Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |1

ELECTRICAL | ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MAHATRANSCO | MAHAMETRO EXAM

COVERS TECHNICAL SUBJECTS

With 1500 MCQs

Includes

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2. NETWORK ANALYSIS

3. ELECTRICAL MACHINES

4. Electric Power System

5. ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

6. POWER ELECTRONICS

7. CONTROL SYSTEM

8. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |4

INDEX
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1 BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING......................................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 2 DC CIRCUITS .................................................................................................................................................................. 14

CHAPTER 3 AC FUNDAMENTALS ..................................................................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 4 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS ................................................................................................................................................ 41

CHAPTER 5 MAGNETISM .................................................................................................................................................................... 48

6. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 53

2. NETWORK ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 1 BASICS OF NETWORK..................................................................................................................................................... 68

CHAPTER 2 NETWORK THEOREMS: .................................................................................................................................................. 76

CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE ......................................................................................................................... 80

CHAPTER 4 TWO PORT NETWORK .................................................................................................................................................. 85

CHAPTER 5 FILTERS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 89

6. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 92

3. ELECTRICAL MACHINES
CHAPTER 1 D.C. MACHINES .............................................................................................................................................................. 119

CHAPTER 2 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ........................................................................................................................... 125

CHAPTER 3 THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ............................................................................................................. 135

CHAPTER 4 THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR: .................................................................................................................. 140

CHAPTER 5 SPECIAL TYPES OF MOTORS ...................................................................................................................................... 143

CHAPTER 6 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER .................................................................................................................................. 151

7. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 163

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |5

4. Electric Power System

CHAPTER 01 STRUCTURE OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS .................................................................................................... 181

CHAPTER 02 POWER STATION EQUIPMENT’S .............................................................................................................................. 186

CHAPTER 03 OVERHEAD LINES AND UNDERGROUND CABLES ................................................................................................ 192

CHAPTER 04 RESISTANCE & INDUCTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINE ...................................................................................... 199

CHAPTER 05 CAPACITANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................................................... 201

CHAPTER 06 PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES ............................................................................................................ 203

CHAPTER 07 EHV-AC TRANSMISSION: ......................................................................................................................................... 205

CHAPTER 08 LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 207

CHAPTER 09 TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS ................................................................................................................................... 211

10. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 216

5. ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER 1 DIODES ............................................................................................................................................................................ 226

CHAPTER 2 APPLICATIONS OF DIODE ........................................................................................................................................... 235

CHAPTER 3 BJT (BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR) ................................................................................................................. 240

CHAPTER 4 AMPLIFIER....................................................................................................................................................................... 247

CHAPTER 5 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER ........................................................................................................................................... 253

CHAPTER 6 TIMER IC555.................................................................................................................................................................. 259

CHAPTER 7 OSCILLATORS: ............................................................................................................................................................... 261

CHAPTER 8 NUMBER SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................................... 264

CHAPTER 9 LOGIC GATES ................................................................................................................................................................ 268

CHAPTER 10 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS ..................................................................................................................................... 276

CHAPTER 11 SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS ................................................................................................................................................ 281

CHAPTER 12 MICROPROCESSOR .................................................................................................................................................... 283

13. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 290

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |6

6. POWER ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 1 SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER ............................................................................................................................. 314

CHAPTER 2 POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES ................................................................................................................................ 321

CHAPTER 3 RECTIFIER AND CHOPPERS ......................................................................................................................................... 328

CHAPTER 4 INVERTER........................................................................................................................................................................ 332

5. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 336

7. CONTROL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1 BASICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 348

CHAPTER 2 TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................... 361

CHAPTER 3 STABILITY........................................................................................................................................................................ 374

CHAPTER 4 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................... 382

5. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................................................. 391

8. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

CHAPTER 1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND ERROR ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 409

CHAPTER 2 MEASUREMENT OF POWER AND ENERGY ................................................................................................................ 416

CHAPTER 3 POTENTIOMETERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 419

CHAPTER 4 AC BRIDGES .................................................................................................................................................................. 420

CHAPTER 5 The OSCILLOSCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 423

6. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS............................................................................................................................................................... 426

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |7

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e |8

CHAPTER 1
BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

𝑑𝑞
1.1 Basic concept  Rate of flow of charge I=
𝑑𝑡

1.1.1 Atomic structure Or

1𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
 Any substance is made up of matter, matter is 1 Ampere =
1𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
made up of tiny particles called atoms and mol-
ecules.

