The Political Development of Muslims

  Teaching of the Holy Quran is such source for Muslims that has been taken up as ideology of Islam
Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideas of a group and a nation. Ideology gives nation a
direction and worldview and its implementation is the responsibility of the concerned people The
ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the
base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political
reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949,
gave it legal sanction

1The Arrival of Islam: Islam is complete code of life. Its religion of reality and was spread all
over the world. Foundation stone of Islam in India was laid; during the period of Hazrat Umer
(RA)Indian society was rigid society. They were having the concept of 6 crore of gods. Hinduism was
the religion of rituals Barhama (god of creation)Vishnu (god of love, prosperity, wealth and
health)Shiva (god of destruction, diseases, wars and troubles)

Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that,
Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim sufi
(saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices
in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge
conversions

The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They,
rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam
and got huge conversions Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and
social justice inspired conversions to Islam.

2.The Arrival of British India! A vast country, was known as “Golden Bird” (Semi-Continent)Because
of Economic attraction so many nations came to India as: Muslims, Dutch, French, European and
British.1602, British East India Company was established and their centers were: Bengal, Bihar,
Urrisa, Qasim Bazar.With the passage of time they extended their business in India and got
economic benefit.UK was began to develop its structure on Indian capital with death of Aurangzeb
Aalamgir, Mughal’s downfall started. So traders were dreamed as master now.

 3.War of Independence started May 1857

Its causes were Imperialistic design of British East India Company Arrogant attitude of British
.Monopoly on services Heavy taxes Religious cause .After the war of Independence our slavery
period started. Now 1st time Muslims faced extremism of Hinduism and British. Thus It became clear
that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations.

4.The War of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims

The War of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the
Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless
punishment and merciless revenge. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their
enemies because they had ousted them from power. With the war of 1857 this feeling was
intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal
rule came to an end and the subcontinent went directly under the British crown.
5.Syed Ahmed After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational
policy with drastic changes. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools
and made English as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.Sir
Syed’s first and foremost objective was to modernize the Muslims following the Western cultural
values that could create friendly atmosphere for the two communities. He motivated his community
to learn the Western philosophy and English literature to get along with the ruling people. Therefore,
in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement.

6.Services Efforts to remove the doubts of British.

After the war of Independence, the heavy hand of British fell on Indian Muslims. They considered
Muslims responsible. To remove their doubts, Syed Ahmed wrote different pamphlets as: The
causes of Indian revolt. Loyal Muhammaden of India. Ahkam-e-Taam with Ehle-e-Kitab. Tabyin-ul-
Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya Efforts to facilitate Indian Muslims in Education.Education is key to
success. Syed Ahmed try to facilitate Indian Muslims in education because it was the only way of
development.

In 1858, A School at Muradabad. In 1864, Another School at Ghazipur. In 1864, “Scientific

(Translation) Society” under Syed Suleman Nadvi. In 1869, he toured England and see the
educational policies of Oxford and Cambridge. May 24, 1875,MAO School (Aligarh).

7.Political AwarenessInitially Syed Ahmed advise Muslims that they should keep away from politics.
They should focus on education only, but latterly by seeing extremism of Congress proper political
awareness was given to the students of Aligarh.Initially Syed Ahmed was also true believer of Hindu-
Muslim unity. But when All India National Congress was formed in 1885, its all demands were Anti-
Muslims. These demands changed the attitude of Syed Ahmed.Urdu-Hindi controversy was also a
factor which changed Syed Ahmed.He was the 1st Man who was of the opinion that Hindus and
Muslims are two separate nations. So Syed Ahmed is to be known as Pioneer of two nation theory.

8.The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following:

To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslim
To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education To persuade Muslims to abstain from
agitational politics Syed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh Movement played a significant role to bring about an
intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its
major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the real status of natio1913,
BLOCK II
Towards the Growth of Separate Muslim
Identity

The Successors of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan

Syed Ameer Ali

Syed Ameer Ali Order of the Star of India (1849–1928) was an Indian/British

Indian jurist hailing from the state of Oudh from where his father moved and settled
down at Bengal Presidency. He was a prominent political leader, and author of a
number of influential books on Muslim history and the modern development of Islam,
who is credited for his contributions to the Law of India, particularly Muslim Personal
Law, as well as the development of political philosophy for Muslims, during the British
Raj. He was a signatory to the 1906 Petition to the Viceroy and was thus a founding-
member of the All India Muslim League.

