Write short notes on:

- Clay ores.

- Semi-dry and hand moulding process.

- Pfefferkorn plasticity no.

- Selection of refractories.

-Classification of refractories.

- Impurities present in clay ores.

- Traditional ceramics.

- White ware products.

- Properties of refractories.

- Sintering stages.

- Thermo gravimetric analysis (T G A)

- Properties of the slip of casting process.

- Acidic refractories.

- Effect of heat on clays.

- Operations and processes occur on firing ceramic ware.

- Advantages & disadvantages of tunnel kiln.

- Kaolinite and montomrillointe.

- Defects occurring on drying.

- Slip casting.

-Effect of heat on clays.

- Properties of alumino-silicate refractories.

- The raw materials of traditional ceramics.

- Spalling resistance.

- Slag penetrations.

- Monolithic refractories.
 - Defects in extruded clay ware.

- Defects occurring on drying and firing.

a) The melting point of fire clay brick refractory:

- increase with increasing impurity.

- decrease with increasing impurity & decreasing Al2O3.

- increase with decreasing of Al2O3%.

- does not affect by neither impurity nor Al2O3%.

b) One of ceramic constituents is a plastic portion which is provided by:

- feldspar.

- limestone.

- dolomite.

- clay.

c) Workability of clay is essentially due to its:

- sheet structure.

- chemical composition.

- particle size.

d) Black core phenomena appears in case of :

- vaporization or decomposition of organic additives are incomplete.

- drying rate is rapid & constant as water evaporates from the surface, and water from

the interior migrates by capillary action to the surface.

- forming when the clays is moist but has law plasticity.

- firing process in the middle of the tile resulting of non-oxidation of carbon.

In ceramic manufacture, the function - of the flux or glassy material is:

- imparts plasticity & workability.

- affects the mechanical strength.

 - helps in bonding and cementing the ingredients together.

- decrease the thermal conductivity.

c) The melting point of fire clay brick refractory:

- increase with increasing impurity.

- decrease with increasing impurity & decreasing Al2O3.

- increase with decreasing of Al2O3%.

- does not affect by neither impurity nor Al2O3%.

d) Workability of clay is essentially due to its:

- sheet structure.

- chemical composition.

- particle size.

- % of water.

a) Binders are polymers used:

- in slurry processing mixing and used to remove trapped gas bubbles from the slurry.

- to impart strength to green, unfired ceramic body.

- to reduce wear in equipment.

- to cause strength during firing

b) Illite group causes more plasticity than montomorillonite group. ( )

d) Ceramics are inorganic non metallic materials. ( )

e) Cyclone is mainly used in cement industry as solid gas separation. ( )

f) Bioceramics is traditional ceramics. ( )

g) Magnesite is mainly used in the manufacture of acidic refractories. ( )

h) Mica minerals is used in insulation. ( )

i) Potash feldspar is Na2O. Al2O3. 6SiO2. ( )

j) Dense refractories are less attacked by slag than insulation bricks. ( )

k) Insulation refractories lined behind refractory bricks. ( )

l) Vetrification is a viscous liquid phase formed during firing. ( )

m) During drying, pore water is first eliminated. ( )

n) Grog is used to enhance setting. ( )

o) Transported clays are pure and show good plasticity. ( )

a) Transported clays are pure and show good plasticity. ( )

b) Mica minerals is used in insulation. ( )

c) Potash feldspar is Na2O. Al2O3. 6SiO2. ( )

d) Dense refractories are less attacked by slag than insulation bricks. ( )

e) Insulation refractories lined behind refractory bricks. ( )

f) Vetrification is a viscous liquid phase formed during firing. ( )

g) During drying, pore water is first eliminated. ( )

h) An enamel is a glassy coat to a ceramic surface. ( )

i) Illite group causes more plasticity than montomorillonite group. ( )

j) Iron oxides and silica are impurities in clay ores. ( )

k) Ceramics are inorganic non metallic materials. ( )

l) Cyclone is mainly used in cement industry as solid gas separation. ( )

m) Bio ceramics is traditional ceramics. ( )

n) Magnesite is mainly used in the manufacture of acidic refractories. ( )

o) Grog is used to enhance setting. ( )

( ) Dense refractories are more attacked by slag than insulation bricks.

( ) Insulation refractions lined behind refractory bricks.

( ) Verification is a viscous liquid phase formed during drying

( ) During drying, pore water is first eliminated.

( ) Cracks is mainly due to slow evolution of moisture from the body.

( ) Iron oxides and silica are impurities in clay ores.

( ) Ceramics are formed by the action of heat on earthy minerals.

( ) Vetrification is a viscous liquid phase formed during drying.

( ) Dense refractories are more attacked by slag than insulation bricks.

( ) During drying, pore water is first eliminated.

( ) Black core in a ceramic body occurs during Firying.

( ) An enamel is a glassy coat to a ceramic surface.

( ) illite group causes more plasticity than montomorillonite group.

( ) Ceramics are non metals non organic solids.

( ) During drying, pore water is first eliminated.

( ) An enamel is a glassy coat to a ceramic surface.

( ) Insulation refractories lined behind refractory bricks

e) Choose a method to manufacture each of the following: (6 marks)

- Sanitary ware.

- Sewer pipes.

- Wall tiles.
c) How to avoid craks during semi-dry process.

b) Draw and describe a block flow diagram for production of high Alumina,
semi-dry process.

a) Draw and describe a block flow diagram for production of ceramic tiles.

b) Mention raw materials of traditional ceramic and explain the function of

each.

a) Draw a relation between density, shrinkage with respect to pressure

applied to specimen.

b) Choose a method to produce: (8 marks)

- Sanitary ware. - Buildings bricks.

- Sewer pipes. - Wall tiles.