 1 Ampere current : 1 coulomb of charges flows

through a conductor in 1 second
 Current is measured by ammeter
 Current is a scalar quantity even it has magni-
tude and direction because it do not obeys vec-
tor laws of addition.
Fig: Atomic structure  Electric current has two effect
 atom can be broken down into three constitu- 1. Heating effect eg. Application -Water heater
ents parts – protons, neutron, and electrons. 2. Magnetic effect eg. Application-Electric Gen-
 Each of these parts has an associated charge, erator
 with protons (p)carrying a positive charge,
 electrons (e-)having a negative charge, 1.1.4 Potential difference:
 and neutrons possessing no net charge or elec-  Amount of work needed to move a charge from
trically neutral a reference point.
 Electrons are fundamental particles; however, Energy
Voltage =
protons and neutrons are made up of a different charge
1𝐽
set of fundamental particles known as quarks. 1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
1𝐶
1.1.2 Charge (q) :  It is difference between energy level.
 Physical property of matter that causes it to ex-  Current only flows from higher potential to lower
perience a force when placed in an electromag- potential
netic field
 Unit: charge is measured in coulomb (C)
 Electron is negatively charged particles revolv-  VA > VB then current flows from terminal A to B .
ing around nucleus in orbits.  Potential difference is = VA - VB
 Proton is positively charged particles present in  Voltage drop across R is
nucleus 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
 Charge on electron = −1.6 x 10-19 C =
𝑅
 Charge on Proton = + 1.6 x 10-19 C  potential difference is measured in volts (V)
 1 volt potential difference - A voltage difference
1.1.3 Electric Current (I)
of one volt drives one ampere of current through
 Measured in ampere (A)
a conductor that has a resistance of one ohm.
 Flow of electrons or negatively charged particles
Or
in definite direction is current.

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam
 One joule of work is required to move an electric
charge of one coulomb across a potential differ-
ence of one volt. Or
 One volt is equivalent to one joule per coulomb.
1.1.5 Electric Power (P) :
 Electric power, like mechanical power,
It is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical en-
ergy is transferred by an electric circuit.
 Electric power is usually produced by electric
generators, but can also be supplied by sources
such as electric batteries.
 It is supplied to businesses and homes by the
electric power industry through an electric
power grid.
 Electric power can be delivered over long dis-
tances by transmission lines and used for appli-
cations such as motion, light or heat with high
efficiency
 It is the rate of doing work, represented by the
letter P.
 The term wattage is used colloquially to mean
"electric power in watts." The electric power in
watts produced by an electric current I consist-
ing of a charge of Q coulombs every t seconds
passing through an electric potential (voltage)
difference of V is
 Work done per unit time
𝑉∙𝑄
𝑃=
𝑡 P=𝑉∙𝐼
where
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts
Since I=𝑄 ⁄𝑡
therefore P = V x I
Power = Voltage X current
 Electric power measured with SI unit watt, one
joule per second.
1.1.6 Relation between various parameters:
Youtube: Infinity Academy
P a g e |9
1.1.7 Real power or true power or active power
 The actual amount of power being used, or dis-
sipated, in a circuit is called Real power
 it is measured in watts or kilowatts (kW)
symbovlized by the capital letter P.
It is vmathematically given by
P = 𝑉 ∙ 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
1.1.8 Apparent power:
 The combination of reactive power and true
power is called apparent power
 it is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current,
without reference to phase angle.
 It is measured in volt-ampere or kilo volt-ampere
(VA or kVA)
 symbolized by the capital letter S.
 It is mathematically given by
 When the circuit is pure resistive, then apparent
power is equal to real or true power.
S=P
 In inductive or capacitive circuit with reactance
then apparent power is greater than real or true
power.
S>P
1.1.9 Reactive power:
 The power which flows back and forth that
means it moves in both the directions in the cir-
cuit or reacts upon itself, is called Reactive
Power.
 XIt is measured in in kilo volt-ampere reactive
(kVAR) or MVAR.
 Symbolized by the capital letter Q.
 It is mathematically given by
Q = V ∙ Isinθ
t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411
Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 10

