A

SEMINAR PRESENTATION

ON

PATTERN RECOGNITION, APPLICATION AND LIMITATION

PRESENTED BY

UDOTA, EMMANUEL PAUL

REG NO: 19165012

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

HERITAGE POLYTECHNIC, IKOT UDOTA, EKET,
AKWA-IBOM STATE.

June, 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction - - - - - - - - - -3

What is pattern recognition? - - - - - - - -6

Training and Learning in Pattern Recognition - - - - - -

Advantages of pattern recognition - - - - - - - -9
Disadvantages of pattern recognition / Limitations - - - -9
Applications of Pattern recognition - - - - - - -10

Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - -12

Reference

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INTRODUCTION

Pattern recognition can be seen as a classification process. Its ultimate goal is to

optimally extract patterns based on certain conditions and to separate one class from the
others. The application of Pattern Recognition can be found everywhere. Examples
include disease categorization, prediction of survival rates for patients of specific disease,
fingerprint verification, face recognition, iris discrimination, chromosome shape
discrimination, optical character recognition, texture discrimination, speech recognition,
and etc. The design of a pattern recognition system should consider the application
domain. A universally best pattern recognition system has never existed. The basic
components of a pattern recognition system are preprocessing, feature extraction, and
classification. Image pre-processing is a desirable step in every pattern recognition
system to improve its performance. Its role is to segment the interesting pattern from the
background of a given image, plus apply some noise filtering, smoothing and
normalization to correct the image from different errors, such as strong variations in
lighting direction and intensity. Many methods exist for image preprocessing, such as the
Fermi energy-based segmentation method. Feature extraction is a crucial step in invariant
pattern recognition. In general, good features must satisfy the following requirements.
First, intraclass variance must be small, which means that features derived from different
samples of the same class should be close. Secondly, the interclass separation should be
large, i.e., features derived from samples of different classes should differ significantly.
Also, a major problem associated in pattern recognition is the so-called curse of
dimensionality. There are two reasons to explain why the dimension of the feature vector
cannot be too large: firstly, the computational complexity would become too large;
secondly, an increase of the dimension will ultimately cause a decrease of the
performance. For the reduction of the feature space dimensionality, two different
approaches exist. One is to discard certain elements of the feature vector and keep the
most representative ones. This type of reduction is feature selection. Another one is the
feature extraction, in which, the original feature vector is converted to a new one by a

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special transform and the new features have a much lower dimensions. Furthermore, in a
robust pattern recognition system, features should be independent of the size, orientation,
and location of the pattern. This independence can be achieved by extracting features that
are translation-, rotation-, and scale-invariant. Choosing discriminative and independent
features is the key to any pattern recognition method being successful in classification.
Examples of features that can be used: color, shape, size, texture, position, etc. Many
methods exist for this step, such as nonlinear principal components analysis (NLPCA),
Radon transform , dual-tree complex wavelet transform, Fourier transform, Gabor
wavelets, Curvelet transform , skeletonisation, rough set theory (RST), Fuzzy invariant
vector, etc. Some of these methods are reviewed in this paper. After the feature extraction
step, the classification could be done. This step enables us to recognize an object or a
pattern by using some characteristics (features) derived from the previous steps. It is the
step which attempts to assign each input value of the feature vector to one of a given set
of classes. For example, when determining whether a given image contains a face or not,
the problem will be a face/non-face classification problem. Classes, or categories, are
groups of patterns having feature values similar according to a given metric. Pattern
recognition is generally categorized according to the type of learning used to generate the
output value in this step. Supervised learning assumes that a set of training data (training
set) has been provided, consisting of a set of instances that have been properly labeled by
hand with the correct output. It generates a model that attempts to meet two sometimes
conflicting objectives: Perform as well as possible on the training data, and generalize as
well as possible to new data. Unsupervised learning, on the other hand, assumes training
data that has not been hand-labeled, and attempts to find inherent patterns in the data that
can then be used to determine the correct output value for new data instances.
Classification learning techniques include Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multi-class
SVM, Neural Networks, Logical combinatorial approach, Markov random field models
(MRF), Fuzzy ART, CLAss-Featuring Information Compressing (CLAFIC), K-nearest
neighbor, rule generation , etc.

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Pattern is everything around in this digital world. A pattern can either be seen physically
or it can be observed mathematically by applying algorithms.
Example: The colours on the clothes, speech pattern etc. In computer science, a pattern
is represented using vector features values.

WHAT IS PATTERN RECOGNITION ?

Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using machine learning
algorithm. Pattern recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on
knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns and/or
their representation. One of the important aspects of the pattern recognition is its
application potential.

Examples: Speech recognition, speaker identification, multimedia document recognition

(MDR), automatic medical diagnosis.
In a typical pattern recognition application, the raw data is processed and converted into a
form that is amenable for a machine to use. Pattern recognition involves classification
and cluster of patterns.

 In classification, an appropriate class label is assigned to a pattern based on an

abstraction that is generated using a set of training patterns or domain knowledge.
Classification is used in supervised learning.
 Clustering generated a partition of the data which helps decision making, the
specific decision making activity of interest to us. Clustering is used in an
unsupervised learning.

