonry in the base­
b ment wal l .
Horizontal chases with d imensions exceed i n g those g iven If t h e above conditions are not com p l ied with, i t is neces­
i n D I N 1 053 table 1 0 must be checked structurally. The sary to carry out a more accurate analysis of the stresses
analysis should take account of the eccentric ity e. Addi­ for the superim position of the compressive stress due to the
tional bending stresses occur due to the moment M n x e .
= vertical load cr0 N/A on the bending stresses (tensile and
=

The method of analysis is dealt with i n 3.4 below. compressive) crP = +1-M/W. The tensile stresses due to bend­
ing must be cancel led out by the compressive stresses due
3.3 to vertical load i n g . The same method of analysis should be
Special case "col umn" used for an eccentric compressive load, as mentioned in
Special constructional solutions may be necessary for 3 . 2 b above.
very slender columns or those carrying heavy loads. If the
permissi ble stress is exceeded for a g iven column size, it
may prove prudent to use masonry units with a h i gher
strength and/or a h i gher grade of mortar. The use of rein­
forced concrete columns or even steel stanchions is some­
times unavoidable.

3.4
Special case " basement wal l " ( i n contact with the soil)
lt is not necessary to check a masonry external basement
wal l in contact with the soil for compression (vertical load)
and bending (soil pressure) if various cond itions (vertical
load/geometry) are com p l ied with.

Geometric cond itions:

- max. 2 . 60 m clear basement storey hei ght
- max. 2 . 50 m depth of ground surcharge

The surcharge due to imposed loads may not exceed

5.0 kN/m2 •
The minimum and maximum vertical loads are as follows:

Wall thickness M i n . vertical load

240 mm 7.50 kN/m
300 mm 5.00 kN/m
365 mm 4.00 kN/m

The maximum vertical load is such that the resultin g com­

pressive stress does not exceed 45% of the permissible
compressive strength of the masonry.

82

1.
Preamble
Plaster and render are used to protect the building fabric
and also for decorative purposes.
That the latter is particularly sign ificant can be seen from
the many different surface textures and colours that are
possible. However, this aspect is also documented in prac­
tice by the many complaints concerni n g the appearance of
plastered or rendered surfaces.
That shows just how much significance is attri b uted to the
visual appearance of p laster and render.
I n terms of appearance, the main complai nts are:
- cracks
- spal l i n g
- colour variations (streaks or blemishes)
- different textures i n the finish coat
- uneven surfaces, offsets
- uneven edges at b u i l d i n g corners and wal l openings
- inaccurate junctions with other components
Careful selection and han d l i n g of the mix, observing a l l the
recommendations associated with this technology and tak­
ing care with details can help to avoid such defects. These
pages are intended to provide g u i dance.
2.
Standards
Plasteri ng and rendering is these days covered by
D I N 1 8550 parts 1 to 4.
D I N 1 8550 part 1
- Plaster; terminology and requ i rements
D I N 1 8550 part 2
- Plaster; p l asters made of mortars containing mineral
binders; application
D I N 1 8550 part 3
- Renderi n g ; renderin g systems for thermal insulation pur­
poses made of mortars consisting of mi neral binders and
expanded polystyrene ( EPS) as aggregate
D I N 1 8550 part 4
- Plasters and renderi n g ; l i g htwei g ht p lasters and render­
ing; execution
D I N 1 8558
- Synthetic resin plasters; termi nology, requirements,
application
Plaster/Render on clay masonry
Dr.- l n g . Peter Roeke
3.
Types of plaster/render
The standard defines plaster and render as wal l/soffit fin­
ishes produced from mixes and coating materials.
Plaster and render are applied i n a certain thickness i n
o n e or more coats. T h e p laster/render achieves its final
properties after sol id ifying on the building and i n conjunc­
tion with this.
We d istinguish between the fol lowing types of plaster/
render accordi n g to their constituents:
3.1
Plaster/Render with mineral b i n ders
The m ixes from which this type of plaster/render is pro­
duced are a mixture of b i nder, aggregate and water. And
recently in particu lar, add itives and admixtures have been
added to i nfluence the properties of the p laster/render and
the workabil ity of the mix.
The standard d istinguishes between additives and admix­
tures:
• Additives
These affect the properties of the plaster/render by way of
chemical and/or physical actions.
(Air entrai ners, waterproofers, retarders , accelerators, stabi­
l i sers for increasing the water-retention capacity and addi­
tives to i mprove the adhesion between mix and substrate. )
• Admixtures
Adm ixtures in the mean ing of the standard are finely d istrib­
uted substances which also affect the properties of the
mortar but whose volume, i n contrast to add itives, general ly
has to be taken into account.
( F i l lers, e . g . stone d ust, to improve workabil ity; pigments to
provide colour.)
The standard d isti nguishes between the following types of
p laster/render in terms of the tasks to be fulfi lled:
- plaster/render that satisfies general requirements
- plaster/render that satisfies add itional requirements
• water-retardant plaster/render
• water-repel lent p laster/render
• render with enhanced strength
• plaster with enhanced abrasion resistance
• plaster for walls and ceilings in wet areas
- plaster/render for special purposes
• thermal insulation p laster/render
• plaster/render providing fire protection
• plaster/render with enhanced radiation absorption
83
Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd .

3.2 4.
Plasters/Renders with organic b i nders Plaster/Render
These are p lasters/renders contai n i n g synthetic resins The standard disting uishes between m ixes and coating
and produce a coating with an appearance resemb l i n g that materials.
of plaster/render.
If these types are applied to a m ineral undercoat, this 4.1
must be given a coat of primer fi rst. (For further details of M ixes
synthetic res i n plaster/render see D I N 1 8558 . ) The standard classifies mixes in five groups P I to P V.
The binders i n synthetic resin plaster/render are synthetic
resins. The other constituents, l ike sand and fil lers, are the Mix groups
same as those for mi neral plaster/render.
Mix group 1 1 Type of binder
These types of p laster/render are primarily used for :
PI non-hydraulic l i mes21 ,
semi-hydraulic limes,
- the finish coat on m ineral undercoats or other mi neral
hydraulic l imes
substrates
- the final coat over thermal i nsulation composite systems PII h i ghly hydraulic limes,
p laster b i nder and masonry
3.3 cement, l ime-cement mixes
Silicate plasters/renders P ill cements
These types are related to synthetic res i n p laster/render.
P IV calcined gypsum with and
However, the binder is different - in this case consisti ng of
without b u i l d i n g l i me
potassium water g lass with a d ispersion add itive for stabili­
sation. PV anhydrite binder with and
The water vapour permeabil ity of sil icate plaster/render is without building lime
hi gher than that of synthetic resin p laster/render. 1 For further subd ivision of mix groups, see DIN 1 8550
This characteristic makes this type of p laster/render suita­ part 2, 1 985 edition, table 3 .
ble for historical b u i l d ings, for i nstance, and, if i ncombusti­ 2 A l i mited amount of cement may be added .
bil ity has been verified, as the final coat over thermal i nsula­
tion composite systems.
This type of plaster/render cannot be used on substrates
of wood , wood-based products or plastics. Mixes consist of one or more b i nders , aggregates and
water , possibly also with add itives and/or admixtures.
The grain size of the majority of the aggregate l ies
between 0 . 25 and 4 m m . In finish coats the proportion of
grains > 4 mm can domi nate.
The grain size has a great influence on the shrinkage
behaviour of the p laster/render. The smaller the size of
aggregate, the greater is the tendency to shrink. Mixes
made from calcined gypsum and anhydrite binder mostly
contain no aggregates.

M ixes are also d isti ngu ished according to their state and
p lace of production.

• State :
green (sti l l workable)
hardened (solid ified)

• Place of production:
in situ (constituents mixed together on the building site)
ready mixed (constituents mixed together in a factory)

84

5.
Coating materials
These consists of organic binders and aggregates or
fil lers and are used for producing synthetic resin p laster/
render.
The grain size of the majority of the aggregate is
> 0.25 mm.
These materials are produced i n a factory.
6.
Disti nguishing plaster/render accord ing to its appl ication
6.1
Plaster/render for g eneral req uirements (normal-weight
plaster/render)
This type of plaster/render is covered by D I N 1 8550
parts 1 and 2 .
6. 2
Lightweight plaster/render
Th is type of p laster/render is l i ke a normal-wei ght type
with a mineral binder. However, in contrast to these they
have a limited bulk density.
The lower b u l k density is achieved by means of mineral
and/or organic ag gregates with a porous microstructure.
D I N 1 8550 part 4 includes su itable provisions for app ly­
ing l i g htweight p laster/render.
Lightweight plaster/render and the associated finish
coats must be manufactured i n the form of premixed dry
materials.
Compressive strength of l i g htwei ght plaster/render (mix
group P I l l ) :
between 2 . 5 and 5 . 0 N/mm2
Bulk d ensity of lightwe ig ht plaster/render:
between 600 and 1 300 kg/m3
If a l i g htweight p laster/render comp l ies with the req u i re­
ments of mix group P 11, the compressive strength of the fin­
ish coat should be in accordance with the req u i rements for
group P I c or P 11.
Owi ng to its deformation behaviour, l i g htwei ght p laster/
render is particularly suitable for masonry comprising ther­
mally insulatin g , porous, l i g htweig ht vertically perforated
clay masonry u n its.
Lightweight p laster/render is not a thermal i nsu lating mate­
rial in itself.
An organic finish coat, e . g . synthetic resin render, should
not be applied to a l i g htweight render.
Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd.
6.3
Thermal insulation p laster/render
This type of plaster/render was specially developed to
provide good thermal insu lation and exhi bits a bulk density
considerably lower than that of l i g htweight plaster/render.
Characteristic values for thermal conductivity � = 0.07 W/mK
are possible with thermal i nsulation plaster/render.
These types are manufactured as premixed dry materials.
Thermal i nsulation plaster/render with a m ineral bi nder and
expanded polystyrene (EPS) as the aggregate are currently
covered by D I N 1 8550 part 3 .
The compressive strength of the hardened m i x must l i e
between 0 . 8 N/mm2 a n d 3 . 0 N/mm2 . Besi des polystyrene as
an aggregate, covered in the aforementioned standard ,
mineral aggregates ( e . g . perlite and cellu lar g lass pellets)
are being i ncreasingly employed. However, these do not
generally achieve the aforementioned characteristic val ues
for thermal conductivity.
6.4
Renovation plaster/render
This type of p laster/render exh i bits a h i g h porosity and
water vapour permeabil ity. The capil larity is considerably
lower.
Renovation p laster/render is used on damp masonry and/
or masonry containing salts. The high vol ume of entrained
air allows the salts to crystal l ise with in the p laster/render. I n
t h i s way the salts are retai ned withi n the material a n d d o not
reach the surface.
The high water vapour permeabil ity is useful for al lowing
the masonry to dry out.
7.
Plastering/Renderi ng systems
These systems are defined by the standard as all the
coats of a plastered/rendered wal l/soffit finish in conjunction
with the substrate.
Even single-coat plasteri ng/rendering can be classed as
a system .
The system , i n its entirety, must comply with the particular
requ i rements of the specification .
Compatib i l ity betwee n the properties of the various coats
i n a system is essential. The same is true for the compatib­
i l ity between plaster/render and su bstrate . The substrate
must be prepared if necessary.
Apart from leg itimate exceptions, e . g . render to basement
walls and p l i nths, the strength of the finish coat for p laster/
render with a mi neral binder should be less than or equal to
that of the undercoat.
This principle also applies to the compatibil ity between
undercoat and substrate .
85
Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd .

8. Plinth render
Applications
M ix group or coating material type for
8.1
undercoat finish coat1l add itive
Render
-
P ill
8.1 . 1 P ill Pill none
General Pill P Org 1
-
P Org 1 2l
Basically, for render we d istinguish between the fol lowing :
• wal l render above the p l i nth
l l Finish coats can be finished with or without some form
• basement wal l render ( i n contact with the soi l) of surface decoration (e. g . on surfaces to be coate d ) .
• pl inth render 2l O n l y on a concrete substrate with a closed micro-
• soffit render (underside of slabs in contact with the out­ structure.
side air)

8 . 1 .2
Wall render above the p l i nth
The render must be resistant to the effects of the weather,
moisture, temperature changes, wi n d , etc.
In terms of protection from the rai n , 0 IN 41 08 part 3
specifies the exposure groups and the resu lting requ i re­
ments.
8 . 1 .3
Basement wal l render ( i n contact with the soi l )
I n areas in contact with t h e s o i l t h i s render forms a sub­
strate for the waterproofing.
M ixes with hydrau lic b inders must be used for this type of
render, which must also exh i b it a compressive strength of
at least 1 0 N/mm2. If mix group P I l l is employe d , it is not
necessary to verify the compressive strength.
If masonry un its of compressive strength 6 N/mm2 or less
are used for the basement wal l , the compressive strength of
the mix shou l d not be significantly higher than 1 0 N/mm2,
but may be less (� 5 N/mm2) .
8.1 .4
Plinth render
This type of render must be sufficiently hard . it may
absorb only small amounts of water and must be resistant
to the effects of moisture and frost.
Render made from m ixes with m ineral b i n ders must
exhibit a compressive strength of at least 1 0 N/mm2.
it is not necessary to verify the compressive strength when
using render accord ing to the following tab le. If masonry
un its of compressive strength 6 N/mm2 or less are used for
the wal l , the compressive strength may be lower (but at
least 5 N/mm2) . However, the requirements for water­
repellent render systems must be complied with .
8.2
Plaster
Plaster must comply with the normal requirements, e . g .
suitable a s a substrate for paint a n d wal l paper.
The compressive strength must be at least 1 .0 N/mm2.
it is not necessary to verify the compressive strength
when using the p lasteri ng systems classed accord ing to
the req u i rements or applications of D I N 1 8550 part 1 .
9.
Th ickness of p laster/render
A minimum thickness must be mai ntained in order to fulfi l
physical and other requ i rements. However, there is also an
upper l i m it to the thickness.
The standard prescri bes the fol lowin g average thick­
nesses for general requ i rements:
Render:
20 mm (permissible m i n . thickness 1 5 mm)
Plaster:
1 5 mm (permissible m i n . thickness 1 0 mm)
single-coat plaster made from premixed d ry materials :
1 0 mm (perm issi ble m i n . thickness 5 mm)
The permissi b l e m i n imum thickness must be confined to
isolated patches.
In the case of add itional req uirements, the thickness
should be chosen to meet those req uirements.
Single-coat water-repellent render made from premixed
d ry materials: average thickness 1 5 mm ( m i n . thickness
1 0 mm).

86

As a rule, the average thickness of l i g htwei ght render
when used as an u n dercoat should be 1 5 mm. Here agai n ,
the minimum thickness must b e confined to isolated
patches.
The minimum thickness of thermal insu lation p laster/
render is given as 20 m m . However, in order to ach ieve a
better thermal insu lation effect, it is usually thicker.
Plaster/Render should be appl ied to achieve a consistent
thickness.
1 0.
Su bstrate
A suitable su bstrate is a vital cond ition for durable p laster/
render free from defects.
The properties of the substrate have a considerable influ­
ence on the adhesion of the p laster/render.
A detailed examination of the substrate is therefore espe­
cially important and must be carried out by the plastering/
rendering contractor. Any objections must be recorded i n
writi n g .
Any work necessary t o rectify defects i n t h e substrate are
the responsibil ity of the client ( D I N 1 96 1 : Contract proce­
dures for building works, part B: general conditions of con­
tract for the execution of b u i l d i n g works - c l . 4 para. 3 ) .
Conditions for a suitable substrate:
- The substrate must be dry, free from d ust, clean, firm and
capable of supporting the p laster/render.
- Visi ble deposits that could damage the plaster/render
shou l d be rectified; lime bloom and m i n imal efflorescence
do not represent any p roblems.
- The d i mensions of the substrate must be such that the
p laster/render can be applied with a consistent thickness.
- When used as a substrate for p laster/render, masonry
must comply with the sti pulations in D I N 1 053:
• all joints must be fi lled with mortar,
• if perpends without mortar are used , these must be
filled on the faces with a su itable mortar on both sides
of the wal l if they are wider than 5 mm,
• the prescri bed bonding d imension must be maintained,
• defects, unfi lled slots and the exposed header faces of
dog-tooth courses must be filled with mortar.
The necessary mortar work should be carried out as the
masonry is b u i lt. If the mortar is applied subsequently, a
waiti ng time of at least four weeks is requ ired before apply­
ing the plaster/render.
Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd.
11.
I nterdependence of p laster/render and substrate
The p lastering/rendering system chosen must be suitable
for the type of substrate available. The first move i n select­
i n g a plaster/render is to make sure that it is suitable for the
substrate .
The choice of p lastering/rendering system depends on :
- the suction rate of the substrate,
- the loads to be expected during usage,
- the properties of the masonry,
and other factors.
1 2.
Prepari ng the substrate
Preparation of the substrate i nc l udes all those measures
that are necessary in order to g uarantee a permanent bond
between plaster/render and su bstrate.
After exam i n i n g the substrate, the ensu ing preparatory work
should be carried out:
- H i gh ly absorbent substrates may need to be pre-wetted
(observe instructions of mix suppl ier) . Other measures
may also be necessary (high suction primer, prim i n g , full­
coverage spatterdas h ) . I n every case , follow the i nstruc­
tions of the mix manufacturer.
- M ixes suitable for h i ghly absorbent masonry are avai lable.
I n these the water-retention capacity of the undercoat is
matched to the suction rate.
- On a low-absorption substrate, blobs of spatterdash (not
ful l coverage) are preferred in order to improve the adhe­
sion of the plaster/render. Adequate adhesion can also be
achieved by other measures such as bonding coats or
primers.
- If the substrate consists of different materials with different
suction rates, a ful l-coverage spatterdash is necessary in
order to achieve a un iform suction rate.
- If the substrate i nc l udes components made from materials
that are unsu itable for use as a plastering/rendering sub­
strate, some form of background must be provided.
- If stresses in the plaster/render are to be expected due to
the type of construction or details, the p laster/render
should be reinforced.
- Wood-wool slabs should be covered with spatterdash.
Reinforce the plaster/render in such areas.
- Always follow the i nstructions of the mix manufacturer and
the relevant techn ical information with respect to the sub­
strate.
87
 Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd .

1 3. exhibit an adequate water vapour permeabil ity. The sub­

Examining the substrate strate ( i . e . finish coat) must be suitable for painting and
the paint must be compati b l e with the p laster/render.
- Visual inspection for:
• cracks 1 5.
• moisture Recommendations for obtaining p laster/render free from
• dust and loose fragments on the surface defects
• coatings or foreign matter on the surface