 Resistance of material is depends on various

factor

 Resistors are passive components which op-

poses the flow of current.
 Resistance of material is given by
𝑙
𝑅=ρ
𝐴
Where ρ :- resistivity of material in Ωm
l :- effective length of material in m
𝑄 = 𝐼 2 𝑋𝐿 A :- cross section area of material m2
 Reactive power is also known as: phantom  Its unit is ohm (Ω).
power.  Resistance value is directly proportional to
 Reactive power gets energy moving back into length of material
the grid during the passive phases. 𝑅∝ 𝑙
 the relationship among real, reactive and appar-  Resistance value is inversely proportional to
ent power is: cross sectional area of material
1
𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄2 𝑅∝
𝐴
 The relationship between real power, reactive  Resistance value is depends on temperature of
power and apparent power can be expressed by material .
representing the quantities as vectors.  Resistance value is depends on material used.
 This representation is often called the power tri-
angle. 1.2.2 Resistivity of material
 Real and reactive powers can also be calculated 𝑅𝐴
ρ=
directly from the apparent power, when the cur- 𝑙
rent and voltage are both sinusoids with a  Unit of resistivity is ohm meter (Ωm)
known phase angle θ between them:  Resistivity is reciprocal of conductivity
 The ratio of real power to apparent power is 1.2.3 Conductance :
called power factor and is a number always be-
 Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance
tween 0 and 1. 1
 Where the currents and voltages have non-si- G=
𝑅
nusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to  Property of material to allow current is called
include the effects of distortion. conductance
 It is represented by G
1.2. Important elements of electrical circuit/network
 It is measured in Siemen or mho ( ℧)
1.2.1. Resistance :  According to Ohm's law R=V/I
 It is property of material to oppose flow of cur-  It is use to control the current.
rent  It is use to provide desired voltage.
 Measured in ohm (Ω)  It opposes the flow of current.
 Represented by R and symbol is
1.2.4 Types of resistors :
 There are two method to measure the value of
resistor.
 Constructional value of resistance :

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 11

1. Using digital multimeter  1st band is the first digit of the resistance value
2. Color Coding Method  2nd band is the second digit of the resistance
value
1.2.5 Color-code
 3rd band is the multiplier (number of zeros)
Bands on a Resistor  4th band indicates the tolerance
 This coding is used for 5%, 10%, and 20% toler-
ance resistors

Key : B. B. ROY Great Britain Very Good Wife

Resistor values by Coding numbers

R- used to indicate Ω K- used to indicate Kilo Ω.

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 12

M- used to indicate Mega Ω.  Capacitance value is inversely proportional to

F- ±1% G- ±2% distance between two plates
𝟏
J- ±5% K- ±10% 𝐶∝
𝑑
Position of alphabet indicate decimal point.
E.g. 5M5 1.2.7 Functions of Capacitors
5 . 5 M = 5.5M Ω  It stores the charges.
 It allow the AC supply.
1.2.6 Capacitance (C)
 It block DC supply.
 Capacitors are passive components which are
 It removes ripples from dc source.
able to store the charges.
 It is use as a filter.
 Measured in farad (F)
 Capacitance is property of capacitor. 1.2.8 Types of capacitors
 Its unit is Farad, and it is given by Capacitor
𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉
Where Q-Charges on the plate in Coulomb,
Fixed Variable
V- Potential on capacitor in volts
 Capacitor allows AC and block DC. Ceramic
 A capacitor consists of two metal plates sepa- Mica
Electrostatic Electrolyte
Plastic
rated by a dielectric.
Tantalum Ceramic Paper
 The dielectric can be made of many insulating
Aluminum Air
materials such as air, glass, paper, plastic etc.
Mica
 A capacitor is capable of storing electrical
Plastic
charge and energy.
 Higher the value of capacitance, the more  Electrolytic capacitors have polarity (positive
charge the capacitor can store. and negative terminals)
 Represented by C and symbol is  Electrostatic do not have polarity

1.2.9 Function of capacitors :

 It is property of capacitor to store charges
 Pass AC and block DC signal
 Depends on construction capacitor value is
given by, 1.2.10 Inductance (L)
 measured in Henry (H)
 It is property of inductor to oppose any variation
in current.
 It allow DC and block AC.
 Energy sored by inductor is given by
1
𝐸 = 𝐿 𝐼2
Structure of capacitor 2
E- energy stored in Joules
Capacitance value depends on various factor
L- inductance value in Henry
𝛆𝐀
𝐶= I -current flows in ampere
𝑑
Where ε -: dielectric constant ,  Represented by L and symbol is
A -: common area of plate in m2,
d -: Distance between two plates in m.
 Capacitance value is directly proportional to di-
 Inductor: passive elements possesses induct-
electric constant
ance
𝐶∝ 𝛆
 Capacitance value is directly proportional to
common area of plates
𝐶∝𝐴

