Which of the following statements about albumin is ‘rue: 4. affects drug halflife 2. Has antifibrinolytc propertios 3. It's plasma concentration is 3.5 - 5.5 gid 4. Has a halffe of 40 days 2. Which ofthe following statements about haptoglobin Is tru Binds free hemoglobin in the plasma Its an alfa 2 globulin Used to monitor hemolysis. High levels of haptoglobin are found in hemolysis 3. High ESR Is found in the following situation: Pregnancy Nephrotic syndrome Hyperfibrinogenemia, Aspirin use 4. choose the right statements about hematocrit: Increases in burns. Decrease in pregnancy In newbom its 55% Its a measure of total body RBC mass, 5. Choose the right statements about viscosity: 1. The relation between hematocrit and viseasty Is linear 2. Increases in anemia 3. Higher levels in female than male 4. Atnormal hematocrit the relative viscosity is 3-4 3. The following are inflammatory tests: 1. Hematocrit 2. ESR 3. Reticulocyte index 4. Fibrinogenemia 7. C reactive protein: 4. Isan acute phase protein 2. Promotes phagocytosis by macrophages 3. Rises in 4-6 and peaks at 48 hours after the onset of inflammation 4. Used as a specific marker of inflammation 8. Complement system: 1. Are activated by antigens found on bacteria or by ‘antigen antibody complex 2. Role is cell ysis through the formation of MAC complex 3. Role in opsonization, chemotaxis and inflammation 4. Are gamma globulins . Ceruloplasmin: 1. Negative acute phase protein 2. Main copper carrying protein (70%) 3. Oxidises fertic ron to ferrous iron 4. Is analfa 2 globulin 10. Alfa 2 macroglobulin: 1. Has fibrinolytic properties 2. Has anticoagulant properties 3. Largest major immunoglobulin protein 4. Inhibits trypsin released from immune cells 11. Alfa 1 antitrypsin: 1. Produced by the lungs 2. Protects the lungs from neutrophil elastase 3. Role in opsonization 4. Acute phase protein 12. Albumin: 1. Hepatic synthesis of albumin is strongly enhanced by a high plasma colloid osmoticpressure 2. High concentration in pregnancy 3. Albumin to globulin ratio less than 1 4. Transports fatty acids 13. Hematocrit: 1, Arterial blood has higher Ht than venous blood 2. Splenic blood has a ht of 45% 3. AL2 month of age the ht is about 55% 4, 0,81 correction factor is needed when Na oxalate is used Biconcave disk shape REC facilitates roulaux formation, Products of tissue damage decrease ESR Mactocytes sediment more rapidly than microcytes. 1 2 3 4 Blood volume: Lowers after 15 minutes of effort Lowers after 15 miutos of cinostatism Can be determend by Cr51 marked RBCS Represents 15% of the body weight s 60 mmHg we have > 90% HbO2 saturation ‘at PO2= 45 mmHg we have 75% HbO2 saturation ‘at PO2= 20 mmHg we have 35% HbO2 saturation (/1 exercising mm.) 36, The following statements about CO2 are true: 4. Is transported in small quantities as carbonic acid and ‘carbonate 2. Is bound to Hb as carbamino Hb 3. When increase it cause hypercapnia, acidosis and dopression of CNS. 4. Increases the Hb affinity for 0237. The following statements about ABO antigens are true: 4. Ogroup: H substance with a terminal L-fucose 2. Agroup: Galnac= N-acetyl galactosamine 3. Bgroup: Gal= D-galactose 4. Ablood group presents A aglutinins The following statements are tru ‘Serotonin is a vasodilator Endothelin 1 is the most powerful vasoconstrictor Vascular spasm is indirectly related with the degree of vessel injury 4. Vasodiatation can occur in the neighboring vessels 2. Choose the right statement about platelets: 1. produced in bone marrow by fragmentation of ‘megakaryocytes 4,000 platelets are made from each megakaryocyte time intorval from differentiation of the stom cell to the production of platelets is about 10 days 4. Normal count: 150,000 - 400,000 / mt. 3. Alfa granules: 1. Are dense granules 2. Contain fibrinogen 3. Contain serotonin 4. Contain WF 4. Dense granules contain: 4. Serotonin 2. ca 3. ADP 4. PDGF 5. Open membrane canalicular system: 1. Are composed of actin and myosin flaments 2. facilitates the release of granules 3. Contain calcium 4 provides a large reactive surface on which plasma Coagulation proteins may be selectively absorbed 6. Platelet adhesion: 1. Ismediated by WWF 2. Is made through Gp tovia 3. Directly to collagen through Gp lal 4. Bind to fibronectin and laminin rough Gp leMla 7. The following statements are true about Von Willebrand Factor: 1. Are stored in alpha granules in the platelets 2. Are stored in Welbel-Palade