Family background
He was born on 6 April 1849, toward the end of Mughal empire in India, at Cuttack in Odisha as the
fourth of five sons of Syed Saadat Ali.His father moved the family to Calcutta, and then
to Chinsura where they settled more permanently. His family took advantage of the educational
facilities provided by the British government but otherwise shunned by the Muslim community. With
the assistance of his British teachers and supported by several competitive scholarships, he
achieved outstanding examination results, graduating from Calcutta University in 1867, and gaining
an MA degree with Honours in history in 1868. The LLB degree followed quickly in 1869. He then
began legal practice in Calcutta. By this time, he was already one of the few outstanding Muslim
achievers of his generation.

Political career
After moving to London, where he stayed between 1869 and 1873, he joined the Inner
Temple (professional associations for barristers and judges) and made contacts with some people of
London.[2] He absorbed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He had contacts with almost all the
administrators concerned with India and with leading English liberals such as John Bright and the
Fawcetts, Henry (1831–1898) and his wife, Millicent Fawcett (1847–1929.)
Syed Ameer Ali resumed his legal practice at Calcutta High Court on his return to India in 1873. The
year after, he was elected as a Fellow of Calcutta University as well as being appointed as a lecturer
in Islamic Law at the Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1878, he was appointed as the member of the
Bengal Legislative Council. He revisited England in 1880 for one year.
He became a professor of law in Calcutta University in 1881. In 1883, he was nominated to the
membership of the Governor General Council. In 1890 he was made a judge in the Calcutta High
Court. Earlier he had founded the political organization , Central National Muhammedan Association,
in Calcutta in 1877. This association later spread nationwide with 34 branches
from Madras to Karachi .This made him the first Muslim leader to put into practice the need for such
an organization due to the belief that efforts directed through an organization would be more
effective than those originating from an individual leader. The Association played an important role in
the modernization of Muslims and in arousing their political consciousness. He was associated with
it for over 25 years, and worked for the political advancement of the Muslims. Syed Amir Ali became
the second Indian to hold the post of law member of the government of India, assuming the position
after Satyendra P. Sinha resigned in November 1910.

Syed Ameer Ali established the London Muslim League in 1908. This organization was an
independent body and not a branch of All India Muslim League. In 1909, he became the first Indian
to sit as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on which he would serve till his
death in 1928.[5] On appointment to the Privy Council he became entitled to be addressed as the
Right Honourable.
In 1908, he was an advisory member to the Muhammadan Art and Life in Turkey, Persia, Egypt,
Morocco and India exhibition held at the Whitechapel Gallery. The Autumn Exhibition was held from
October 23 to December 6. The opening day to the public was on 27th Ramadan.
In 1910, he formally co-established the London Mosque Fund, alongside a group of
prominent British Muslims, to finance the building of the first mosque in the capital: East London
Mosque, today one of the largest mosques in Europe. His field of activities was now broadened and
he stood for Muslim welfare all over the world. He played an important role in securing
separate electorates for the Muslims in South Asia and promoting the cause of the Khilafat
Movement.
He retired from Bengal High Court in 1904 and decided to settle down, with his English wife (Isabelle
Ida Konstam) in England where he was somewhat isolated from the main current of Muslim political
life.Throughout his career, he was known as a jurist and a well-known Islamic scholar. He died on 4
August 1928 in Sussex and was buried in Brookwood Cemetery.

Personal beliefs
Syed Ameer Ali believed that the Muslims as a downtrodden nation could get more benefit from
loyalty to the British rather than from any opposition to them. For this reason, he called upon his
followers to devote their energy and attention to popularizing English education among the Muslims.
This perception and consequent activism have been known as the Aligarh Movement.
Referring to the concept of progressive social laws, Syed Ameer Ali wrote:
Each age has its own standard. What is suited for one time is not suited for the other.

Opinions and legacy

David Samuel Margoliouth in the preface of his book Mohammed and the Rise of Islam wrote:
The charming and eloquent treatise of Syed Ameer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, is probably the best
achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed that is ever likely to be composed in a
European language.
Syed Ameer Ali belongs to that generation of Indian Muslims who tried to defend their faith, Islam, at
a time when Mughal empire had only recently collapsed in 1857 and the Muslims were generally out
of favor with the British rulers. The prevailing environment was generally hostile to Islam and
Muslims. That's why, to some people, he may appear somewhat apologetic in his narration of
Muslim history. Like some other authors of that time, he tried to show that Islam was a rational
religion. At that time, very little was being published about Islam that was positive. His works created
a sense of hope for the Muslim youth and provided a much needed feeling of historical context in the
colonized British India.

Honors and recognition

There is a very famous Hall in the University of Rajshahi the second largest university of Bangladesh
which is named in his honour The "Sayed Ameer Ali Hall". In recognition of his services, Pakistan
Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp in 1990 to honor him in its 'Pioneers of
Freedom' series.