• efflorescence 1 5. 1
• damage Shrinkage
• protrud i ng mortar The setti ng process of the p laster/render is accom panied
• excessive unevenness by shri nkage .
• perpends and bed joi nts not fully filled (primarily sub- Every type o f plaster/render - also those types with a
strates for render) small grain size to achieve good machine worka b i l ity ­
• excessively wide perpends without mortar produced from the ready-mixed varieties avai lable today is
• correctness of bonding d imension subjected to shrinkage processes to some degree - large
• strength (scratch test) or small - after application.
These shrinkage processes cause stresses i n the p laster/
- Wetti ng test with water for : render and, consequently, deformations. If the shri nkage
• suction rate of substrate stresses can be transferred to the substrate, the plaster/
• d ifferent suction rates on varying substrates, if neces­ render generally remains free from cracks.
sary also for different clay masonry u n its Essential for this is a good bond between plaster/render
• excessive moisture (no d i scoloration) and substrate. If this bond is not achieved, the stresses
• release agents etc. on , for examp l e , concrete compo­ cannot be relieved and the p laster/render cracks in areas
nents, wood-wool slabs where an adequate bond is lacki n g . The tensile stresses
resulting from the shrinkage are greater than the tensile
- Measurement for: strength of the p laster/render.
• unevenness of wal l surface (straightedge, plumb line, Continuous support for the p laster/render is therefore
etc . ) necessary over the entire surface of the substrate.
• surface temperature a n d air temperature If, for example, there are voids in the p laster/render over
joints, there is no adhesion and the plaster/render cracks at
1 4. those positions; the crack wi l l follow the l i ne of the joint. The
Applying the p laster/render cause of the cracking is therefore not the clay masonry itself
but rather the plaster/render in conjunction with inadeq uate
- The deformations specific to the material of the substrate ad hesion at the joi nt. So the joint determines the course of
shou l d be completed before starting to apply the p laster/ the crack. For this reason it is absolutely essential to fi l l
render. completely a l l the joi nts in the masonry.
- When using spatterdash, this must be sufficiently firm.
- The su bstrate must be free from frost (not below +5°C) .
- Owing to the constituents (e.g. add itives) in premixed dry
materials, the properties of the plaster/render are not
usually identifiable for the user. Good contact with the
customer service department of the manufacturer of the
premixed p laster/render is therefore h i ghly advisable.
- The undercoat for render, especially when spatterdash is
not being used, should be applied i n two operations. The
fi rst (dubbing-out) coat should even out any irregu larities
(approx. 7- 1 0 mm) . Only after this coat is stiff (after wait­
ing at least three hours or longer, depend i n g on the suc­
tion rate of the substrate) should the second undercoat be
applied. The finish coat can be applied after the standard
waiting time (1 day/mm thickness) . The leading mix manu­
facturers point out i n thei r techn ical information that the
mix requ ires sufficient water in order to cure properly.
With a th i n coat or excessively fast d ryi n g , the finished
surface of the plaster/render should be wetted at least
once.
- If the finish coat is to be painted , then this shou l d not be
carried out on the "green" p laster/render. The paint must

88
 Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd.

However, cracks over the joints can have other causes. 1 5. 2

If the mortar in the joints of the masonry has a lower suc­ Loads on the p laster/render
tion rate than that of the clay masonry u n its , the p laster/ In most cases of damage, moisture in one form or another
render over the surface of the clay masonry units will set is at least partly to blame.
earl ier and the tensile stresses due to shrinkage cause The constituents of the mix also play an important role
cracks at the joi nts because there the p laster/render is sti l l with respect to the take-u p and release of water through
wetter and hence softer. T h i s problem c a n be remed ied b y capil lary action.
wetting t h e surface o f t h e clay masonry units, following the The greater the effects of moisture, the greater is the
instructions of the mix manufacturer. stress on the plaster/render.
The magnitude of the d ifferent effects also depends on Cracks which are frequently no cause for complaint
the thickness of the p laster/render, and the spacing of the become defects later due to the effects of water. Th is situa­
joi nts also p lays its part. If the p laster/render is too th i n , the tion can often be seen primarily on the side exposed to the
influence of the joi nts is more noticeable. prevailing wi n d .
The thickness of the plaster/render also affects its
strength. 16
If the plaster/render does not adhere wel l to the surface of Patterns of damage
the clay masonry u n its, e . g . because the properties of
p laster/render and clay masonry are not i deally compati b l e , - A network of fine, i rreg ular cracks not penetrating the full
i t becomes detached due t o t h e stresses; a network of thickness
cracks is the result.
I nadequate adhesion between finish coat and undercoat Cause:
due to, for example, poor workmansh i p , can also cause the • too much bi nder in the mix
two coats to separate. If, for example, the surface of the • impurities i n the aggregate
undercoat is not rou g hened or, during hot weather, the sur­ • plaster/render rubbed too early, too long and too
face is not wetted , an i nadequate bond can be the out­ vigorously
come. This also happens when the finish coat is stronger
than the undercoat. Shrinkage cracks:
The contractor wou l d be wel l advised to keep to the tried­ • a too rap i d water loss (due to sunshine, high temperature
and-tested rule of decreasing the strength from inside to or d raug hts)
outside and to ignore what has been said recently about the
opposite being better! Network of wider cracks:
However, the p laster/render should not be too thick ( i nadeq uate ad hesion to substrate)
because otherwise excessive stresses occur i n the surface • too much b i nder in the mix (cracks penetrate full coat

of the plaster/render, which in turn lead to cracks. The thickness)

shrinkage stresses at the surface can no longer be ade­ • a too rap i d water loss

quately rel ieved because the distance of the surface from

the substrate is too large and the stresses cannot be prop­ Hairline cracks not penetrating deep into the plaster/render:
erly transferred to the su bstrate. • these cracks are caused by rubbing the surface of the
p laster/render where the surface is rich in binder and
Shrinkage is affected or increased by : : water
• a high proportion of b inder • fi ne-grain ag gregate with a smooth surface to the plaster/
• a too rap i d water loss render
• too much water in the p laster/render

• the grad i n g curve of the ag gregate
Cracks following the line of the masonry joints:
I n this situation the stresses in the plaster/render over the
joints are d ifferent to those over the masonry units them­
selves (capil lary water absorption of masonry units and joint
mortar is different and results in different drying cond itions) .

89
Plaster/Render on clay masonry contd .

Cause:
• mortar remains damp for longer when the masonry un its
have a h i gher suction rate than the mortar
• defective substrate (joi nts not filled completely)
• perpends closed off only on the i n ner and outer faces
(thermal bridge with formation of condensation water)

Plaster/Render separates like "puff pastry"

• excess water in the mix has frozen before it could escape
• mix was not yet strong enough
• frost progresses from outside to inside and the freezi ng
water causes the mix to become detached in layers

Low mix strength

• too l ittle b i nder, too rap i d loss of moisture, poor grad ing of
aggregate
• coat too dense when using P I (lime m ix) (P I requ i res a
regular supply of moisture to reach its strength)

Plaster/Render detaches from substrate

(with good bond between finish coat and undercoat)
• inadequate bond when the surface absorbs too l ittle water
- the binder paste is not absorbed to a sufficient extent
(bond i ng forces are i neffective)
• excessively absorbent substrate (spatterdash recom­

mended as regu lating i ntermediate layer)

• absorbent clay masonry u n its should be pre-wetted d u r­

ing hot weather

• p laster/render is not compatible with substrate (regu lated

by means of high suction primer)

Inadequate adhesion between finish coat and undercoat

• undercoat was not pre-wetted (during hot weather) ,
undercoat not roughened
• finish coat stronger than undercoat (dense coats transfer
add itional stresses as they dry out)
• temperature grad ient - in thi n p laster/render especially ­
due to direct sunli ght (low heat d issi pation inwards , par­
ticularly in thermal i nsu lation masonry)

90
 Supplement, August 2003

A masonry structure made from large l i g htwei ght
vertically perforated clay blocks is much more effi­
cient in terms of thermal insu lation ( i n accordance
with today's req uirements) than the masonry struc­
tures of the past built from (smal l-format) clay
bricks. This development has brought about a
change in the gross density and the strength. I n
combination with other materials (principally con­
crete) , careful design is necessary plus compre­
hensive foresi ght i n weighing up the possible risks:
Stresses due to deformations caused by
• thermal processes (hot - col d , sun - shade, day ­
night, summer - winter . . . )
• moisture-related processes (water - vapour, rain
- snow - ice, moisture due to construction and
usage and the associated shrinkage and swell­
ing)
• material-related and chemical processes
Estimates or calcu lations of deformations together
with the structural engineer are i nvaluable. In doing
so, the loads from outside (orientation with i nci­
dence of solar rad i ation, preva i l i n g wind side . . . ) are
to be included in the catalogue of risks to the same
extent as the loads from the structure itself: its size
and usage, the type of loadbearing structure and
the materials used in its construction. Likewise,
also any protective arrangements such as roof
overhangs, canopies , balconies . . . right up to pro­
jections, re-entrant corners and shoulders.
What are the consequences for this book? The
detail drawings are "compati ble" with each other
but remain as typical, partial i nformation . Thei r fea­
sibi lity and compati b i l ity must be carefully checked
in each individual case because integrating these
into the design of each new, d ifferent structure
could necessitate fundamental changes.
Designers wishing to create d urable structures
must be prepared to learn from recent experiences
in order to avoid vulnerable situations (see Schaden­
freies Bauen mit Mauerwerk, Katalog von Riss­
schaden und Maf3nahmen zu deren Vermeidung,
Prof. P. Schubert; Masonry Construction Manual,
Pfeifer et al . , p. 1 06) .
Differential deformations
As differential deformations represent a key prob­
lem, the primary parameters of wal l materials are
l i sted below (characteristic values but also ranges
which indicate someth ing of the d iversity and scat­
ter of the materia l ) . Th is will enable a rou g h esti­
mate of d ifferential tem perature or moisture defor­
mations to be made and hence the compati b i l ity or
i ncompati b i l ity between materials.
Supports for reinforced concrete floor slabs
Deformations in rei nforced concrete floor slabs
cause stresses in the external masonry; these can
be superimposed on and increase other deforma­
tions. If temperature-related deformations can be
ruled out thanks to adequate and properly installed
thermal insulation , deformations due to the loads
plus shrinkage and creep of the concrete are the
principal causes :
· Deflection of the slab and l ifting of the slab at the
supports due to the rotation of the edges of the
slab, aggravated by the excessive slenderness of
the slab and a low vertical load at the supports.
The result is horizontal cracks at the supports or
in the u nderlying courses. The corners of roof
slabs without any vertical load are particularly at
risk due to the " d ishing" effect.