bodies in the endothelial cells 3, They stabilise factor Vi 4. Its deficiency increases both bleeding time and cloting time 8. Choose the right statements about platelet activation: 1. Involves the activation of phospholipase C and an influx ofcazt 2. use cyclooxygenase (COX) fo iniate the ‘breakdown of arachidonic acid (AA) to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) 3. Is marked cytoskeletal and morphotogical changes 4. Activated platelets exocytose the contents oftheir granules 9. Choose the right statements about platelet aggregation: 1. Is induced by ADP, serotonin, Thromboxan 2. Is mediated by Gp libilla 3. Is inhibited by Aspirin and clopidogrel 4. Is stimulated by Pel2 10. The following are tests for platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis): 1. Clotting time 2. Bleeding time 3. Quick time (prothrombin time) 4. Platelet count and Mean Platelet Volume 11. The following statements are true: 1. The body promotes an prothrombotic state undamaged endothelial cells 2. Endothelial cots produce antitrombin Il and thrombomodulin 3. coagulation cascades occur in the fuid phase of the blood 4. extrinsic pathway is activated when blood comes in contact with tissue factor 12. Prothrombinase is composed 1 xa 2 Va 3. ca 4. Vila 13, HMWK: 1. Are product of platelets 2. Assists the conversion of factor Xl o factor Xia 3. Binds XIl, XI and prekaltkrein 4. Are essential in the extrinsic pathway 14, Tena: 1. Is composed of Tissue factor, Vila and Ca 2. Is composed of IXa, Villa, Ca and phospholipids 3. Activates factor X 4. Is composed of Xa, Va and calcium 15. thrombit 1, Is Vitamin K dependent 2. Activated by Xa, Va, calcium and phospholipid complex 3. Activated platelets through PAR-1 4. Activates factor XI! ‘Thrombin: ‘causes endothelial cals to release nic oxide, prostaglandin I2, ADP, VWF, and tissue plasminogen activator 2. Inhibits platelots through PAR-1 3. activates factor XII 4. combines with thrombomodulin and inactivates protein 17. Which of the following statements are true: 1. coagulation depends largely on the intrinsic pathway 2. The tenase of the extrinsic pathway activates factor IX and X! 3. tssue factor is normally present in intravascular colls 4. factors IXa and Xa can activate factor Vi18. 20. 2, Choose the right statements about Anticoagulant factors: tissue factor pathway inhibitor blocks factor Vila ‘Antithrombin Ill binds to and inhibits factor Xa and thrombin ‘Thrombomodulin removes thrombin from circulation Protein C together with protein § inhibit factor V and factor Vil . Heparin: Increases 100x to 1000x its anticoagulant potency when iteombines with antithrombin Is made by mast cells and basophils ‘Together with antithrombin Il inhibits thrombin and factors IX X XI Xil Used as a pharmacological agent to prevent intravascular dotting Clot retraction: Within a few minutes after a clot is formed, it begins to ‘contract through the interaction of actin and myosin in the platelets Platelets are necessary for clot retraction to occur Clot contraction is activated and accelerated by thrombin ‘and calcium Use thrombosthenin found in platelets The following statements are true about fibrinolysis: ‘begins with the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin Plasminogen is activated by t-PA and w-PA Plasmin breaks down factor |, Vl, XI CCatecholamines and bradykinin increase the levels of PA ‘The following statements are true about fibrinolysis. regulation: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is produced ‘mainly by endothelial cells and complexes with and Inhibits {PA and uPA PAL-2 produced by the placenta and inhibits U-PA is Important in pregnancy ‘2-antiplasmin inactivates plasmin that isnot bound to fibrin Protein C activates PAI-1 PAL2 Wich of the following are vasoconstrictor ‘Thromboxane AZ Serotonin Endothelin 1 Prostacyclin |. Increased tissue pressure: Contributes to hemostasis by decreasing transmural pressure ‘Transmural pressure is the main determinant of blood vessel radius If the vessel radius is decreased by a factor of 2, the blood flow will be decreased by a factor of 16 Determined by blood extravasation into the interstitial perivascular space 26. 27. 