Books

 A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed (1873) — His first book,
written when he was 24, while in England. The orientalist Major R. D. Osborn (1835–1889)
wrote: "Regarded simply as a literary achievement, we have never read anything issuing from
the educated classes in this country which could be compared with it; and the Muslims of India
are to be congratulated on the possession of so able a man in their rank. It is impossible, if his
after-life accords with this early promise that he should not leave his influence for good stamped
upon the country in deep and enduring characters.
 The Personal Law of Muhammedans (1880)
 The Spirit of Islam (editions in 1891, 1922, 1953) - A book covering the life of Muhammad,
and the political, cultural, literary, scientific, mystic, philosophical, and social history of Islam.
 Ethics of Islam (1893)
 A Short History of Saracens (1899)
 Islam (1906)
 The Legal Position of Women in Islam (1912)

Mohsin-ul-Mulk
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Munir Nawaz Jang, also known as Syed Mehdi Ali 
(born 9 December 1837 — 16 October 1907), was an Indian
Muslim politician. He was a close friend of Syed Ahmed Khan, was involved
in the Aligarh Movement and was one of the founders of the All India
Muslim League in 1906.

Family and early life

Syed Mehdi Ali was born on 9 December 1837 in the town of Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, British India as
the son of Syed Mir Zaamin Ali. Most of his early education was in and around Etawah. As was
common in those days, he received a thorough basic education in Persian and Arabic.
In 1867, he sat for the Provincial Civil Service examination and topped the list of successful
candidates. He was appointed as Deputy Collector in the North-Western Provinces. His first posting
as Deputy Collector was in Mirzapur district (present-day Uttar Pradesh). His elder brother was Syed
Mir Gulam Abbas and younger brother was Syed Amir Hasan. In 1874, Syed Mehdi Ali proceeded
to Hyderabad to enter into the service of the Nizam. For his meritorious services over nearly 20
years, he was granted the titles of Munir Nawaz Jang and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk by
the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Relationship with Syed Ahmed Khan

Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Syed Ahmed Khan, Justice Syed Mahmood, he was the first Muslim to serve as a High
Court judge in the British Raj.

During his posting as Tahsildar in Etawah, Mohsin-ul-Mulk met Syed Ahmad Khan for the first time.
This meeting resulted in a long lasting companionship and Nawab Mohsinul Mulk became a staunch
supporter of Syed’s vision and Mission for the rest of his life. Very few friendships have been as
stable and strong as the friendship of these two. Mohsin-ul-Mulk retained a very high level of respect
despite difference of opinion for his dear friend. Thereafter Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, became one of
the strongest supporters of Syed’s mission and Aligarh Movement.
He became a member of the Scientific Society from its inception in 1864. He wrote passionate
articles in Tahzeebul Akhlaq to support Syed’s vision and spread his mission and became a
spokesperson of Syed’s social thoughts and the Aligarh Movement.
Regarding Syed Ahmad Khan’s visit to England, Nawab Mohsinul Mulk wrote a letter to Honorable
Haji Ismail Khan
“Syed Ahmad Khan went to England to see with his own eyes the nation which is respected all over
the world, and to see the people in their own homes and in their own country. Whatever he
observed, he made known to his own people when he returned. When people go to Britain from this
country, they usually go for the sights, the theaters, the parks and the museums. But this great friend
of Islamic faith went there and sat down in a library to write the Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya and to visit
colleges and Universities. He went there for the sake of his people, he stayed there for the sake of
his people and he came back for the sake of his people.”
When Syed Ahmed Khan formed The Committee of the Supporters of the Advancement of Muslim
Education, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk was his key companion, and started collecting donations for the
cause of the newly-formed committee.
Upon retirement from service, after 19 years of service, in 1893 from State of Hyderabad, he came
to Aligarh and offered his services to Syed Ahmad Khan to assist him in spreading the message
of Aligarh Movement. Upon the death of Syed, he was appointed as the Secretary of the Muslim
Educational Conference in 1899.
He also became the successor of Syed Ahmed Khan in all aspects. After Syed’s death in 1898, he
became Secretary of the MAO College management and took Syed’s burden on his own shoulders
and is given as much respect as his forerunner. He continued the mission of Syed while paying
special attention to bringing religious and oriental stream scholars together on one platform, i.e. the
MAO College so that the students could benefit from the scholars to have a proper understanding of
religion alongside modern scientific education. He appointed a committee under the Chairmanship of
Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani to improve the religious studies courses at MAO College.
Mohsin-ul-Mulk remained the Secretary until his death in 1907. He was thus instrumental in the
development of MAO College, which eventually became the Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
In later years, the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) honored him by naming a hall of residence for
students after him. The foundation stone of the Hall was laid by the then Vice Chancellor, Mr.
Badruddin Mohsin Tyabji on 4 November 1963. It started with an initial strength of 400 and is now
one of the largest student residential halls both in size and strength, having 900 students and six
different hostels: Allama Shibli Hostel (Previously this was Sir Ziauddin Hostel), Ameen Hostel,
Majaz Hostel, Maulana Hali Hostel, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Hostel, and Saifi Hostel.