Deformation parameters for shrinkage, creep and temperature changes to D I N 1 059 table 2
Type of Final moisture expansion Final creep coefficient Coeff. o f thermal expansion
masonry unit shrinkage, chem. swel ling
Char. value Range Char. value Range Char. value Range
mm/m mm/m 1 0 -6/K 1 0 -6/K
Clay 0 +0.3 to -0.2 1 .0 0.5 to 1 . 5 6 5 to 7
Calcium sil icate -0.2 -0. 1 t o -0. 3 1 .5 1 .0 to 2 . 0 8 7 to 9
Lightweight concrete - 0 .4 -0. 2 to -0. 5 2.0 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 1 0 (8*) 8 to 12
Concrete -0.2 -0. 1 t o -0.3 1 .0 - 10 8 to 12
Aerated concrete -0.2 +0. 1 t o -0.3 1 .5 1 .0 to 2 . 5 8 7 to 9
shortening (shrinkage) : - s i g n ; len gthening (chemical swelling) : + sign
* for lightwei ght concrete with expanded clay as principal aggregate

91
Supplement, Aug ust 2003

• Shortening of the slab and " p u l l i n g " the masonry

units at the support. The res u lt is horizontal
cracks at the support but also downward diago­
nal cracks i n internal crosswalls at the supports or
horizontal cracks in the middle of the wal l .

• Eccentric load transfer at the support - also a

conseq uence of the aforementioned deforma­
tions. The result can be cracks on the outside of
the wal l or also cracks beneath the support on the
i nside due to excessive edge beari ng pressure.

Countermeasures
• Concrete technology and workmansh i p : the use
of low-shrinkage concrete with a low water/
cement ratio (beware of uncontrolled addition of
concrete additives ) , careful curing (striking the
formwork later, protecting concrete surfaces
against sunshine and wi nd by coveri ng keeping
moist, sprinkl ing with water . . . ).

le>
· A sufficient slab depth: DIN 1 8530 specifies maxi­
mum slenderness ratios for roof slabs (generally
without vertical loads) ; it is also possible to
[>
replace the lack of vertical load by i ncorporati ng
a vertical tie to the slab below. 'r-
[>
f-.-... / / ,---,
r /l<
"/ / <. ,.- // /

l___j
b
�' / /"' / //
/ /

• Reduce the shortening due to shrinkage , espe­

cially that of the roof slab, by l imiting the length
of the slab or incorporating contraction joints.

• Include a bed of h i gh-strength mortar or a sepa­

rating layer between the concrete slab and the
masonry at the supports. I
• A sufficiently wide bearing for slabs with larger
spans:
D a: I ncorporate compressible strips on the inside
of the support to centre the load transfer and avoid
k>
[>
damage due to the beari ng pressure on the edge
D b : Reduce the thickness of the fac ing leaf (brick
slips instead of half-brick units) or bed the concrete
in a suitably prepared clay channel b lock.
[>
� n
b
I
LJ
Capping and ring beams
The shrinkage of ring beams, capping beams and
other concrete and reinforced concrete compo­
nents with i n the masonry can lead to damage if
these processes are not considered when design­
ing the detai l s . Concrete components which are
not absolutely essential should therefore be
omitted.

92
 Supplement, August 2003

Securing unsupported edges of masonry and the
stability of the building can be achieved by provid­
ing structural connections to appropriately braced
components, l ike roof or floor plates.
Openings in walls
I n masonry structures wel l-known patterns of
cracks can occur, e . g . in spandrel panels, which
usually run d iagonally downwards from the corners
of openings. To avoid these, the drawings else­
where in this book show "anti-crack rei nforcement"
in the spandrel panels. Th is "anti-crack reinforce­
ment" , which merely l imits the width and d i stribu­
tion of cracks, should comprise steel bars pro­
tected agai nst corrosion, better sti l l , specially
designed brickwork rei nforc ing elements of stain­
less steel - such reinforcing elements have nodes
and cannot be p u ll ed out. The reinforcement
should extend i nto the masonry adjoi n i n g , for
example, an opening by about 600-800 m m .
At larger openings the reinforcement should be
i ncorporated as "high" as possible, i . e . in the top­
most bed joi nt. lt is also possible to incorporate the
approx. 5 mm reinforcing elements in l i g htwei g ht
mortar because this is not classed as rei nforced
masonry ( D I N 1 053 part 3) .
Chases and recesses
These can severely weaken the load-carrying
capacity of the homogeneous masonry due to the
change i n the cross-sectional area, the flexural stiff­
ness and the eccentricity of the remaining area.
Chases and recesses made in the finished masonry
can lead to considerable damage because they
are often cut unsupervised and in particularly sensi­
tive areas without consultation . In external walls
they also form undesi rable thermal bri dges. In
other words, chases and recesses must be prop­
erly planned and integrated into the structure

Chases and recesses not requiring a structural analysis in load bearing walls to D I N 1 053 table 1 0

Vertical chases a n d recesses i n a masonry bond

Wal l thickness (mm) Chase wi dth (mm) Residual wal l thk. (mm) Edge d i stance
1 15
240 max. 385 min. 1 1 5 m i n . 2 x chase width
but at least 240 mm
365 max. 385 m i n . 240

Distance between chases and recesses to be at least equal to m i n imum chase wi dth .
The total width of chases per 2.00 m of wall len gth may not exceed the maximum chase width.

Chases and recesses cut subsequently ( length of chase u n l i m ited)

Wall thickness (mm) Horizontal and d iagonal Vertical chases and recesses
depth (mm) depth (mm) width of single chase
115 max. 1 0 max. 1 00
240 max. 1 5 max. 30 max . 1 50
365 max. 20 max. 30 max. 200

Edge distance of chases and recesses from openings to be at least 1 1 5 m m .

Horizontal and d iagonal chases are o n l y permissible w h e n a t least 0.40 m above or below t h e structural floor slab
and only on one side of a wal l . When using tools with which the cutting depth can be set accurately, the depth
may be i ncreased by 1 0 mm and walls at least 240 mm thick may have chases cut on both s i des max. 1 0 mm
deep. Chases max. 80 mm deep and max. 1 20 mm wide that extend no more than 1 .00 m above the floor may be
cut in walls at least 240 m m thick.

93
C l ay masonry b u i l d i n g s
Exam p l e s

Clay masonry buildings - examples

97 Hou s i n g complex i n M u n i c h
Christoph Wallner, M u n i c h

98 Semi-detached h o u s e i n M u n i c h
Andreas M e e k and
Brig itte Puis, M u n i c h

1 00 Houses in M u n i c h
Thomas M . Hammer a n d
Doris Schmi d-Hammer, M u n i c h

1 02 House in Hal lertau

Waiter Stolz, Rose nheim

1 04 Studio house in Eichstatt

D i ezin ger & Kramer, Eichstatt

1 06 Housing development in Neu-Uim

G .A.S.-Sahner, Stuttgart

1 08 Hous i n g complex in Waldkraiburg

Andreas Meek, M u n i c h

1 10 Hou s i n g complex in Ludwi gsburg

Hartwig N . Schneider with
Gabriele Mayer, Stuttgart

96
Clay masonry buildi ngs
Exam ples
Housing complex in M u nich
la
Christoph Wal l ner, Munich
Situated to the north of Munich in a
residential district with detached and
terraced houses, this brightly painted
oblong building immed iately catches
the eye . The complex, containing four
apartments, is located on a corner plot
with apple trees and is not out of scale
with its surroundings. The flat sides of
the box are broken up by openings for
logg ias at ground floor level and a
spacious staircase to the apartments
on the first floor. The wal l s are sol id
with a thermal i nsulation composite
system . The windows are emphasised
aa
Ground floor plan Section
• Scale 1 :400
Detail Scale 1 :20
by their dark wooden frames fl ush with
the wal l . The c l ient, a ski lled pai nter
hi mself, also had a hand in deciding
on the final colour scheme. The entire
external skin was first given two coats
of an opaque yel low silicone resin
pai nt. The final coat of outdoor glaze
with a terracotta shade was applied
with brushes and sponges i n delicate
wi ping movements. From outside, the
building looks as though it has been
coloured with a pigment
ClJ DETAIL 1 2/2003
97
Clay masonry build ings
Examp les

Semi-detached house i n M u nich

. __2
�
I D

C_
aa
Andreas Meek and Brig itte Puis,
Munich

At first sight this small sem i-detached Ground floor plan Section scale 1 :400
•

house seems to represent the arche­ Section through facade scale 1 : 1 0

typal housing development unit a d is­ M i neral render, finished directly o n the
tinct, compact envelope with a steep underside of the clay roof tiles
p itched roof and eaves and verge vir­ 2 Render background:
tually flush with the walls, standing out 30 mm wood-wool slabs
3 80 m m rigid polystyrene foam
peacefully from the surrounding, i nho­ 4 U ntreated mahogany window
mogeneous built environment. Th is is 5 Balustrade, welded 30 x 8 mm steel flats,
hel ped by restricti ng the number of d if­ galvanised and coated
ferent building materials. Only upon 6 U ntreated mahogany entrance door
7 In situ concrete step
closer inspection do we appreciate the
8 60 m m rigid cel lular glass insu lation
sensitive treatment of the everyday ar­
chitectural language. Simplicity is the
basic concept behind this building. I n­
stead of the conventional Velux-type
roof windows, conspicuous boxes with
straightforward top-hung opening
l ights penetrate the roof surface. Un­
treated mahogany windows fit flush
with the external wal l but sti l l seem to
protrude just a l ittle from the facade.
The omission of g lazing beads and the
way the panes of g lass are g lued flush
into their frames allow the windows to
appear as flat elements without any
depth. Only the entrance doors set
back into the facade create a distinct
accent and correspond to our idea of
the customary "hole in the wall" so
typical of masonry facades.
The 240 mm clay masonry is covered
completely on the outside with a ther­
mal insu lation composite syste m ; the
smooth surface of the render has been
given no further treatment. No coats of
paint conceal the irregularities of the
ind ividual stages of the work or sub­
sequent maki ng good. The surface ap­
pears animated and can already tell its
own story. The render on the gable ter­
mi nates elegantly in classical style at
the del icate, zigzag line of the clay
bullnose roof tiles.
ClJ DETA I L 1 /2 2002