28, aeons 2 3 4 . The following statements are tru Choose the right statement about platelets: ‘Ace controled by thrombopoietin, IL-6, IL-3, Vit 812, GM- csr Halfsite 8-12 days ‘More than 50% are eliminated by the macrophages of the spleen Express HPA1-5, ABO and HLA class | antigens on the surface Choose the right statement about platelets: ‘Are nucleated dicold shape cells Become active before damage occur to the vessel “They lack an aeobic metabolism ‘Young platelets spend up to 36 hrs. in spleen after rolease from bone marrow ‘The contractile protein complex system is composed of ‘Actin, myosin Thrombostenin Fibrin, flamin Microtubules ‘The following trigger the releas factor: High shear Hipoxia ‘Stress and exercise ‘Adrenaline and Thrombin of Von Willebrand ‘The following are tests for primary hemostasis: WT assay Platelet membrane receptors/glycoproteins Bleeding time Platelet granule content ‘The following statements are tru ‘a higher proportion of platelets is present in clots ofthe arterial circulation a higher proportion of fibrin is present in clots of the venous circulation ‘blood clot is composed of platelets and fibrin, including ‘entrapped erythrocytes, leukocytes, and serum ‘a thrombus is an intravascular blood clot Endothelial cells produce: Von Willebrand Factor Tissue plasminogen activator Prostacyclin 12 Tee UPA should combine with uPAR for it to convert plasminogen to plasmin Thrombin stimulate the release of t-PA therefore promotes fibrinolysis Alfa 2 macroglobulin inhibit plasmin therefore itis antifibrinalytic Alfa 2 antiglasmin fibrinolytic efectis greatly reduced when plasmin is attached to fibrin‘The comea: Has no blood vessels Has a dioptric power of 16 \Very well innervated by the trigeminal nerve Dioptric power is variable 2. The following statements are true: 1. Myosis is a sympathetic reflex which contracts the racial ‘muscles ofthe iis Myosis is a parasympathetic reflex which contracts the Circular muscles of te iris 3. Pupillary ight reflex is a sympathetic rofex 4. Pupilar light reflex uses cranial nerve Ill as an efferent pathway 3. Cillary body: 1. Produces vitreous humor 2. Fromits anterior part suspensory ligaments pass to the lens. 3. Its muscles are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system 4. Contraction of the muscles increase the dioptric power of thelens 4. Aqueous humor: 1. Gives nutrients for avascular tissues (cornea, lens, trabecular meshwork) 2. Presents antibocies 3. 90% is absorbed through the trabecular meshwork than passed to the Schiemm’s canal 4. Mydrasis loosens the flow Intraocular pressure: ‘Normal is approximately 20 mm Hig 2. _ Increases if there is increase in reabsorption 3. fit increase it can lead to glaucoma wich left untreated. can cause blindness: IWincreases more frequently due to increase in production 6. Accomodation: 41. Old people have the near point closer than young adults 2. Is the function ofthe eye that enables ito focus images. Situated between 7m and 10 cm on theretina 3, Itdve to changes in the dioptric power of the comes 4. Near vision accommodation is @ parasympathetic reflex 7. Which of the following statements are true: 1. Focal power isthe reciprocal of focal length 2. The refractive apparatus of the eye has a total focal power of 60D 3. The erystalin can increase its focal power up to 12-14 D 4. As a distant object moves toward the eye, the number (of PS impuisos impinging on the cilary muscle 8. The following statements about crystalline are tru {In Presbyopia the lens loses its accomodation power In distant vision the lens get flattened In cataract the lons gots opac ortrocton of te cliry uncle make the fn more al 9. Vitreous body: Fills the anterior chamber Is secreted by the cary body Water and dissolved substances diffuse rapidly itcontains a few macrophages and hyalocytes 10. The following statements are true: 1. the emmetropic eye can see al distant objects clearly with its ciliary muscle contracted 2. Hypermetropia is corrected with a concave lens (Myopia is corrected with a convex lens 4. Astigmatism is due to uneven curvature of the comea ‘and is Corrected with eylingrical lens 11. The following statements are true about retin 1. The anterior portion is nonsensitive and lies over the ciliary body 2. Itls vasculartsed by the choroid plexus 3. The posterior portion isthe functional, optical portion 4. Contains bipolar cols, 12. Pigmented cells: 1. Phagocytic role forthe photoreceptor outer segments membranes 2. Are the inner most layer of the retina 3. Help the renewal process of the photoreceptors 4. Are first to absorb photons 13. Horizontal cel 1. Synapse in the inner plexiform