Political involvements
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk carried on correspondence with the private secretary of the Viceroy to give
his point of view on the necessity of separate representation for the Muslims in all legislatures and
local bodies. He presided over the 9th session of Muhammadan Educational Conference which was
held in Aligarh in 1894 where he proposed a resolution to help and support Nadwatul Ulama, the
newly formed religious school in Lucknow. His impressive presidential remarks softened the hearts
of modern educationists to support the cause of Nadwatul Ulama.
In 1906, he became Secretary of All India Muslim League at its founding session in Dhaka. Along
with Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh, he was asked to draft the constitution of the League.
Towards the beginning of the 20th century, the Hindi-Urdu controversy arose in the United
Provinces. Mohsin-ul-Mulk took up the pen in defense of Urdu in collaboration with the Urdu Defense
Association. He authored following books;
1. Mazaameen-e-Tahzeebul Akhlaq (Collection of his articles published in Tahzeebul Akhlaq)
2. Taqleed-e-Amal
3. Kitabul Muhabbat-o-Shauq Makaateeb
4. Musalmano(n) ki Tahzeeb
5. Aayaat-o-Bayyanat
Urdu Defence Association
Main article: Urdu Defence Association

The followers of Syed Ahmad Khan tried their best to save the Urdu language. Mohsin-ul-Mulk was
an outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu language. Towards the
beginning of the 20th century, the Hindi-Urdu controversy again flared up in the United Provinces.
Mohsin-ul-Mulk took up the pen in defense of Urdu in collaboration with the Urdu Defense
Association.[5]
Earlier, the success of the Hindi movement led Syed to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of
Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew
increasingly centered on and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British
to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleague, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]
established Urdu Defence Association, committed to the perpetuation of Urdu and became its
founding president. To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of
political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked
communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.
Syed Ahmed Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk's patronage of Urdu led to its widespread use
amongst elite Indian Muslim communities and following the Partition of India its adoption as the
national language of Pakistan.

Death
Mohsin-ul-Mulk died on 16 October 1907 at Simla, Punjab, British India.

Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
1905 - 1940, 1905 – 1919 PERSONALITIES, PERSONALITIES

Named Mushtaq Hussain by his parents, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk was born on March 24, 1841. He
started his education at a maktab and later on became a pupil of Maulvi Rahat Ali Amrohi, under
whom he learned advanced Arabic, Hadith and Fiqh. He later joined government services where he
came in contact with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1861 in the United Provinces.

In 1866, he started his career as a humble worker of the Aligarh Movement. He also became a
member of the Scientific Society. In 1870, he was awarded second prize in an essay competition
arranged by the Society for the Promotion of Education Among Muslims. The subject of his essay
focused on bringing about an educational renaissance among the Muslims.

In 1875, he was invited to serve in Hyderabad State under the British. He continued to serve for 17
years and as a result of his meritorious services, he was elevated to the rank of a Nawab, his full title
being Nawab Mushtaq Hussain Viqar-ul-Mulk.

Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk was a member of the Simla Deputation in 1906. He wanted the Muslims to
organize themselves politically and to safeguard their political rights. He also played an active role in
the establishment of the Muslim League.
Starting his political career with the Aligarh Movement, he represented and guarded the Indian
Muslim cause at two significant events, the Simla Deputation and the establishment of the Muslim
League.

By 1915, he was paralyzed by a stroke. He passed away on January 27, 1917, and was buried in his
family graveyard at Amroha.

Jinnah joined All India Muslim League on the request of Mollana Muhammad Ali Johar.In 1919, he
became the President of All India Muslim League.Up to the 1928, Jinnah was also true believer of
9.MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH and Two Nation Theory
In 1906, Jinnah started his political career when he joined All India National Congress. In Hindu
Muslim unity. But Nehru report of 1928, dishearted Jinnah. So after Nehru report, Jinnah also talk
on Two Nation Theory.“Pakistan was created the day the 1st Indian National entered the fold of
Islam”1st Round Table Conference he said “Now we are on position, from where, if Indian Muslims
are not consulted about the future of India; then the proposals of British Govt. would not be run-able
more than weeks.”