98
Clay masonry buildi ngs
Examples

Houses i n Mu nich

aa

Thomas M. H ammer and

Doris Schmid-Hammer, Munich

The governing idea for the design of

this pair of houses was independent
yet joint l ifestyles. The loose coupling
of the houses gives each of the clients
- two brothers - space to enjoy his
own l ifestyle. Two different envelopes
were created , li nked by a tal l wal l on
the road side. The entrance and
garage doors along this facade are
protected by a continuous canopy,
signifying the access zone. The per­
sonal lifestyles of the brothers are
primarily evident in the d ifferent i nterior
layouts. One of the houses is partly in
a a
ti mber and takes account of the needs
of a communal l ifestyle. Here, the
open-plan living room/kitchen forms
the communal, communications hub
of the house , although each occupant
is provided with living and working
areas, all the same size.
The external wal l of the other house,
which is parallel to the road , is of
365 mm l i ghtweight clay masonry with
a white render finish . The spacious
open-plan living and dining area for
the family occupies virtually the whole
of the ground floor. The various private
rooms are located on the upper floor
and under the roof; these serve as
bedrooms, studies or children's rooms
depending on the size of the fam ily.
Despite the compactness of this build­
ing, skilful design has resulted i n an in­
teresti ng interior layout with d iverse in­
ternal and external views. The i ngen­
ious use of natural l i ghting underli nes
and rounds off this effect.
QJ in DETA I L Single Family Houses

1 00
Sections Ground floor plan
• Standing seam roof covering of sheet
scale 1 :400 titanium-zinc
Details scale 1 :20 2 layers of bitumen roofing felt
24 mm rough-sawn tongue and
g roove boards
1 00 mm ventilation cavity between
1 00 x 1 00 mm rafters
1 9 mm bitumen-impregnated softboard
220 mm cellu lose insulation between
1 20 x 220 mm purl ins
24 mm open boarding
2x 10 mm p lasterboard with vapour
barrier between
2 365 mm clay masonry
Hlz 1 2- 1 ,0- 1 2 OF units
3 Basement wall:
cement render on bonding coat
cellu lar glass insu lation
waterproofing
4 Sol i d wood lining, 50 mm larch

101
Clay masonry buildi ngs
Examples
House in Hallertau The plot is located in a new residential
development with a variety of detached
homes on the outskirts of this l ittle town
in Bavaria. The house and garage are
positioned at the top end of this gently
sloping site. Together with the wal l in
between , they form a boundary on the
road side and enclose the west-facing
garden with its view towards the town
in the valley.
The north elevation of the main build-
i n g has very few openings but includes
a g lazed porch, which acts as a climate
Waiter Stolz, Rosenheim buffer and lobby for the entrance.
L._
aa
1 02
Careful choice of materials and simple,
precise detai ling have resulted in a
building that relates to both contempo-
rary architecture and regional building
traditions. The wal ls are of 365 mm
lightweight clay masonry with a finish
of three-coat lime render pai nted si-
enna red . The natural-colour concrete
roof tiles termi nate at the eaves and
verges without an overhang , simply
with sheet metal flashings.
Q:l DETA I L 1 /1 999
 15 16

Ground floor plan Section

•

scale 1 : 250
Section Verge detail
•

scale 1 :20

Roof construction:
natural-colour concrete roof tiles
battens and counter battens
roofing felt, open to d iffusion
22 + 40 mm wood fibre insulation
80 x 1 76 m m rafters with
1 00 + 60 mm thermal insulation between
vapour barrier
1 6 m m spruce boards
2 240 x 300 mm rei nforced concrete
ring beam
3 Lightweight clay toothed blocks,
8-0,8- 1 2 OF
4 3-coat l i me render
5 Heat-absorbing g lass
(2 panes of toughened safety glass)
6 Perforated sheet titanium-zinc
7 60 x 1 60 mm wall plate
8 Steel angle, 90 x 90 x 7 mm both
sides of rafter
9 8 mm toughened safety glass
10 25 x 25 x 3 mm stai nless steel angle
11 Wood/Aluminium window
12 Louvre blind
13 Prefabricated clay lintel
14 Drainage channel
15 24 mm veneer plywood
16 Titanium-zinc verge flashing
17 Clay channel

1 03
Clay masonry buildi ngs
Exam ples

Studio house in Eichstatt

Diezinger & Kramer, Eichstatt

On the edge of the old quarter of the

town, a compact, rendered studio
house has been erected to replace a
ruined artisan's house dating from the
1 6th century while retaining the con­ I/ I I I I J! I 11

l ""'
tours of the old building. With its dis­
tinct, modern stance, the new house is
not intimidated by the confines of its
surroundi ngs and introduces a striking I I I
urban highl ight. The diagonal entrance
elevation, like the old building, and the
freely arranged open ings animate the
envelope with its rigid contours. The
white, brightly lit i nterior contrasts with -
I I I
n
the rendered external walls with their
coat of dark grey paint. This two-storey bb
u l
house has a total of about 75 m2 of
floor space. The ground floor has a
small display area and a larger room
for receptions and similar events (but
also suitable as guest accommoda­
tion) . U pstairs is the scul ptor's studio.
The bathroom, in red-painted wood , is
a stark contrast to the white of the rest
of the interior surfaces. The two levels
are l inked by the small display area
next to the entrance, extending right
up to the underside of the roof. Passers­
by can see into this area throug h the a a
"disp lay window" which is finished
flush with the render and conti nues
around the corner of the building.
Despite its small size, the display area
forms a l i nk between interior and exter­
ior, and acts as a foca l point for the
internal layout. All the fixed l i ghts are
positioned flush with the render. There
are no frames around the panes of
glass; the glass is held in p lace by
clips between the panes. The top-hung
Velux-type roof windows open outwards.
Sections Plans
QJ DETA I L 7/8 2002 •

scale 1 : 200
Section
scale 1 :20

1 04
 Wal l constructio n :
2 5 mm painted mineral render
365 m m vertically perforated clay masonry
galvanised rei nforcement to top 3 courses
2x 0 8 mm bars per bed joint
1 5 mm lime-gypsum plaster
2 Floor construction:
60 m m end-grain wood-block flooring
1 0 mm hot-rolled asphalt
45 mm cement screed on PE sheeting
20 mm impact sound insulation on
PE sheeting
220 m m reinforced concrete floor slab
3 50 mm mineral fibre thermal insulation to
side of 1 40 mm reinforced concrete beam
4 Clay channel l i ntel on galvanised steel
angles, 200 x 200 x 1 6 mm
5 Wooden window with single glazing
6 36 mm white-faced p lywood
7 Glazing clip between panes
8 Double g lazi n g : 6 mm float glass + 1 6 mm
cavity + 8 mm toughened safety glass,
edge seal enamelled for UV protection

1 05
Clay masonry build ings
Examples
Housing development in Neu-Uim
G. A S.-Sahner, Stuttgart
Georg Sahner
Not far from the town of Neu-Uim,
adjoining an area of farmlan d , there is
a small residential district with a core
of 20 system houses. With their asso­
ciated storage sheds, the small en­
trance yards to these L-plan houses
form an im portant private area. At first
sight it is not obvious that all the houses
here have an identical ground floor lay­
out and belong to the same system .
The picture is too d iverse - d u e t o the
different roof shapes but, principally,
the various grouping options. The basic
idea is to build houses with a modular
1 06
aa
structure. Starting with a minimum unit The concept also allows for the use of
size, which encompasses two rooms, the most d iverse building materials i n
the stairs and the central util ities b lock order to suit the local suppl iers and
with kitchen, bathroom and WC, the availabil ity of materials. The grou p of
houses can be extended by adding in­ houses i n Neu-Uim was built using
d ividual rooms. The largest variation c lay masonry.
has seven rooms spread over three CO DETA I L 4/2001
floors.
The sizes of the rooms and the layouts
are similar so that hig hly diverse occu­
pancies are possible. Further varia­
tions are possible by including base­
ments and attach ing different roof
modules.
Ground floor • Section
scale 1 :250
Section
scale 1 : 20

Roof construction:
1 8 x 76 mm corrugated aluminium sheeting
50 x 40 mm battens and counter battens
roofing felt
24 mm roug h-sawn spruce boards
80 x 220 mm spruce rafters
200 mm mineral fibre insu lation
between rafters
vapour barrier
48 x 28 mm spruce battens
1 2 . 5 m p lasterboard
2 3-ply core plywood, 25 mm spruce
3 U p per floor construction:
carpet or PVC floor covering
50 mm screed on polyethylene
separating layer
50 mm thermal and impact
sound insulation
200 mm precast concrete flooring units
4 365 mm gauged clay masonry units
(/.A 0 . 1 1 W/mK)
=

5 Ground floor construction without

basement:
carpet or PVC floor covering
50 mm screed on polyethylene
separating layer
50 mm thermal and impact sound
insu lation
waterproofing
200 mm i n situ concrete ground slab
polyethylene separating layer
80 mm perimeter insu lation

1 07
Clay masonry buildi ngs
Exam ples
Housing complex i n Waldkraiburg
Andreas Meek, Munich
Th is complex is the fi rst phase of what
is intended to be a larger develop­
ment. Situated alongside a busy road,
it is desi gned to act as a noise barrier
for the plots further from the road.
Access is via two staircases and there
are 1 1 apartments p l us a cafe. The
eight maisonettes are arranged in two
groups of four on two levels, mean ing
that the entrances are at ground floor
level and second floor leve l . On the
road side the anc i l l ary rooms serve as
a buffer for the living accommodation
and bedrooms, which face away from
1 08
the road. Every apartment has its own
garden or rooftop terrace.
The arrangement of the access to the
maisonette entrances at ground floor
level nearest to the road helps to pre­
serve privacy: a paved pathway be­
tween grassed areas leads to the two
steps up to a covered landing in front
of the entrance door. From here we
pass through a lobby, which projects
from the main line of the facade, into the
hallway which leads to the various
rooms. Access to the upper floor is via
a single fl ight of stairs.
The entrances to the upper maison­
ettes are situated along the covered
wal kway, with only a narrow opening
on the side fac ing the road. Th is open­
ing allows the afternoon sun to shine
through on to the larch wood benches
next to the doors. These extend the
private sphere and encourage social
contact between the tenants.
()) DETA I L 4/1 997
 Ground floor • 1 st floor 3 Bench of 40 x 40 mm larch wood strips on
scale 1 : 200 T 50 steel section brackets welded to end
plates
Horizontal section • Vertical section 4 Wooden double-skin door, painted
scale 1 : 20 5 Rooftop terrace/covered walkway
construction
300 x 300 x 50 mm paving flags in
50 m m chippings
Wall construction: waterproofin g on separating layer
1 5 mm plaster 1 60 (80) mm thermal insulation
240 mm vertically perforated clay masonry vapour barrier
40 mm m i neral wool thermal insulation reinforced concrete slab
between counter battens 6 Precast concrete coping
50 mm battens/ventilation cavity 7 Rendered vertically perforated clay
8 mm fibre cement sheets masonry, 240 mm
2 Double glazing in wooden frames, outer 8 Roller shutter box
pane of wired glass 9 Linoleum floor covering on floating screed

I
bl al

aa bb

I'///////,1[' ////,<<<II/,/// ///I['///////,II/ //'>>>>1C'/,,,,,,II,,,,,,,.