layer 2. Interconnect photoreceptors and bipolar celis 3. Outputs of horizontal cells are stimulatory 4. Responsible for high contrast through lateral inhibition 14. Amacrine cells: 1, Ate located in the inner plexiform layer 2. Are photoreceptors, 3. Interconnecting bipolar cells to ganglion cells 4. They have axons: 15. Bipolar coll: ‘Ate located in the out 1 nuclear layor 2. They are the second order neuron of the optic pathway 3. Receive input from pigmented colls 4. Pass the input to ganglion cells and amacrine Ganglion cells: ‘Ace located near the inner surface ofthe retina their axons form the optic nerve fibres are the second order neuron of the optic pathway Use action potentials to speed visual information along theiraxons, 1 2 3. 4 17. Photoreceptors: 1. Rods are fewer than cones 1:16 ‘Theie inner segment contains nucleus, mitochonde synthesize photopigments, 3. Their outer segments contain Na K pump 4. The outer segments contains cGMP dependent Na channels418. The following statements are true about photoreceptors: 1. Atthe fovea there are just cones 2. Atthe fovea there are cones and rods 3. Atthe periphery there are more rods than cones 4. Atthe fovea many cones synapse to one bipolar cell 419. The following statements are true about phototransduction: 1. Isa process that converts light to electrical signals 2. Light anstorm all rans retinal to 11 cis retinal 3. _alltrans- retinal must be transported to the pigment cell layer for the photopigments to be regenerated 4 nne der retinas bound te opsinin heal rans retina 20. The following statements are true: 1. Cones contain the pigment Rhodopsin 2. Cones are responsible for photopic vision 3. Light depolarse the photopigments 4. Rods have a steady state potential of 40 mV 21. The following statements are tru 1. MetathodopsinIlis the active form of opsin 2. Metarhodopsin Il inhibits transducin 3. Phosphodiesterase lowers the levels of cGMP 4, Na channels are closed in the dark 22. Inthe dark: 1. Glutamate is released in the synaptic cleft 2. Calcium channels are open 3. phiotoreceptor cells are depolarized at about -40 mV 4. Na channels are open 23. Light and dark adaptation: 1. During light, photopigments are consumed and vitA fs formed 2. During light, vA is consumed and photopigments are: formed, 3. During dark, vitAis consumed and photopigments are formed During dark, photopigments are consumed and vitA is formed 24, The following statements are tru 4. Visual acuity is highest a the level ofthe fovea 2. The optic nerve receive input from both right and left eye 3. Atthe level of the optic chiasm there isa partial crossing of the axons 4. Each optic tract receives input from one of the eyes, 25, The comes 41. Is par of the inner layer of the eye 2. Most powerfull oye lens 3. Isopac 4. The limit between the cornea and the sclera is called limbus 16. The middle layer of the eye (uvea) is composed of is lary body Chorale Retina 27. The following statements are tru 1. Light that stimulares the optic nerve constricts both, puis 2. Normal eye ball length is about 24 mm 3. to focus objects at close range, the eye must contract its ciliary muscle 4. Inhnyperopia the eyebal is too long 28. the following statements are true: 1. the receptive eld ofa foveal ganglion col is small ‘The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve and provide the output ofthe retina to the methathalamus. 3. _nourons ofthe inner layer of rotina are displaced laterally to the side of fovea to minimize ight scattering 4. cone desiy rises outside the fovea 28. the following statements are true: 1. light hyperpolaricee photoreceptor to - 65mV Without ight presence, cGMP i attached to the sodium channel and keeps it open 3. Transcucin activates phosphodiesterase 4, rods have a light threshold that is $00 times lower than cones. 