 He said British Govt wanted to rule India; while Congress wanted to rule Indian Muslims. It would
not be possible during our life.” In 1938, Jinnah presided at Patna: The Hindus and Muslims belong
to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor
interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations. So they are separate
nation.”1940 Lahore We did not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we wanted a
laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.” 1944Now Pakistan is our aim and we
will reach there on every cost and every condition.” General Election
10.Partition of Bengal: 1905United Bengal’s area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million
populations. Before 1905, many proposals of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but
Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a
Muslim majority province having 1,80,00,000 out of 3,10,00,000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority
province. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation,
violence and boycott of foreign goods. Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 The British
government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were
disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindus

11.The Simla Deputation 1906The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. It
was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces from India This delegation was led by Sir
Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the Viceroy in
Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation.Demands:1.Representation more than their
population because of their importance. 2.Separate electorate 3.Reservations of Muslims seats in
government jobs. 4. Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates
5. Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council. 6 . Muslim University at Aligarh.

 12.Formation of the Muslim League

Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the success of the Simla Deputation. The
Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan
Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-
Mulk chaired the meeting. Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. GOALS: 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and
interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal.
3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government

13.The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the
Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the
control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it
began to lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. Goals: 1.
Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved.3. Control of
holy the places should not be given to non-Muslims. Protests in India: All India Khilafat Committee
was formed at Bombay in July 1919.

13.Non-Cooperation: Return Titles.

Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs. Later resign from police and military
jobs. Refusal to pay taxes. Hijrat Movement Result: It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is
a mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. Hindu-Muslim
unity proved short-lived.

The Nehru Report: 1928Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are: No Separate
electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims
in Punjab and Bengal. In Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to
population Sindh to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were
accepted to be given constitutional status on certain conditions Jinnah remarked, “it is parting of the
ways.” He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. These points reflected the aspirations of
every Muslim living in India.

14.ALLAMA IQBAL AND TWO NATION THEORY

Allama Iqbal was also a strong believer of Hindu-Muslim unity but Congress extremism compel him
to change his attitude. In 1930, Iqbal clearly discussed Two Nation Theory as: Muslims are separate
nation, Demand of separate state.“Islam is complete code of life; so Indian Muslims should get
assistance from Islam. It will support them fully. We could not separate religion and politics.”“Nations
are based with religion; not with territories. So we are separate nation because we have our own
ideology.”

15.Allabad address 1930Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad, December 1930I
would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self
government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of N.W.
India.“If British Government is interested to resolve Hindu-Muslim conflicts then India should be
divided into states. NWFP, Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Assam and Bengal should be converted into
one unit and authority should be given to Indian Muslims.”

The Lahore Resolution, 1940The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on March The
Lahore Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that
finally approved on March 24, Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable remarks about the political
circumstances of India and the Muslims stand. He said:“Indian problem is not communal but
international. No Constitution can work without recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not
accept a constitution that establishes a government of the Hindu majority on them. If Hindus and
Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj.”

16.The Elections, Lord Wavell announced elections in August The ML’s stand was very clear i.e.
the ML is a sole representative of Muslims and Pakistan is its ultimate goal. The ML launched the
massive campaign for these destinations. The Islamic slogans became massively popular. In this
way, the struggle for the establishment of Pakistan was motivated on the basis of Islam. The role of
students was also prominent during the political drive. On the other hand, the Congress put the
slogan of independence from British in the shape of undivided India before the Hindu nation. They
proclaimed that their stand was for all the Indian communities. In December 1945 the elections of
Central Legislature were held and the ML won all 30 Muslim seats. The Congress won 57 seats.

17.Provincial Elections: February 1946

Punjab: 79 out of 86 Muslim seats Bengal 113 out of 119 Muslim seats Sindh 28 out of 35 Muslim
seats NWFP 17 out of 38 Muslim seats The ML also showed an impressive performance in the
Muslim minority provinces. The ML formed its ministry in Sind, Khudai Khidmatgar (Dr. Khan) in
NWFP, coalition government by ML in Bengal, and Unionist, Akalis and the Congress in Punjab
(Khizr Hayat Tiwana).

Transfer of Power: Governor General’s Issue: Mountbatten wanted to be joint GG (Governor

General) of India and Pakistan while ML decided to appoint Jinnah as the first Governor General of
Pakistan in July 1947.Transfer of Power: 1st meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on
August 11, 1947 and the ceremonies on August 14. Radio announcement was made at midnight
Aug. Oa.th taking ceremony for GG (Governor General) and PM (Prime Minister) was held on
August