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 13

𝜇 = 𝜇 0𝜇 r relative permeability 𝜇 r =1
𝜇 0 - absolute permeability
𝜇 r -relative permeability
 Permeability-degree of magnetization of mate-
rial
 Inductance value is directly proportional to
cross sectional area of former
𝐿 ∝𝐴
 Inductance value is directly proportional to
square of number of turns of coil
𝐿 ∝ 𝑁2
 Inductance value is inversely proportional to av-
erage length of coil
1
𝐿 ∝
𝑙
Application:
 Tuning circuits.
 Sensors.
 Inductance depends on various factor
 Store energy in a device.
𝜇𝐴𝑁 2
𝐿=  Induction motors.
𝑙
Where L –inductance in henry  Transformers.
μ- permeability of core material (absolute)  Filters.
A – cross sectional area of former in m2  Chokes.
N- number of turns in coil  Ferrite beads.
l – average length of coil in m

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 53

6. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. Find the current in the circuit.

A 150V B 181.6V C 27.27V D 54.48V

5. If there are two bulbs connected in series

A1A B2A C3A D4A and one blows out, what happens to the other
bulb?
2. In a series circuit, which of the parameters A The other bulb continues to glow with the
remain constant across all circuit elements same brightness
such as resistor, capacitor and inductor etcet- B The other bulb stops glowing
era? C The other bulb glows with increased bright-
A Voltage ness
B Current D The other bulb also burns out
C Both voltage and current
D Neither voltage nor current 6. Field lines move from __________
A. North to south B. South to north
3. Voltage across the 60ohm resistor is______ C. West to east D. East to west

7. A voltage across a series resistor circuit is

proportional to?
A The amount of time the circuit was on for
B The value of the resistance itself
C The value of the other resistances in the cir-
cuit
D The power in the circuit

8. Many resistors connected in series will?

A 72V B 0V C 48V D 120V A Divide the voltage proportionally among all
the resistors
4. Find the voltage across the 6 ohm resistor. B Divide the current proportionally

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 54

C Increase the source voltage in proportion to 14. The current in each branch of a parallel cir-
the values of the resistors cuit is proportional to _________
D Reduce the power to zero A The amount of time the circuit is on for
B Proportional to the value of the resistors
9. What is the voltage measured across a se- C Equal in all branches
ries short? D Proportional to the power in the circuit
A Infinite
B Zero 15. Calculate the total current in the circuit.
C The value of the source voltage
D Null

10. What happens to the current in the series

circuit if the resistance is doubled?
A It becomes half its original value
B It becomes double its original value
C It becomes zero A 20 A B 10 A C 11.43 A D 15 A
D It becomes infinity
16. The voltage across the open circuit is?
11. If two bulbs are connected in parallel and
one bulb blows out, what happens to the other
bulb?
A The other bulb blows out as well
B The other bulb continues to glow with the
same brightness
C The other bulb glows with increased bright-
ness
D The other bulb stops glowing A 100V B Infinity C 90V D 0V

12. Magnetic field lines ___________ at the north 17. The voltage across the short is?
pole.
A. Emerge
B. Converge
C. Neither emerge nor converge
D. Either emerge or converge

13. In a parallel circuit, with a number of resis-

tors, the voltage across each resistor is
________
A 135V B Infinity C Zero D 11.25V
A The same for all resistors
B Is divided equally among all resistors
18. If the current through x ohm resistance in
C Is divided proportionally across all resistors
the circuit is 5A, find the value of x.
D Is zero for all resistors

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 55

24. The ability of a material to conduct mag-

netic flux through it.
A Permittivity B Reluctivity
C Conductivity D Permeability

25. Batteries are generally connected in______

A Series
B Parallel
C Either series or parallel
A 27 ohm B 5 ohm C 12 ohm D 135 ohm
D Neither series nor parallel

19. The currents in the three branches of a par-

26. In a _________ circuit, the total resistance is
allel circuit are 3A, 4A and 5A. What is the cur-
greater than the largest resistance in the cir-
rent leaving it?
cuit.
A 0A
A Series
B Insufficient data provided
B Parallel
C The largest one among the three values
C Either series or parallel
D 12A
D Neither series nor parallel

20. What is the strength of magnetic field known

27. In a ____________ circuit, the total re-
as ________
sistance is smaller than the smallest re-
A. Flux B. Density
sistance in the circuit.
C. Magnetic strength D. Magnetic flux density
A Series
B Parallel
21. It is preferable to connect bulbs in series or
C Either series or parallel
in parallel?
D Neither series nor parallel
A Series
B Parallel
28. Which is the most cost efficient connec-
C Both series and parallel
tion?
D Neither series nor parallel
A Series
B Parallel
22. According to Flemming’s left hand rule, the
thumb denotes? C Either series or parallel
A. Direction of magnetic field D Neither series nor parallel
B. Direction of current
C. Direction of force 29. Calculate the equivalent resistance be-
D. Direction of force as well as current tween A and B.