20. the following statements are true about color vision: 1, Dyschromatopsia is produced by the absence of one of| the pigments pprotanopia is the absence of the red pigment deuteranopia isthe absence of the green pigment titanopia is the absence ofthe blue pigment 11. The ability to see so many colors depends on: a separate cone for each wavelength ‘optic nerve fibers for each color visual cortex neurons sensitive to each color difference in simulation of red, green and bive sensitive 32. The following statements are true: Focal power = n2-n1ir ‘The unit ofthe focal power is a diopter (10=1 m™" ‘The refractive indices for comea is 1.378 ‘The dioptric power of the comea is 48.2 D ‘The following statements are true’ “The eustachian tube is found inthe inner ear ‘The stapes is attached to the round window “Tho incus is attached to the tympanic mombrane “The middle earis an air filed cavity Choose the right statements about the inner ear: ‘membranous labyrinth i filed with endolymph 2. The bony labyrinth is fited with perilymph 3. There is no communication between the spaces filed with endolymph and those filed withperilymoh 4. Contains auditary ossicles3. The following statements are true: 1. Scala tympani contains perilymph and ends at the round window ‘Scala vestibul contains endolymph and begins with the oval window ‘Scala media contains endalymph and do not ‘communicate withthe other two scalae 4. Scala media's sparated from the scala tympani by the Reissner's membrane 4, The Corti organ: 41. Is located on the basilar membrane 2. Has three rows of outer hair cals and one row of inner haircel 3. 90-95% ofthe afferent flores leave from the inner hair 4. 5-10% innervate the more numerous outer hi ells 5. Hair eal 1. Inner hair cols are important for sound perception 2. Outer hair celis are important for sound amplification 3. Have a membrane potential of -70mV 4. When the stereociia are pushed away from the kinocium the membrane potential is decreased to ‘about 60 mV. The following statements are true: When the stereocilia are pushed towards the kinocilum the mechano sensitive K channels open Calcium influx releases Glutamate which initiate depolarization of neighboring afferent neurons ‘The acoustic nerve and vestibular nerve form the Vill cranial nerve Fibers atthe base of the cohiea resonates to high frequencies 7. The external ear is composed of: 1. The extemal auditory meatus 2. external auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane (eardrum) 4. auditory tube (eustachian) 8. the middle ear is composed of: auditory ossicles the bony labyrinth ‘eustachian tube vestibule 9. The following statements are true: 1. The fbres at the base of the basilar membrane are short and rigid 2. Fibres become longer as we approach the helicotrema 3. Basilar membrane vibrates directly proportional with ‘sound intensity 4. Outer hair cells are stimulated when the vibration is low 1. The vestibular apparatus is composed of: ticle Saccule ‘Semiciroular ducts Cochiea 2. The following statements are true about utricle and saccule: 1. Macula is found in the urice and saccule 2. _stereocilia and kinocium are embedded in cuticular plate with otolths (CaCO3 crystals) 3. the detect Linear acceleration detection and Head position (gravity) 4. the patch of hair cols in the ubice are horizontal and in the saccule are vertical 3. The following statements are true about utricle and saccule: 1, The stereocilia in the utricle are oriented vertically 2. The stereocila in the sacule are oriented horizontally 3. the kinocla in the utile are oriented toward the strola 4. the kinocla in the saccule are oriented away from the striola| 4. the semicircular canals: 1. Each canal is oriented ina different plane 2. Each canal is maximally sensitive to rotations. perpendicular to the canal plane 3. The anterior and posterior canals are 45 degrees with the anteroposterior plane 4. Detect the rate of head rotation 5. The following statements are true: 1. Depolarization occurs in the SAME direction as the head ‘movement (lft head turn produces depolarization in the left horizontal canal) 2. anterior canals are located at 90° to each other 3. the anterior canals have their kinocilum anterior to the storeoelia 4. the posterior canals have their kinaciium posterior to the stereoelia 6. the vestibular pathway: 1. st order neuron = Scarpa ganglion-axons form the vestibuiar branch of the Vilth cranial nerve 2. 2nd order neuron-vestibular nucie| in the medulla ‘oblongata 3. Sed order neuron-thalamus 4. 