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooc
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�0000000000000000000000000000000001

1 09
Clay masonry buildings
Examp les

Housing complex in Ludwigsburg

Hartwig N. Schneider
with Gabriele Mayer, Stuttgart

These 60 publ icly assisted rented

apartments for d ifferent occupancies ­
sing les, single-parent fam i l ies, couples
and fami l ies - were erected in a q uiet
urban location between the city centre
and the suburbs, among low-density
developments from the 1 950s. Clearly
arranged around three semi-private
courtyards, this development comple­
ments the open design of the surround­
ings while providing a high density
(plot ratio 1 . 2) through a d ifferentiated
concept of accommodation and open
spaces. All the apartments, with one,
two and three rooms (plus bathroom
and kitchen) , sometimes on two floors,
are wel l l it from two sides. The living
rooms lead on to logg ias with sliding
windows i n the rendered facades.
Sliding glass shutters with an enam­
el led inside face provide privacy for
the bedrooms. The tree- l i ned court­
yards face the road and are accessed
from there via open staircases; covered
passageways link them to the gardens
on the south side. Located beneath the
courtyards are two natural ly venti lated
underground parking areas.
The envelope was built in lightweight
clay masonry and finished with pig­
mented mineral render, the surface of
wh ich changes with the weather. To
contrast with this some parts of the
facade make use of untreated timber
cladding. _On the south elevation slid­
ing wooden shutters and narrow balco­
nies of coloured precast concrete ele­
ments define the appearance. Wooden
windows with heat-absorbing glass were
installed but in some more exposed
areas wood/aluminium windows were
employe d . C::O DETA I L 1 /1 999

al
110
 7

Section Plans
• 8 mm toughened safety glass,
scale 1 :500 inside face enamelled
Section through west elevation 2 Wall construction:
Horizontal section through sliding 20 mm mineral render
glazing and render 300 mm Hlz lightweight clay masonry
scale 1 :20 1 5 mm p laster
3 300 mm lig htweight clay channel
4 1 00 x 50 x 5 mm aluminium channel
5 Wood/Aluminium window
6 Reconstituted stone window board
7 8 mm toughened safety glass
8 60 x 20 x 3 mm steel hollow section,
galvanised
9 Loadbeari ng thermal insulation element
10 Floor construction:
5 mm floor covering
0.2 mm polyethylene separating layer
20 mm impact sound insu lation
60 mm thermal insulation
1 80 mm reinforced concrete floor slab

111
Clay masonry build ings
Examples

Wall construction:
15 m m p laster
240 mm Hlz clay masonry
80 mm m i neral wool
protective covering (non-woven fabric)
58 mm prefabricated cedar wood cladding
2 1 40 x 30 mm timber closing piece
3 Fixed cedar wood cladding
4 Cedar wood sliding shutter
5 Parapet claddi n g , 1 4 mm wood-cement
fibreboard
6 U p per track for sliding shutters
7 Lower track
8 Balustrade of galvanised, colour-coated
steel sections
9 Precast concrete element, coloured
10 220 x 48 mm timber closing piece

Horizontal section • Vertical section

scale 1 :20

112
Appendix
Contents

Appendix

1 14 Standards, references, associations

115 Manufacturers
117 Subject i ndex
118 I ndex of persons, picture credits

113
Appendix
Standards, references, associations

The brick and b lock formats used

in this book, their designations and
the statutory instruments mentioned
correspond to G erman standard s .

Standards References Trade associations

Bayerischer Ziegelindustrie-Verband e.V.

Bavariaring 35
DIN 1 05 : Clay bricks Masonry Construction Manual D-80336 Miinchen
G u nter Pfeifer, Rolf Ramcke, Tel : +49 (0) 8 9 74661 6-0
DIN 1 045 : Structural use of concrete Joachim Achtziger, Konrad Zilch Fax: +49 (0) 89 7 4661 6-30
bzv@ziegel.com
2001
www.ziegel.com
DIN 1 053: Masonry
Der Mauerziegel Fachverband Ziegelindustrie
D I N 4095 : Planning, design and Franz Hart, Ernst Bogen berger Sudwest e.V.
Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 1 1 - 1 3
installation of drainage systems 1 964
lnd ustriehaus
protecting structures against water i n D-67433 Neustadt a. d . Weinstrasse
the ground Baukonstruktion fUr Architekten Tel : +49 (0) 6321 852-0
Franz Hart Fax: +49 (0) 6321 852-290
vse@verband-stei ne-erden.de
D I N 4 1 08 : Thermal i nsu lation and 1 959
www.verband-steine-erden .de
energy economy in build ings
Die Kunst der Wi:il bung Fachverband
DIN 4 1 09: Sound insulation in Franz Hart Ziegel industrie Nord e.V.
Bahnhofsplatz 2a
buil dings 1 965
D-261 22 Oldenburg
Tel : +49 (0) 4 4 1 2 1 0260
DIN 4226: Aggregates for concrete Rissschaden an Mauerwerk Fax: +49 (0) 441 2 1 02620
Werner Pfefferkorn fachverband@ziegel-industrie.de
www.ziegel-industrie.de
D I N 1 8 1 95 : Waterproofing of build ings 1 994
and structures Fachverband Ziegelindustrie
Schadenfreies Bauen mit Mauerwerk Nordwest e.V.
Am Zehnthof 1 97-203
D I N 1 8530: Solid structural decks for Peter Schubert
D-45307 Essen
roofs 2002 Tel : +49 (0) 2 0 1 5921 306
Fax: +49 (0) 201 5921 359
DIN 1 8550: Plaster Information supplied by the clay info.zz@t-online.de
www.zieg el-zentrum.de
i n dustry:
Ziegel lexikon Bundesverband der
1 999 Deutschen Ziegelindustrie e.V.
Schaumburg-Lippe-StraBe 4
Aussenputz auf Ziegelmauerwerk D-531 1 3 Bonn
2002 Tel: +49 (0) 228 91 493-0
Fax: +49 (0) 228 91 493-28
info@ziegel.de
www.ziegel . de

Massiv mein Haus e.V.

Falkensteinstr. 9
D-8631 6 Friedberg
Tel: +49 (0) 821 7849773
Fax: +49 (0) 82 1 784447
info@massiv-mein-haus.de
www. massiv-mein-haus.de

