Body part Type of joint Type of movement

Neck, cervical, spine Pivotal Flexion: Bring chin to rest on chest

Extension: Return head to erect position
Hyperextension: Bend head back as far as possible
Lateral flexion: Tilt head as far as possible toward each shoulder
Rotation: Turn head as far as possible in circular movement.
Shoulder Ball & socket Flexion: Raise arm from side position forward to position above head
Extension: Return arm to position at side of body.
Hyperextension: Move arm behind body, keeping elbow straight
Abduction: Raise arm to side to position above head with palm away from
head.
Adduction: Lower arm sideways and across body as far as possible.
Internal rotation: With elbow flexed, rotate shoulder by moving arm until
thumb is turned inward and toward back.
External rotation: With elbow flexed, move arm until thumb is upward and
lateral to head.
Circumduction: Move arm in full circle (Circumduction is combination of all
movements of ball-and-socket joint.)
Elbow Hinge Flexion: Bend elbow so lower arm moves toward its shoulder joint and hand
is level with shoulder.
Extension: Straighten elbow by lowering hand.
Forearm Pivotal Supination: Turn lower arm and hand so palm is up
Pronation: Turn lower arm so palm is down
Wrist Condyloid Flexion: Move palm toward inner aspect of forearm.
Extension: Move fingers and hand posterior to midline
Hyperextension: Bring dorsal surface of hand back as far as possible
Abduction: Place hand with palm down and extend wrist laterally toward fifth
finger
Adduction: Place hand with palm down and extend wrist medially toward
thumb.
Fingers Condyloid hinge Flexion: Make fist.
Extension: Straighten fingers.
Hyperextension: Bend fingers back as far as possible
Abduction: Spread fingers apart
Adduction: Bring fingers together
Thumb Saddle Flexion: Move thumb across palmar surface of hand
Extension: Move thumb straight away from hand.
Abduction: Extend thumb laterally (usually done when placing fingers in
abduction and adduction).
Adduction: Move thumb back toward hand
Opposition: Touch thumb to each finger of same han
Hip Ball & socket Flexion: Move leg forward and up.
Extension: Move back beside other leg.
Hyperextension: Move leg behind body
Abduction: Move leg laterally away from body.
Adduction: Move leg back toward medial position and beyond if possible
Internal rotation: Turn foot and leg toward other leg
 External rotation: Turn foot and leg away from other leg.
Circumduction: Move leg in circle.
Knee Hinge Flexion: Bring heel back toward back of thigh
Extension: Return leg to floor.
Ankle Hinge Dorsal flexion: Move foot so toes are pointed upward.
Plantar flexion: Move foot so toes are pointed downward.
Foot Gliding Inversion: Turn sole of foot medially.
Eversion: Turn sole of foot laterally.
Toes Condyloid Flexion: Curl toes downward.
Extension: Straighten toes.
Abduction: Spread toes apart

Adduction: Bring toes together

1. It is the maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the three planes of the body.
A. Mobility
B. Range of motion
C. Gait
D. Exercise and activity

Answer: B. RANGE OF MOTION

Rationale: Range of motion (ROM) is the maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the three planes of
the body: sagittal, transverse, or frontal.

2. What type of joint is fits this description oval head of one bone fits into a shallow
cavity of another bone; flexion–extension and abduction–adduction can occur?
A. Ball-and-socket
B. Condyloid
C. Gliding
D. Hinge

Answer: B. CONDYLOID
Rationale: The condyloid joint is where the oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone; flexion–
extension and abduction–adduction can occur.

3. Which of the following does NOT describe adduction?

A. Move leg laterally away from body.
B. Lower arm sideways and across body as far as possible.
C. Place hand with palm down and extend wrist medially toward thumb.
D. Move leg back toward medial position and beyond if possible.

Answer: A. MOVE LEG LATERALLY AWAY FROM THE BODY

Rationale: Adduction is the lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body and not away. Lateral
movement of a body away from the midline refers to abduction. Option A refers to abduction.
4. What should be assessed when planning patient activities such as walking, ROM exercises or ADLs?
A. Exercise
B. Activity tolerance
C. Activity intolerance
D. Disability

Answer: B. ACTIVITY TOLERANCE

Rationale: Activity tolerance is the type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform without undue
exertion or possible injury. Assessment of activity tolerance is necessary when planning activity such as walking, ROM
exercises, or ADLs.

5. If a patient is observed laterally while standing, how should the spinal curves be aligned?
A. Aligned straight
B. Aligned in an S pattern
C. Aligned in a reversed S pattern
D. None of the above.

Answer: C. ALIGNED IN A REVERSED S PATTERN

Rationale: In standing, when observed laterally, the head is erect, and the spinal curves are aligned in a reversed S
pattern.

6. A characteristic of correct alignment when one sits is observed when

A. The body weight is distributed evenly on the buttocks and thighs.
B. The body weight is distributed the buttocks only.
C. The body weight is distributed on the thighs only.
D. None of the above

Answer: A. THE BODY WEIGHT IS DISTRIBUTED EVENLY ON THE BUTTOCKS AND THIGHS
Rationale: The body weight being distributed evenly on the buttocks and thighs is a characteristic of correct alignment
when one sits.

7. How should you assess a bedridden patient’s body alignment?

A. Prone position
B. Lateral position
C. Supine position
D. Assist the patient standing to measure accurately

Answer: B. LATERAL POSITION

Rationale: Assess body alignment for a patient who is immobilized or bedridden with the patient in the lateral position.

8. Which of the following abnormal findings would be the result if inspection is utilized during assessment?
A. Generalized edema
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Joint contracture
D. Distended bladder or abdomen

Answer: B. INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE

Rationale: In respiratory system, abnormal findings in inspection include asymmetrical chest wall movement, dyspnea,
increase respiratory rate.
9. Which of the following abnormal findings is NOT a part of the musculoskeletal system?
A. Decreased range of motion
B. Joint contracture
C. Activity intolerance
D. Asymmetrical chest wall movement

Answer: D. ASYMMETRICAL CHEST WALL MOVEMENT

Rationale: Asymmetrical chest wall movement is an abnormal finding found under the respiratory system.

10. Which abnormal finding is NOT found under the cardiovascular system?
A. Peripheral edema
B. Generalized edema
C. Orthostatic hypotension
D. Weak peripheral pulses

Answer: B. GENERALIZED EDEMA

Rationale: Generalized edema is an abnormal finding found under the metabolic system.