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Anadie th tetera bicod pit of 7.30, HE, of 12.0.mbg/L and Po of 25 men He has: Metabolic acidosis, with respiratory compensation 2 Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation 3 - 2. increased alveolar ventlation Ee yea | 4. Metabolic alkalosis, with cespicatory compensation fae 1 52. Phosphate butter system: 1. Is more efficient in plasma than inside the ces 2, Has a higher concentration in the renal tubules € ~ 2 MasapKot 74 4. Has. a modest buffering power 53. The lungs: ilavion 1. Can compensate metabolic alhalows by hyperventilation 2. Can induce respiratory acidosis when alveclar ventilation it 13 un lacbmenatainpelttbersoenae a [ee (Cy 4. Maintain PCQ2 at about 40 mm in the arterial blood .” ‘54. The kidneys can produce new bicarbonate: 4. Invresponse to respiratory alkalosis ~ a erlceen mee Maeraces ce on which plasma coagulation proteins may be selectively absorbed Hpiesheulo” 1 through Gp tale — 7 Pee (LET : send laminin ough Gp fia cies about Von Waebrans Factor A ia granules inthe platelets ~ ms Jade bocies inthe endothelial cols 2 rl fea ant deteging v¢ platelet activation: 3m of phospholipase C and an influx of Ca2+ 0 (COX) inate breakdown of rachidonc acid (A) to tomboxane A2 (TAZ) o% heletal and morphological changes — tg sexocyiose te contents of thet granules <~ teat and elpidogl Fa Poa prewecoe!2/, Uuring an action potential in the nervous fiber: 1. The membrane is highly permeable for Ca?" ‘4 Na® channels activate slowly 3. Alocal graded depolarization occurs & B+ 0 4, The membrane is refractory ae PA fy 18. In chemical synapses, the presynaptic terminal: 1, Has metabotropic receptors 4 2. Has Na” channels involved in exocytosis a 3. Is the site for neuropeptide synthesis D 4. Contains mitochondria 19. Which of the following neurotransmitters has inhibitory effects? 1. Norepinephrine 2. Glycine wi 3. GABA / X& Nis 4. Glutamate , ¥ geno 20, Sarcoplasmic reticulum; egelne 1. Surrounds the myofibrils “4 2. Has Na‘/Ca** exchangers in its membrane ~> " 3. Contains eee and calreticulin E x | 4, Releases Ca” through - epptcncnannel Lea & win 21. Relative to CNS, neural transmission:in NMI hes the FOUCWiNie CTaraesaeiatls 1. NMI fires once in response to one motor nerve AP 2. The area of synaptic contact is small + 3. The transmitter is excitatory ~1. Has a high density of Na+ channels in the membrane 15 rich in neurofilaments |. Contains vesides with neurotransmitter Gg & Can be located in the ganglia of PNS- 3. Astrocytes: 1. Are part of the blood-brain barrier \ 2 Regulate neuronal excitability ; 3. Encveath synapses & A 4. Cannot divide by mitosis Necaras. 4. Which of the following are glial cells of the CNS? A. Microglia! 2. Spiny celts R SI atocyes 4. Entericglial cells 5. Which ofthe fotiowing contribute tothe resting membrane potenti? 1. The electrogenic activity ofthe Nak pump “B Bw 2 Aniher membrane condutance oe than toe 3. The unequal distribution of Na~ and K+ between intra-and extracellular medium 4. The opening of K+ voltage-gated channels 6. The selectivity of diffusion through pore channels is provided by: The-ste of the pores A 1G Z Theelectrical charge of the pores 'Z.The shape of the pores 44, The number of pores/surface wrt 7. The voltage-gated sodium channe!: = J. Is used in the rapid electrical signaling R B.'s opened at the resting membrane potential (-70+-90 mV) FF 3 Masthe inactivation gate closed during the refractory period “A. s activated by lidocaine ‘ 8. The Nae/Ke pump: 1. Is inhibited by ouabaine 2. Pushes 3 Na+ ions to the outside of the cell “3, Is important for controling cell volume: g “a, tsa secondaryactive transport mechanismGlial cells: 1. Can be unipolar 2. Provide support for CNS 3. Produce and transmit AP * C 4 Act as scavengers Myelin 1. Is produced by olygodendrocytes in the PNS £ 2. 15. good electrical insulator 3. Covers the nodes of Ranvier C 4. increases conduction velocity along the axons Na‘ channels of the neuronal membrane: 1. Are dense at the soma ¥ 2. Are well represented in the presinaptic segment ~ “ 3. Are absent in the dendrites G&G D 4. Are very dense at the axon hillock ~ = Inhibitory past-synaptic receptors: 1. Depress membrane conduction for K+ + 2 Raise membrane potential closer to the threshold in response to the specific 3. Provide increased membrane permeability for Ca""~ ‘ 4. Lead to membrane hyperpolarization when activated — in fast chemical synapses: 1. Transmitter molecules are large 2 3. The vesicles with mediator are located further away from t 4 ‘The neurotransmitter is produced in the presynaptic terminal - s Acetylcholine: 1. Isa ionotropic ligand for muscarinic receptors — 2: Cee a te egloic ers ofthe ANS eflerenen26, Utwige and sac 2. Detect angui 2. Are stimulated by 3. Me innervated by the fac 4. Send impulses: that pro 2, tory receptors: ‘Are located on the lateral mucosa of the tongue 2. awe axons that make synagse