114
Appendix
G erman manufacturers/associations arranged accord ing to postcode
Wienerberger Werk Eisenberg
Jenaer StraBe 56
07607 Eisenberg/Thiiringen
Tel: +49 (0) 36691 7 1 - 1 00
Fax: +49 (0) 36691 7 1 -1 1 5
i nfo@wzi .de
Wienerberger Werk Zwickau
BOrgerschachtstraBe 6a
08056 Zwickau
Tel : +49 (0) 375 27535-0
Fax: +49 (0) 375 27535-99
info@wzi.de
Wienerberger Werk Hainichen
Frankenberger StraBe 60
09661 Hainichen
Tel: +49 (0) 37207 45-0
Fax: +49 (0) 37207 45-29
i nfo@wzi .de
Wienerberger Lager BrOck
Paui-Ruoff-StraBe 2
1 481 1 Briick
Tel : +49 (0) 33844 6 1 0
Fax: +49 (0) 33844 6 1 1 25
info@wzi . de
Wienerberger Werk
Bad Freienwalde
Eberswalder StraBe 1 07
1 6259 Bad Freienwalde
Tel : +49 (0) 3344 41 7-0
Fax: +49 (0) 3344 41 7-1 1 9
i nfo@wzi.de
Wienerberger Werk Gransee
Strelitzer StraBe
1 6775 Gransee
Tel : +49 (0) 3306 7983-0
Fax: +49 (0) 3306 7983-83
info@wzi.de
Wienerberger Werk Jeddeloh
Jeddeloher Damm 26
26188 Edewecht
OT Jeddeloh 1
Tel: +49 (0) 4405 7020
Fax: +49 (0) 4405 8496
i nfo@wzi.de
Wienerberger Werk Sittensen
27419 Sittensen OT Tiste
Tel : +49 (0) 4282 2041
Fax: +49 (0) 4282 2044
i nfo@wzi . de
Wienerberger Ziegelindustrie GmbH
Olden burger AI lee 26
30659 Hannover-Lahe
Tel: +49 (0) 5 1 1 61 070-0
Fax: +49 (0) 51 1 61 4403
i nfo@wzi.de
Ton- und Ziegelwerke
Werner Florke KG
N iedermehner Str. 36
32351 Stemwede
Tel : +49 (0) 5773 202
Fax: +49 (0) 5773 3 1 7
Otto Bergmann GmbH
I m Roten Lith 3 (Werk 1 )
32689 Kalletai-Hohenhausen
Tel : +49 (0) 5264 6482-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5264 6482-64
l nfo@Bergmann-Zieg el.de
Otto Bergmann GmbH
Heinrich-Spier-Str. 1 1 (Werk 2)
32839 Steinheim-Bergheim
Tel: +49 (0) 5233 9558-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5233 9558-28
Aug ust LOcking GmbH & Co. KG
Postfach 2409
33050 Paderborn
Tel : +49 (0) 5251 1 340-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5251 1 340-20
MeckBo@aol.com
Pasel & Lohmann GmbH
Salzkottener Str. 35/36
33178 Borchen-Aifen
Tel : +49 (0) 5258 6001
Fax: +49 (0) 5258 6588
pasel-lohmann.alfen@t-online.de
Wienerberger Werk Rietberg
33397 Rietberg OT Westerwiehe
Tel : +49 (0) 5244 9039-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5244 9039-1 7
i nfo@wzi.de
Aug ust LOcking GmbH & Co. KG
E g gestr. 2
344 1 4 Warburg-Bonenburg
Tel : +49 (0) 5642 6007-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5642 6007-22
Wienerberger Lager Volkmarsen
Steinweg 65
34471 Volkmarsen
Tel : +49 (0) 5693 9896-0
Fax: +49 (0) 5693 6350
info@wzi.de
Heinrich Abhau GmbH
Lispenhauser StraBe 1
361 99 Rotenburg a. d. Fulda
Tel: +49 (0) 6623 9248-0
Fax: +49 (0) 6623 9248-2 1
J u l ius Zan ge GmbH & Co.KG
Schlitzer StraBe 40
36272 Niederaula
Tel : +49 (0) 6625 91 51 -0
Fax: +49 (0) 6625 9 1 5 1 -79
mail@zange-ziegel.de
Ziegelwerk Schenklengsfeld
GmbH & Co. Baukeramik KG
Ring bergstraBe 1 0
36277 Schenklengsfeld
Tel : +49 (0) 6629 332
Fax: +49 (0) 6629 7861
Wienerberger Werk Wefensleb.en
Zechenhauser Weg
39365 Wefensleben
Tel : +49 (0) 3 9400 961 2-0
Fax: +49 (0) 3 9400 2081
info@wzi.de
Wienerberger Lager Lauterbach
Ziegelei 1
36367 Wartenberg/Angersbach
Tel: +49 (0) 6641 9644-0
Fax: +49 (0) 6641 9644-1 1
info@wzi.de
Ziegelwerk Friedland GmbH
HeimkehrerstraBe 1 2
37133 Friedland
Tel: +49 (0) 5504 8080
Fax: +49 (0) 5504 80827
friedland-zieg el@t-on line.de
Wilhelm Alten Ziegelei
Ziegelweg 1
37586 Dassei-Wellersen
Tel: +49 (0) 5562 252
Fax: +49 (0) 5562 66 1 0
altenzieglei@t-online.de
Ziegelwerk Buch GmbH
HansastraBe 1
37671 Hi:ixter
Tel: +49 (0) 527 1 2248
Fax: +49 (0) 527 1 381 84
info@ziegelwerk-buch.de
Janinhoff GmbH & Co. KG
ThierstraBe 1 30
48163 M unster
Tel : +49 (0) 2 5 1 981 680
Fax: +49 (0) 251 981 6830
jaco@Janinhoff.de
Wienerberger Werk Buldern
R6dder 59
48249 Diilmen-Buldern
Tel : +49 (0) 2590 9455-0
Fax: +49 (0) 2590 41 85
i nfo@wzi.de
Eifeler Ziegel- und Klinkerwerke
Peter Koos GmbH & Co. KG
54675 Utscheid- Neuhaus
Tel : +49 (0) 6522 7 1 7
Fax: +49 (0) 6575 1 300
Adolf HOning GmbH & Co. KG
HauptstraBe 1
59399 Olfen
Tel: +49 (0) 2595 9642-0
Fax: +49 (0) 2595 9642-22
webmaster@huening-ziegel.de
J UWO-Porotonwerke
Ernst Jungk & Sohn GmbH
Ziegelh OttenstraBe 42
55597 Wi:illstein
Tel: +49 (0) 6703 91 0-0
Fax: +49 (0) 6073 91 0-1 59
poroton@juwoe.de
Keraform Spezialziegel
Hamburger StraBe 97
61 1 1 8 Bad Vilbel
Tel: +49 (0) 61 01 5448-48
Fax: +49 (0) 6 1 01 5448-40
i nfo@keraform.de
Ziegelwerk
Franz Wenzel
Offenbacher LandstraBe 1 05
6351 2 Hainburg
Tel : +49 (0) 6 1 82 9506-0
Fax: +49 (0) 6 1 82 9506-20
ziegelwerk-wenzel@t-online.de
Adolf Zeller GmbH & Co.
Poroton-Ziegelwerke KG
Markerstr. 44
63755 Alzenau
Tel : +49 (0) 6023 97760
Fax: +49 (0) 6023 301 57
info@zellerporoton.de
Ziegelwerk U . GrOn
Hahner StraBe 80
64354 Reinheim
Tel: +49 (0) 61 62 341 5
Fax: +49 (0) 61 62 331 6
info@klimaton.de
Trost Mauerziegel
An der 83
69254 Malsch
Tel: +49 (0) 7253 208-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7253 208- 1 6
i nfo@trost-online.com
Hess Ziegelwerke
AmeisenbOhl 40
71 332 Waiblingen
Tel: +49 (0) 7 1 5 1 5 1 034
Fax: +49 (0) 7 1 51 1 8949
ziegelwerke_hess@freenet.de
Neuschwander GmbH
Nei ppergerstraBe 4 1
74336 Brackenheim
Tel: +49 (0) 7 1 35 961 09-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7 1 35 961 09-3
info@neuschwandner.de
Ziegelwerk Schmid
Erligheimer StraBe 45
74357 Bi:innigheim
Tel : +49 (0) 7 1 43 8744-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7 1 43 8744-50
info@ziegelwerk-schmid.de
Wienerberger Werk MOhlacker
ZiegeleistraBe 1 2
7541 7 Miihlacker
Tel : +49 (0) 7041 8706-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7041 8706-55
i nfo@wzi.de
Ceraline GmbH
Weisweiler StraBe 6
79771 Klettgau-Erzingen
Tel: +49 (0) 7742 9240-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7742 9240-40
erzinger-ziegelwerke@t-online.de
Ziegelsysteme Michael Kel lerer
ZiegeleistraBe 1 3
82282 Oberweikertshofen
Tel: +49 (0) 8 1 45 923-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8 1 45 5422
Ziegelwerke
Leipfinger-Bader KG
Puttenhausen (Werk 2)
AuBere Freisinger Str. 31
84048 Mainburg
Tel: +49 (0) 8751 9021
Fax: +49 (0) 8751 4571
Schlagmann Baustoffwerke
Grafentraubach 505
84082 Laberweinting
Tel: +49 (0) 8772 9686-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8772 9686-1 0
info@schlagmann.de
115
Appendix
German manufacturers/associations arranged accord ing to postcode
Erlus Baustoffe AG
Hauptstr. 1 06
84088 Neufahrn/NB
Tel: +49 (0) 8773 1 8-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8773 1 8-1 1 3
GIMA Girnghuber GmbH & Co. KG
Ludwi g-G irnghuber-Str. 1
84163 Marklkofen
Tel : +49 (0) 8732 24-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8732 24-200
Schlagmann Baustoffwerke
Lanhofen 1 00
84367 Tann
Tel : +49 (0) 8572 1 7-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8572 81 1 4
info@schlagmann.de
Schlagmann Baustoffwerke
Lengdorfer StraBe 4
84424 1sen
Tel: +49 (0) 8083 5399-0
Fax: +49 (0) 8083 1 563
info@schlagmann.de
Ziegelwerk Aubenham
Adam Holzner KG
Aubenham 3
84564 Oberbergkirchen
Tel: +49 (0) 8637 841
Fax: +49 (0) 8637 454
Ziegelwerke Lei pfinger-Bader KG
Vatersdorf 1 0 (Werk 1 )
847 1 2 Buch a. Erlbach
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1 16
Ziegelwerk
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Ziegelwerk Ott
ZiegeleistraBe 20
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THERMOPOR
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Ziegelwerk Bellenberg
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Walther Dachziegel GmbH
Lohmuhle 3-5
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Wienerberger Werk Spardorf
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Ziegelwerk Sittling
Kiiglmaier OHG
Sittl ing 23 1 /2
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HART-KERAMIK
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Ziegelwerk Englert GmbH
Krautheimer StraBe 8
97509 Zeilitzheim
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Wienerberger Werk
Bad Neustadt
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976 1 6 Bad Neustadt
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Fax: +49 (0) 9771 2952
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Wienerberger Werk
Erfurt-G ispersleben
Zur Alten Ziegelei
99091 Erfurt-Gispersleben
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Wienerberger Werk Bol lstedt
Am Silberrasenweg 1
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Appendix
Subject index