Features may be represented as continuous, discrete or discrete binary variables. A

feature is a function of one or more measurements, computed so that it quantifies some
significant characteristics of the object.
Example: consider our face then eyes, ears, nose etc are features of the face.

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A set of features that are taken together, forms the features vector.
Example: In the above example of face, if all the features (eyes, ears, nose etc) taken
together then the sequence is feature vector([eyes, ears, nose]). Feature vector is the
sequence of a features represented as a d-dimensional column vector. In case of speech,
MFCC (Melfrequency Cepstral Coefficent) is the spectral features of the speech.
Sequence of first 13 features forms a feature vector.

Pattern recognition possesses the following features:

 Pattern recognition system should recognise familiar pattern quickly and accurate
 Recognize and classify unfamiliar objects
 Accurately recognize shapes and objects from different angles
 Identify patterns and objects even when partly hidden
 Recognise patterns quickly with ease, and with automaticity.

TRAINING AND LEARNING IN PATTERN RECOGNITION

Learning is a phenomena through which a system gets trained and becomes adaptable to
give result in an accurate manner. Learning is the most important phase as how well the
system performs on the data provided to the system depends on which algorithms used on
the data. Entire dataset is divided into two categories, one which is used in training the
model i.e. Training set and the other that is used in testing the model after training, i.e.
Testing set.

Training set:
Training set is used to build a model. It consists of the set of images which are used to
train the system. Training rules and algorithms used give relevant information on how to
associate input data with output decision. The system is trained by applying these
algorithms on the dataset, all the relevant information is extracted from the data and
results are obtained. Generally, 80% of the data of the dataset is taken for training data.

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Testing set:
Testing data is used to test the system. It is the set of data which is used to verify whether
the system is producing the correct output after being trained or not. Generally, 20% of
the data of the dataset is used for testing. Testing data is used to measure the accuracy of
the system. Example: a system which identifies which category a particular flower
belongs to, is able to identify seven category of flowers correctly out of ten and rest
others wrong, then the accuracy is 70 %

Real-time Examples and Explanations:

A pattern is a physical object or an abstract notion. While talking about the classes of
animals, a description of an animal would be a pattern. While talking about various types
of balls, then a description of a ball is a pattern. In the case balls considered as pattern,
the classes could be football, cricket ball, table tennis ball etc. Given a new pattern, the
class of the pattern is to be determined. The choice of attributes and representation of
patterns is a very important step in pattern classification. A good representation is one
which makes use of discriminating attributes and also reduces the computational burden
in pattern classification.
An obvious representation of a pattern will be a vector. Each element of the vector can
represent one attribute of the pattern. The first element of the vector will contain the
value of the first attribute for the pattern being considered.

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Example: While representing spherical objects, (25, 1) may be represented as an
spherical object with 25 units of weight and 1 unit diameter. The class label can form a
part of the vector. If spherical objects belong to class 1, the vector would be (25, 1, 1),
where the first element represents the weight of the object, the second element, the
diameter of the object and the third element represents the class of the object.

ADVANTAGES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION:

 Pattern recognition solves classification problems
 Pattern recognition solves the problem of fake bio metric detection.
 It is useful for cloth pattern recognition for visually impaired blind people.
 It helps in speaker diarization.
 We can recognise particular object from different angle.

DISADVANTAGES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION/LIMITATIONS:

 Syntactic Pattern recognition approach is complex to implement and it is very
slow process.
 Sometime to get better accuracy, larger dataset is required.
 It cannot explain why a particular object is recognized.
Example: my face vs my friend’s face.

APPLICATIONS:
 Image processing, segmentation and analysis
Pattern recognition is used to give human recognition intelligence to machine which
is required in image processing.

 Computer vision
Pattern recognition is used to extract meaningful features from given image/video
samples and is used in computer vision for various applications like biological and
biomedical imaging.

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 Seismic analysis
Pattern recognition approach is used for the discovery, imaging and interpretation of
temporal patterns in seismic array recordings. Statistical pattern recognition is
implemented and used in different types of seismic analysis models.

 Radar signal classification/analysis

Pattern recognition and Signal processing methods are used in various applications
of radar signal classifications like AP mine detection and identification.

 Speech recognition
The greatest success in speech recognition has been obtained using pattern
recognition paradigms. It is used in various algorithms of speech recognition which
tries to avoid the problems of using a phoneme level of description and treats larger
units such as words as pattern

 Finger print identification

The fingerprint recognition technique is a dominant technology in the biometric
market. A number of recognition methods have been used to perform fingerprint
matching out of which pattern recognition approaches is widely used.

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CONCLUSION
In this seminar we expatiate pattern recognition in the round, including the definition, the
composition, the methods of pattern recognition, the comparison of each classification
method, plus the application of pattern recognition. The developing of pattern recognition
is increasing very fast, the related fields and the applications of pattern recognition has
become wider and wider. It aims to classify a pattern into one of a number of classes. It
appears in various fields like computer vision, agriculture, robotics, biometrics, etc. In
this context, a challenge consists of finding some suitable description features since
commonly, the pattern to be classified must be represented by a set of features
characterizing it. These features must have discriminative properties: efficient features
must be affined insensitive transformations. They must be robust against noise and
against elastic deformations.

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