with dendrites of mitral cells ‘G3 —Arehairy epithelial cells Ph ‘4, Have a rapid adaptation to stimuli, L Sound transmission involves. "a, Themovement of the incus on the oval window “Stimulation of the sericory ceil. ia the organ of Corti vibration of endolimph transmitted to the round window of the basilar membrane Tel} Remix{P 8. Cranial paracympathenc sy 3. Dilated pupils A, Stimulation of the secretion of dig |) 20. Choose the correct answers regarding the neurons: 1. Protein synthesis occurs mainly in the axon 2. Kinesin mediates. the anterograde transport along the axon 3. Impuises flow in neurons in a bidirectional fashion -¢. exe AL The axons of, ostganglionic ANS neurons are unmyelinated ¢ mic ean \p Neue"amount of oxygen that can be caried by hemoglobin ‘combine with 1.3&ynL of oxygen ‘carried by bigbd is cissolved in the plasrra ‘can catty about 20.4 mL of oxygen yy Beis hers . a pentose phosphate pathway t+ ffinty for Hb F and Hb AZ ‘in hypoxia « finity of oxygen to hemoglobin {as an intermediate in its production— about the RBC membrane: { membrane protein with 1 milion copies per cell -~ critically on the CLHCO3 exchanger AE1L~ = i most abundant membrane protein in RBCs, with 200 000 copies per cell — ya disulfonic stilbene known as DIDS .— nertes | OM luctase activity 10 HBO i V8. factor GP on high sialic acid membrane REC + phosphatidyl serine > M3 Lewititey8 ~~ & 1% P: ‘Can have autoreceptors for the neurotransmitter 4) Is covered by myelin in fasttransmission fibers Hep? Exifate . 12. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials: C1. Are produced when Ach binds on muscdFinic receptors 2. Canbe the result of Cl influx. insole mee — | “Za. Are characteristic toast chemical synapses yj Gor fy 2 Stimulate cellular metabolic functions: 13, Which of the following are small molecule neurotransmitters? 1. Glutam ; ; : is Gan MEMNZL wel) i '3 Histamine OP! om ofere for 4 Enkephalin pe pd fe le ne gles to aid dary | Ee 15, The motor units: 1. Have skeletal fibers clustered together in the muscle al om Be Have more excitable fibers when are small 3. Are made of a gamma motor neuron and the adjacent skeletal fibers 4. Are stimulated asynchronously by the spinal cord 16. In the sarcomere of the skeletal muscle: 1. The band contains filaments of actin and myorin— cmly 4<¢in ey_ 2. The ttin molecule extends fom the Z dic tothe Mline 2, gn 3. The A band shortens during contraction 54 fue 4. Troponin T has a strong affinity for tropomyosin 17. In the skeletal muscle, the action potential: 1. Isinitiated by the motor 322. _|s produced by the activation of fast Na+ channels under the action ol/Ac fea” Determines the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum > 4. Is transmitted electrical synapses from one fiber to the other * heer ap gn Ay a ryocat iy. opie2 Since pret pre Ha sgh ay her Ce an ett eg A ematyaNimadadah Otte wen tieg ee EX68.Na++ channels of the neunoral membrane |-are dense at the soma 2-are will represented in the presynaptic segment 3-are absent in the dendrites 4-are ery dense at the axon hillock 69.Electrical synapses in the NS 1-allow the transmition of an AP only in one direction 2-can transmit metabolic signals between the cells 3-make only neuro-neuronal coonexions 4-allow a fast transmission 70.1nhi ory post synaptic receptors: | depress ,e,brane conduction for Cl- raise membrane potential closer to the threshold in respone to the specific ligand provide increased membrane permeability for Ca2+ 4.lead to membrane hyperpolarization when activated 71.Which of the following are small molecules transmitters 1-Ach 2-serotonine 3-dopamine 4-enkephalin 72.1n fast chemical synapses 1-transmitter molecules are large 2-storage is in small vesicles 3- the vesicle with mediator are located further away from the terminal 4-neurotransmitter is produced in the presynap' terminal 73.Ach 1-acts on nicotinic receptors at the neuromascular junction a ionotropic ligand for muscarinic reeeptors 3- is released by pre ganglionic fibers of ANS efference 4-has a methacholine as a precursor 74.Norepinephrine is removed from the secretor sitea) ( Blood tio: : a Sees hasnt ‘of thrombin to prothrombin > twingiated in viva by the TE-Vla-Ca2= complex 3. Inwolves platelet adhesion, activation and agarezation 4 is blocked bythe presence of citrate: 50. A buffer system: 7 1. Acts very rapidly for correcting acid-base imbalances i 2. Canoperate only