23. What is the strength of magnetic field known

as ________
A. Flux B. Density
C. Magnetic strength D. Magnetic flux density

A 2 ohm B 4 ohm C 6 ohm D 8 ohm

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 66

ANSWER KEY

Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A Q A

1 B 26 A 51 B 76 C 101 A 126 A
2 B 27 B 52 D 77 A 102 B 127 A
3 B 28 A 53 A 78 A 103 A 128 C
4 C 29 B 54 C 79 C 104 B 129 D
5 B 30 A 55 B 80 A 105 C 130 D
6 A 31 B 56 A 81 A 106 D 131 C
7 B 32 C 57 B 82 B 107 C 132 A
8 A 33 A 58 A 83 A 108 A 133 A
9 B 34 A 59 C 84 B 109 C 134 A
10 A 35 A 60 B 85 A 110 B 135 C
11 B 36 B 61 B 86 A 111 A 136 B
12 A 37 D 62 C 87 D 112 D 137 A
13 A 38 B 63 C 88 A 113 C 138 B
14 B 39 B 64 A 89 C 114 C 139 C
15 C 40 A 65 C 90 C 115 A 140 C
16 A 41 C 66 B 91 B 116 D 141 D
17 C 42 D 67 B 92 C 117 D 142 D
18 A 43 B 68 B 93 D 118 C 143 A
19 D 44 B 69 A 94 A 119 D 144 A
20 D 45 A 70 B 95 A 120 B 145 B
21 B 46 D 71 B 96 D 121 A 146 D
22 C 47 A 72 C 97 B 122 C 147 B
23 D 48 B 73 B 98 A 123 A
24 D 49 A 74 A 99 C 124 A
25 A 50 A 75 B 100 C 125 B

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 67

2. NETWORK ANALYSIS

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411

Electrical Engineering - Mahataransco / Mahametro Exam P a g e | 68

CHAPTER 1
BASICS OF NETWORK

A R1 B C2
INTRODUCTION TO Network
 Any arrangement of various electrical energy
sources along with the different circuit elements is + +
V1 L3 V2
called an electrical network. - -
 Means to find a current through or voltage across
any branch of the network by using fundamental F E D
laws and various simplification techniques. Fig-ABEFA, ABCDEFA, BCDEB.

Network element Circuit Elements

 Any individual of circuit element with two terminals  Resistance, capacitance and inductance.
which can be connected to offer circuit element is Resistance
called a network element. I R

 Network element can be either aclive element or

V
passive element.
 It is the property of material by which is oppose the
 Active elements are the element all the element
how of current through it symbol R means used in
which supply power or energy to the network. Volt-
Ω
age source or energy to the network voltage
 Relation between voltage and current is given by
source or current source are the examples of ac-
ohms law
tive elements.
V=R.I
 Passive elements are the elements which either
 Resister dissipates energy in the form of heat so
store energy or dissipate energy in the form of
power absorbed by the resister is given by,
heat.
𝑉2
Branch 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = (𝐼𝑅). 𝐼 = 𝐼 2 . 𝑅 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑅
 A part of the network which connects the various  Resistance concrete amount of energy into heat
points of the network with one another is called a during time t,
branch eg Is given by, t
𝑡 𝑡
Node: (Junction point) 𝑊 = ∫𝑜 𝑝. 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑜 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑡 Joules
 A point where three or our branches meet is called  Resistance of a material is directly proportional to
a node eg. B its length and inversely proportional to the area of
Mesh: (Loop) cross section.
 A set of branches forning a closed path in a net- 𝑙
𝑅𝛼
work in such a way that one branch removed then 𝐴
𝑙
remaining branches do not form closed path. 𝑅𝛿
𝐴
 A closed path which originates from a particular
𝛿 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
node, terminating at the same node, travelling
𝑙 ⟹ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
though various other nodes without travelling 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.
through any node twice

Capacitance

Youtube: Infinity Academy t.me/infinityelectrical 7887811411