Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessors are multitasking in nature. Can Single task oriented. For example, a washing
perform multiple tasks at a time. For example, on machine is designed for washing clothes only.
computer we can play music while writing text in
text editor.
RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers can be added RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers cannot be
externally and can vary in numbers. added externally. These components are to be
embedded together on a chip and are fixed in
numbers.
Designers can decide the number of memory or I/O Fixed number for memory or I/O makes a
ports needed. microcontroller ideal for a limited but specific task.
External support of external memory and I/O ports Microcontrollers are lightweight and cheaper than
makes a microprocessor-based system heavier and a microprocessor.
costlier.
External devices require more space and their power A microcontroller-based system consumes less
consumption is higher. power and takes less space.
Processors in a System
A processor has two essential units −
1) Program Flow Control Unit (CU)/Fetching/ BIU(Bus interface unit)
2) Execution Unit (EU)
The CU includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory. The EU has circuits that
implement the instructions pertaining to data transfer operation and data conversion from one form to
another.
The EU includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the circuits that execute
instructions for a program control task such as interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.
A processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in the same sequence as they are
fetched from memory.
Von-Neumann Architecture vs Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
The Von Neumann architecture was first proposed by a computer scientist John von Neumann. In
this architecture, one data path or bus exists for both instruction and data. As a result, the CPU
does one operation at a time. It either fetches an instruction from memory, or performs
read/write operation on data. So an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur
simultaneously, sharing a common bus.
Harvard Architecture
The Harvard architecture offers separate storage and signal buses for instructions and data. This
architecture has data storage entirely contained within the CPU, and there is no access to the
instruction storage as data. Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and
data using internal data buses, allowing simultaneous access to both instructions and data.
Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor could not boot itself. In a Harvard
architecture, there is no need to make the two memories share properties.
The following points distinguish the Von Neumann Architecture from the Harvard Architecture.
Von-Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture
Single memory to be shared by both code and data. Separate memories for code and data.
Processor needs to fetch code in a separate clock cycle and Single clock cycle is sufficient, as separate
data in another clock cycle. So it requires two clock cycles. buses are used to access code and data.
Simple in design. Complex in design.
CISC vs RISC
CISC RISC
Larger set of instructions. Easy to program Smaller set of Instructions. Difficult to
program.
Simpler design of compiler, considering larger set of Complex design of compiler.
instructions.
Many addressing modes causing complex instruction Few addressing modes, fix instruction
formats. format.
Emphasis is on hardware. Emphasis is on software.
Control unit implements large instruction set using Each instruction is to be executed by
micro-program unit. hardware.
Slower execution, as instructions are to be read from Faster execution, as each instruction is to
memory and decoded by the decoder unit. be executed by hardware.
Pipelining is not possible. Pipelining of instructions is possible,
considering single clock cycle.
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