ata pH close to the pK of the system 3. Can reversibly bind hydrogen ions 4 Ismost efficient in the extracellular fluid ‘51. A pacient with arterial blood pH of 7.30, RCO," of 12.0 mEq/L and Pro. of 25 mm Hg has: L Metabolic acidosis, with respiratory compensation 2. Respiratory sckiosis with metabolic compensation 2 Inereased alveolar ventitation 4, Metabolic alkalosis, with respiratory compensation 52, Phosphate buffer system: 1. Is more efficient in plasma than inside the cells 2. Has.ahigher concentration inthe renal tubules 3. Hasapkot74 «> 4. Hasa modest buffering power 53, The lungs: 1, Can compensate metabolic alkalosis by hyperventilation 2. Can induze respiratory acidosis when abveoar ventilation is decreased 2. Have the same efficiency for correcting pH as the kidneys 4, Maintain PCO2 at about 40 mmbig in the arterial blood 54. The kidneys can produce new bicarbonate: 4. In response to respiratory alkalosis 2. By metabolizing glutamine 55. Hr secretion ky renal tubules: ‘1 Increases when plasma PCO2 increases 2. Depends on renal ammonium-ammonia bulfersysters 3, Favors production of new bicarbonate fi68.Na++ channels of the neunoral membrane |-are dense at the soma 2-are will represented in the presynaptic segment 3-are absent in the dendrites 4-are ery dense at the axon hillock 69.Electrical synapses in the NS 1-allow the transmition of an AP only in one direction 2-can transmit metabolic signals between the cells 3-make only neuro-neuronal coonexions 4-allow a fast transmission 70.1nhi ory post synaptic receptors: | depress ,e,brane conduction for Cl- raise membrane potential closer to the threshold in respone to the specific ligand provide increased membrane permeability for Ca2+ 4.lead to membrane hyperpolarization when activated 71.Which of the following are small molecules transmitters 1-Ach 2-serotonine 3-dopamine 4-enkephalin 72.1n fast chemical synapses 1-transmitter molecules are large 2-storage is in small vesicles 3- the vesicle with mediator are located further away from the terminal 4-neurotransmitter is produced in the presynap' terminal 73.Ach 1-acts on nicotinic receptors at the neuromascular junction a ionotropic ligand for muscarinic reeeptors 3- is released by pre ganglionic fibers of ANS efference 4-has a methacholine as a precursor 74.Norepinephrine is removed from the secretor sitefbsbx.com 37.The lymph flow: . is decreased during breathing in . is increased by the interstitial pressure . is higher below the level of the heart . is increased by the activity of the Pwr 38.Nat+-Ca2+ exchanger : 1, is present in the sarcoplasmic-reticolum of the myocardial fibers 2. decreases the intracellular concentration of ca2+ 3. is a primary active transport system 4. is slowed-down by digitalis 39. Wall tension : 1. is lower in a dilated heart 2. is a major determinant of the myocardial oxygen demand 3. increases when blood pressures rises 4. is lower when the ventricular wall is thick 40) The strength of contraction in the LV : 1. is Fairly evaluated by EF 2. Is decreased when ESV int 3. Depends on the heart rate 4. is increased by Alpha -andrenergic angonists 41) Pressure-volume loop : 1. Is a plot of the phases of the cardiac eycle 2. is used for calculating te 3. Helps evaluating the activity of the heart as a pump 4. is not changed by an increase in afterload ion heat 42) Frank-Starling law of the heart: is a regulatory mechanism intrinsic to the heart | 2. relates to affinity of actin for TaC 3. adjusts the SV to the venous return 4. applies only to upright subjects30.Nat voltage gated channels: 1. are active at a membrane potential below -50mV 2. are involved in the fast electrical signaling 3, are activated by tetrodotoxin 4, at resting membrane potential the channel is closed 31.Edema occurs if: 1. RV ejection fraction is 35% 2. plasma albumin decreases 3. lymphatic vessels are obstructed 4. hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries decreases 32.End systolic volume (ESV): 1. can increase when blood pressure rises 2. never changes with HR 3. equals the difference between EDV and SV 4. is increased by a high EDV in a healthy heart 33.The following are correct about the neurons: 1. protein synthesis mainly takes place in the dendrites 2. the dendrites and cell body the main areas for receiving information 3. axonal transport is not dependent on the microtubules and microfilaments 4, AP are initiated at the axon hillock region