Bio-based Building Blocks and

Polymers in the World

Capacities, Production and Applications:
Status Quo and Trends towards 2020

PP EPDM PE
PVC
PET
Propylene MEG
PBAT PMMA PBT PU
Vinyl Chloride Ethylene Teraphtalic acid
SBR
PET-like
Methyl Metacrylate
Ethanol p-Xylene
PU
Sorbitol Isobutanol THF PBS
Isosorbide PEF
PC
Glucose
PHA 1,4 Butanediol
1,3 Propanediol

PTT Lactic acid Succinate

Adipic Superabsorbent Polymers
PLA
Acid Starch
Saccharose 3-HP
HMDA
PU Lysine Lignocellulose
Acrylic acid
Natural Rubber
PA Caprolactam
Plant oils
Fructose

Glycerol Fatty acids

HMF

FDCA

Epichlorohydrin

Polyols Diacids (Sebacic acid) Other Furan-based polymers

Natural Rubber
Starch-based Polymers
Lignin-based Polymers
Cellulose-based Polymers
PHA
Epoxy resins PU
PU PA

Authors: Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute),

Michael Carus (nova-institute) and ten renowned international experts
This is the short version of the full maket study (474 pages, 3,000 €).
Both are available at www.bio-based.eu/markets.
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Bio-based polymers – Production capacity will triple from 5.1 million tonnes in 2013 to 17
Imprint Order the full report million tonnes in 2020. Bio-based drop-in PET and the new polymers PLA and PHA show the
fastest rates of market growth. The lion’s share of capital investment is expected to take place
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers The full report can be in Asia. The 5.1 million tonnes bio-based production capacity represent a 2% share of overall
in the World – Capacities, Production and ordered for 3,000 € structural polymer production at 256 million tonnes in 2013. The bio-based polymer turnover
Applications: Status Quo and Trends toward plus VAT at was about €10 billion worldwide in 2013.
2020 www.bio-based.eu/markets
Two years after the first market study was The nova-Institute carried out this study in
Publisher All nova-Institute graphs can be downloaded released, Germany’s nova-Institute is publishing collaboration with renowned international experts
Michael Carus (V.i.S.d.P.) at http://bio-based.eu/graphics/#top. a complete update of the most comprehensive from the field of bio-based building blocks and
market study of bio-based polymers ever made. polymers. The study investigates every kind
nova-Institut GmbH All European Bioplastics graphs can be This update will expand the market study’s range, of bio-based polymer and, for the first time,
Chemiepark Knapsack downloaded at including bio-based building blocks as precursor several major building blocks produced around
Industriestraße 300 http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/ of bio-based polymers. the world.
50354 Hürth, Germany press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts
BIO-BASED STRUCTURAL POLYMERS CURRENT BIO- PRODUCING LOCATIONS PRODUCTION
michael.carus@nova-institut.de BASED CARBON COMPANIES IN 2013 CAPACITIES IN
CONTENT* IN 2013 AND AND UNTIL 2013 (TONNES)
Authors of the short version UNTIL 2020 2020
Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute) Cellulose acetate CA 50% 17 20 850,000
florence.aeschelmann@nova-institut.de,
Michael Carus (nova-Institute)
Epoxies – 30% – – 1,210,000
Ethylene propylene diene EPDM 50% to 70% 1 1 45,000
Layout monomer rubber
Norma Sott
Polyamides PA 40% to 100% 9 11 85,000
Edition Poly(butylene adipate-co- PBAT Up to 50%** 4 5 75,000
2015-05 terephthalate)
Polybutylene succinate PBS Up to 100%** 10 11 100,000
Polyethylene PE 100% 1 1 200,000
Polyethylene terephtalate PET 20% 5 5 600,000
Polyhydroxyalkanoates PHA 100% 14 16 32,000
Polylactic acid PLA 100% 28 34 195,000
Polytrimethylene terephthalate PTT 27% 1 2 110,000
Polyurethanes PUR 10% to 100% 7 7 1,200,000
Starch Blends*** – 25% to 100% 15 16 430,000
Total 112 129 5,132,000
* Bio-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived from biomass in a product
(EN 16575 Bio-based products – Vocabulary)
** Currently still mostly fossil-based with existing drop-in solutions and a steady upward trend
*** Starch in plastic compound
Table 1: Bio-based polymers, short names, current bio-based carbon content, producing companies with locations and
production capacities in 2013

2 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-053
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Polymers worldwide, bio-based shares (2013)

Polymers***
Total ca. 393 million t
bio-based:
32.5 million t
(8.3% of total)