Subject index

Additives 75, 83, 84, 88, 92 Glazed door 1 4, 1 5 Ring beam system 79, 81
Admixtures 75, 83, 84 Grip (thumb) openings 75 Roller shutter 9, 41 ' 55, 56, 57,
Airtight membrane 62, 63, 65, 67 Gross density 25, 50, 75, 9 1 58, 59, 60, 6 1 , 1 09
Airtightness 20, 64, 72 Ground floor slab 1 3, 1 4, 1 8, 25, 26, 43 Roof plate 62, 67
Roof space 8, 9, 1 1 , 30, 32,
Background for plaster/render 13 Hard core 1 2, 1 3, 1 6, 42, 48, 54 33, 34, 38, 40, 62, 63, 66
Basement wall 4 1 , 42, 43, 44, 45, Header bond 76, 77 Roof tile 33, 35, 37, 63, 7 1 , 98, 1 02, 1 03
48, 50, 5 1 , 52, 54, 81 , 82, 85, 86, 1 0 1 Roofing felt 33, 35, 37, 39,
Basement wall render 50, 86 Interlocking perpends 75 50, 62, 65 , 1 01 , 1 03, 1 07
Bitumen felt 1 2 , 1 6, 42
Bl inding 1 6, 45, 48 Lig htweight mortar 75, 93 Screed 1 4, 1 7 , 1 9 , 33, 42, 44, 48, 58, 63,
Bonding dimension 76, 87, 88 Lightwei g ht plaster/render 1 3 , 83, 85, 87 67, 7 1 , 1 05, 1 07, 1 09
Bonding rules 76 Lightwei g ht vertically Separating layer 1 7, 45, 65,
Buckling 80, 81 perforated clay masonry 75, 85 92, 1 07, 1 09, 1 1 1
Bulk density 75, 85 Lightwell 4 1 , 43, 46, 47, 49, 5 1 , 53 Shallow clay lintel 2 1 , 22, 23, 53, 58, 59
Bullnose tiles 34, 62, 65 Lintel 2 1 , 20, 22, 23, 53, 58, Shear wall 25, 37, 76, 79
Butt joint 25, 76 59, 81 , 82, 1 03, 1 05 Shoulder 2 1 , 20, 23, 27, 58, 59, 90
Load bearing wall 8, 44, 45, 78, 79, 80, 93 Shrinkage 1 6, 67, 85, 88, 89, 91 , 92
Capping beam 63, 67, 81 , 82 Silicate p laster/render 84
Chases 56, 80, 82, 93 Make-up unit 2 1 , 75 Slenderness 80, 91 , 92
Chimney 68, 69 Masonry bonds 20, 73, 76, 77 Sound insulation · 1 7 , 29, 31 ' 42, 44,
Chimney stack 67, 69 Maximum vertical load 8 1 , 82 50, 70, 1 05, 1 1 1
Clay channel 2 1 , 23, 91 , 1 03, 1 05 , 1 1 1 Minimal chimney 8 Spatterdash 87, 88, 90
Clay hol low pot floor 30, 33, 79 Minimum vertical load 81 , 82 Stab i lity 36, 79, 80, 81 , 93
Coating materials 83, 84, 85 Stop bead 1 6, 25, 45, 57
Column 80, 82 Non-loadbearing wall 79 Stretcher bond 76, 77
Compressive strength 2 1 , 50, 82, 85 Normal-wei ght mortar 75 Strip foundation 1 3, 1 2 , 1 6, 24, 42, 45, 48, 50
Concrete l i ntel 22 Structure 24, 30, 32, 33, 35, 39, 63, 67,
Couple roof 9 "octametric" system 78 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 85, 86, 90, 91 , 93, 1 06
Cracks 42, 82, 83, 88, 89, 91 , 92, 93 Openings 22, 44, 56, 74, 75, Swelling 91
Creep 91 79, 80, 81 , 83, 93, 97, 1 02, 1 04 Synthetic resin plaster 83, 84, 85
Crosswall 33, 76, 78, 80, 92 Synthetic resin render 85
Curing 92, 93 Partition 1 1 ' 24, 26, 27, 29,
3 1 , 4 1 , 42 , 53, 55, 68, 76 Thermal bridge 1 6, 43, 45,
Damp-proof course 1 3, 1 6, 1 7, 25, Party wall 1 1 , 22 , 23, 25, 28, 36, 39, 70 49, 63, 67, 73, 90, 93
45, 50, 5 1 , 52 Perimeter insulation 41 , 44, 45, 46, 47, 1 07 Thermal insulation 1 4, 1 6, 1 7 , 20, 22, 23,
Damp-proof membrane 1 3, 1 6, 42, 5 1 , 53, 55 Plaster 1 2 , 1 3 , 37, 45, 57, 63, 65, 73, 83, 33, 37, 42, 43, 44, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60,
Dimensional coordination 78 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 1 0 1 , 62, 65 , 67, 73, 75, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91 , 97,
"Disruptions" 80 1 05, 1 07 , 1 09, 1 1 1 ' 1 1 2 98, 1 03, 1 05, 1 09, 1 1 1
Door 1 4 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 7 , 1 8, 20, 43, 47, 54, Plastering system 1 3 , 86 Thermal insulation plaster/render 83, 85, 87
55, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 97, 98, 1 00, 1 08, 1 09 Pl inth 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 6, 25, 40, 44, 45, Thickness of plaster/render 86
Drainage 42, 48, 50, 52, 54, 1 03 46, 50, 5 1 , 52, 85, 86 Thin-bed mortar 75
Plinth render 1 3 , 5 1 , 86 Three-dimensional construction 79
Eaves 30, 3 1 , 32, 33, 34, 35, Purl in roof 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34 Timber joist floor 34, 35, 36, 37, 79, 80, 81
62, 63, 64, 66, 98, 1 02 Tolerances 20, 6 1 , 67, 72, 73,
End-grain wood-block flooring 1 05 Rad iator recess 4 1 , 55, 57, 56, 58, 59 Toothed block 75, 1 03
Entrance door 54, 1 08 Raft foundation 44
External wall 1 0, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 6, Rai nwater drip 2 1 , 65, 69 Undercoat 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90
1 8, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 34, 4 1 , 43, 44, 45, Recess 4 1 , 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 80, 93
48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62 , 64, 75, 76, 79, 82, Reinforced concrete floor slab 1 3, 1 6, Vapour barrier 48, 62, 64, 1 03, 1 07 , 1 09
93, 98, 1 00, 1 04 53, 60, 63, 81 ' 82, 91 ' 1 05, 1 1 1 Vapour check 64, 65, 67
Reinforced concrete ground slab 48, 50 Ventilation 32, 37, 63, 65, 69, 1 0 1 , 1 09
False wall 8, 9, 41 , 69, 70 Reinforced masonry 81 , 82, 93 Verge 33, 35, 63, 65, 98, 1 02, 1 03
Finish coat 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90 Render 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3, 1 4 , 1 6, 20, 2 1 , 22, 24, 45,
Fire protection 33, 67, 83 47, 50, 5 1 , 52, 56, 57, 59, 60, 6 1 , 63, 65, 68, Waterproofi ng 1 2 , 1 3, 1 4 , 42, 48, 50, 52, 70,
Flat-pan tiles 34 69, 73, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 1 00, 86, 1 01 , 1 07, 1 09
Flue l ining 69, 68 1 01 ' 1 03 , 1 04, 1 05 , 1 09, 1 1 0, 1 1 1 Window 9, 1 1 , 20, 2 1 , 22, 4 1 , 47, 53, 55,
Format code 74, 75 Rendering system 83, 85, 87 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 75, 78, 79, 80, 81 , 97,
Frost heave 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6, 27 Renovation plaster 85 98, 1 03, 1 04 , 1 05, 1 1 0, 1 1 1
Reveal 1 8, 20, 2 1 , 56, 58, 75 Window board 56, 58, 1 1 1
Gable wall 33, 37, 63, 65, 67 Ring beam 22, 30, 33, 36, 37, Window sill 21 , 59
Gauged block 75 39, 79, 81 , 92, 1 03 Wood-wool slab 57, 87, 88, 98

117
Appendix
I n d ex of person s , p i cture cred its

Index of persons Picture credits

page 97 page 1 06 pages 7, 1 08

Housing complex in Munich
Architect:
Christof Wallner, Munich
Associates:
Bettina Gbrgner, Corinna M u l l er
Structural e n g i n eer:
Joachim Eiermann , M u n i c h
p a g e 98
Semi-detached house in Munich
Cli ent:
Brig itte Puis, M u n i c h
Architects:
And reas Meek, Munich
Brig itte Puis, M u nich
Detailed desi g n :
Stephan Kbppel, M u n i c h
Structural e n g i neers:
Hans-Ludwig Hausdorfer,
Markt Schwaben
page 1 00
Houses in Munich
Clients:
Norbert und Klaus Weigl
Housing development in Neu-Uim Franz Wimmer, M u n i c h
Cl ient: pages 95, 97, 9 8 , 9 9
N UWOG/Helmut M i l d ner, M i chael Heinrich, M u n i c h
Neu-Uim pages 1 00, 1 0 1
Architect: H e n n i n g Koepke, M u n i c h
G .A.S.-Sahner, Stuttgart p a g e 1 02
Georg Sahner Job Roman, M u n i c h
Structural e n g i n eers: p a g e 1 03
l n g . Buro Mul ler, Kirch berg/l ller Gerhard Sc hlbtzer, Bamberg
page 1 04
page 1 08 Andreas Gabriel , M u n i c h
Housing complex in Waldkrai burg page 1 05
Architect: Stefan M u l ler-Nauman n , M u n i c h
Andreas Meek, M u n i c h pages 1 06, 1 07
Associates: Peter Bonfi g , M u n i c h
Egbert Ackerman n , p a g e 1 09
Christoph Engler Edwi n Kunz, Berg
Structural eng i neer: pages 1 1 0 , 1 1 1
Franz Mitter-Man g , U nterreit Christian Kan dzia, Essl i n gen
page 1 1 2
page 1 1 0 Roland Halbe/Contur, Colog ne
Housing complex in Ludwigsburg
Client: Photographs not specifically credited
Woh n u ngsbau Ludwi gsburg G m b H were taken by the architects, provided
Architect: by the manufacturer, or suppl ied from

Architects: Hartwig N. Schneider with the DETA I L archives.

Thomas Hammer and Gabriele Mayer, Stuttgart

Doris Schmid-Hammer, M u n i c h Project architects:
Associates: Andreas Gabriel,
Timo Jeskanen, l n go Pelchen
Manfred Weihermann Associates:
Structural engi neers: Franz Lutz
Behringer und Muller, M u n i c h
I n dex of persons
page 1 02 The names are listed after specifying the
House in Hallertau respective architect.

Architect:
Waiter Stolz, Rosenheim
Associates:
Georg Treng ler
Elisabeth Mehrl (colour scheme)
Structural e n g i n eers:
Bauer l n genieure, Landshut

page 1 04
Studio house in Eichstatt
Client:
Mr and Mrs Lan g , Eichstatt
Architects:
Diezinger & Kramer, Eichstatt

1 18
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