Rubber products Functional and structural Man-made fibres

Total 26.5 million t (2012) polymers*** Total 55 million t (2013)
bio-based: Total 314 million t (2013)* bio-based: 6 million t (2013)
11.3 million t (2012) bio-based: 15.2 million t (11% of total)
(43% of total) (4.8% of total) ca. 95% not covered by polymer statistics

Functional polymers*** Structural polymers***

Total 58 million t (2013)* 256 million t total (2013)*
bio-based: bio-based:
10 million t (2013) 5.2 million t (2013)
(17% of total) (2% of total)

Paper starch Linoleum

PE & PET
8 million t (2013) 100,000 t
Starch Blends
Bio-based PLA
Bio-based PHA/PHB
functional polymers
structural polymers
for paints, coatings, PA
5.1 million t
adhesives and others CA
(2013)**
2 million t ...

ⓒ –Institute.eu｜2015
(*): Data from PlasticsEurope 2014. Original data show 299 million tonnes for 2013 in total. With the same shares
as 2011 (PlasticsEurope 2012) this would mean: 251 million tonnes structural polymers and 48 million tonnes
functional polymers plus bio-based polymers (nova 2015); (**): nova-Institute 2015; (***): Polymers covering
thermoplastic and thermosets; Different additional sources, like International Rubber Study Group Full study available at
(www.macplas.it, 13-07-10), The Fiber Year 2014 (14-05) www.bio-based.eu/markets

Figure 1: Polymers worldwide, bio-based shares (2013)

Figure 2: Global production capacities of bioplastics (European Bioplastics 2014)
Share of bio-based polymers in the total
polymer market Bio-based polymers Drop-in bio-based polymers such as polyethylene
Rather than simply listing the usual structural This study focuses exclusively on bio-based In 2014, for the first time, the association terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) lead
polymers, Figure 1 gives an overview of all kinds building block and polymer producers, and “European Bioplastics” used nova-Institute’s this category. Drop-in bio-based polymers
of polymers, including rubber products, man- the market data therefore does not cover the market study as its main data source for their are chemically identical to their petrochemical
made fibres and functional polymers. This figure bio-based plastics branch. We must clearly recently published market data. For European counterparts but at least partially derived from
includes bio-based shares at different levels. differentiate between these two terms. A polymer Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based polymers, biomass. European Bioplastics uses plastic as
The bio-based share for structural polymers, is a chemical compound consisting of repeating which differs from nova-Institute’s selection, a synonym for polymer.
which are the focus of the study, is 2%. For structural units (monomers) synthesized through bio-based polymers production capacities are
polymers overall, however, the bio-based share a polymerization or fermentation process, projected to grow by more than 400% by 2018.1 The global capacities in 2013 and 2018 have
is even higher (8.3%) because of the higher bio- whereas a plastic material constitutes a blend The graph in Figure 2 shows European been split by material type in Figures 3 and
based shares in rubber (natural rubber) and man- of one or more polymers and additives. Bioplastics’s growth projection of bio-based 4 respectively. Bio-based PET is the overall
made fibres (mainly cellulosic fibres). In 2011, polymers production; by 2018, these could market leader and is expected to grow at a quick
these shares were 1.5% and 8.2% respectively. Table 1 gives an overview on the covered bio- grow by over 400%, or from 1.6 million tonnes rate, from 37% in 2013 to 74% in 2018. As a
The bio-based share is clearly growing at a faster based polymers and the producing companies in 2013 to 6.7 million tonnes in 2018 in absolute consequence, the bio-based non-biodegradable
rate than that of the global polymer market. with their locations and production capacities terms. The market is clearly dominated by polymers market is expected to grow strongly as
in 2013. bio-based and non-biodegradable polymers. well since bio-based PET is part of this category.

 arket data graphics are available for download in English and German: http://en.european-bioplastics.org/
1 M
press/press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts

4 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-055
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets
In 2013 a distant second behind bio-based PET
was bio-based PE, which was closely followed
by polylactic acid (PLA), starch blends and
biodegradable polyesters such as polybutylene
succinate (PBS) and poly(butylene adipate-co-
terephthalate) (PBAT). However, in 2018, PLA
would be second, followed by biodegradable
polyesters, starch blends and bio-based PE.
This means that PLA’s production capacity could
increase more than bio-based PE’s.
European Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based
polymers and time span differ from nova-
Institute’s. nova-Institute decided to cover
further bio-based polymers by including bio-
based thermosets (epoxies, polyurethanes (PUR)
and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
(EPDM) and cellulose acetate (CA) until 2020.
Figure 3: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2013 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2014)
Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities
from 2011 to 2020
20
million t/a
15
actual data
10
2011 2012 2013 2014
Epoxies PUR
PE PBS
© -Institut.eu | 2015
Figure 4: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2014) Figure 5: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
6 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-057
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World
Figures 5 and 6 show the main results of nova-
Institute’s survey. Production capacity of bio-
based polymers will triple from 5.1 million tonnes
in 2013 to nearly 17 million tonnes by 2020. The
production capacity for bio-based polymers
boasts very impressive development and annual
growth rates, with a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of almost 20% in comparison to
petrochemical polymers, which have a CAGR
between 3–4%. Due to their broader scope,
nova-Institute’s projected production capacities
are much higher than those projected by
European Bioplastics.
The 5.1 million tonnes bio-based polymer
production capacity represent a 2% share of
overall structural polymer production at 256 million
tonnes in 2013 and a bio-based polymer turnover
of about €10 billion (5 Mio. t (production capacity)
x €2.50/kg (estimated average bio-based polymer
price) x 0,8 (capacity utilization rate)).
forecast
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
CA PET PTT PEF EPDM
PBAT PA PHA Starch PLA
Blends
Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets
This bio-based share of overall polymer
production has been growing over the years: it
was 1.5% in 2011 (3.5 million tonnes bio-based
for a global production of 235 million tonnes).
With an expected total polymer production of
about 400 million tonnes in 2020, the bio-based
share should increase from 2% in 2013 to more
than 4% in 2020, meaning that bio-based
production capacity will grow faster than overall
production.
The most dynamic development is foreseen
for drop-in bio-based polymers, but this is
closely followed by new bio-based polymers.
Drop-in bio-based polymers are spearheaded
by partly bio-based PET, whose production
capacity was around 600,000 tonnes in 2013
and is projected to reach about 7 million tonnes
by 2020, using bio-ethanol from sugar cane.
Bio-based PET production is expanding at
high rates worldwide, largely due to the Plant
PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative
launched by The Coca-Cola Company. The
second most dynamic development is foreseen
for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which, contrary
to bio-based PET, are new polymers, but still
have similar growth rates to those of bio-based
PET. PLA and bio-based PUR are showing
impressive growth as well: their production
capacities are expected to almost quadruple
between 2013 and 2020.
Here are some details on each bio-based
polymer covered in the report:
Epoxies are approximately 30% bio-based
(only bio-based carbon content2 considered in
this report) and are produced out of bio-based
epichlorohydrin. The market is well established
and is not expected to grow much since epoxies
have already long been partly bio-based.
2 B
 io-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived in a product (EN 16575 Bio-based products from
biomass– Vocabulary)
8
Polyurethanes (PUR) can be 10% to 100% bio-
based. PUR are produced from natural oil polyols
(NOP). Bio-based succinic acid can be used to
replace adipic acid. The global PUR market
(including petro-based PUR) is continuously
growing but the bio-based PUR market is
expected to grow faster.
Cellulose acetate (CA) is 50% bio-based.
This market is similar to that of epoxies: well
established, for example cigarette filters are
made from CA, with small growth.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is currently
20% bio-based and produced out of bio-based
monoethylene glycol (MEG) and terephthalic
acid (TPA) as a drop-in bio-based polymer.
TPA is currently still petro-based but subject to
ongoing R&D. Bio-based TPA can be produced
at pilot scale. Most bio-based PET and MEG are
produced in Asia. Bio-based PET is one of the
leaders of the bio-based polymers market and is
slated to become the bio-based polymer with the
biggest production capacity by far. This is largely
due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative
(PTC) initiative launched by The Coca Cola
Company.
Bio-based epoxies, PUR, CA and PET have huge
production capacities with a well established
market in comparison with other bio-based
polymers. However, other bio-based polymers
listed on Figure 6 show strong growth as well.
Figure 6 shows the evolution of worldwide
production capacities only for selected bio-
based polymers (without bio-based epoxies,
PUR, CA and PET). Some of these polymers are
brand new bio-based polymers. That is why their
markets are smaller and need to be developed
correspondingly.
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05
www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World
Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production
capacities from 2011 to 2020
3
million t/a
2.5
2
actual data forecast
1.5
1
0.5
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
PTT PEF EPDM PE PBS
PBAT PA PHA
Starch
PLA
Blends
© -Institut.eu | 2015 Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets
Figure 6: Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) is Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber
27% bio-based and made out of bio-based (EPDM) is made out of bio-based ethylene
1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and currently petro- and can be 50% to 70% bio-based. Specialty
based TPA. PTT is similar to PET since both chemicals company Lanxess is currently
have TPA as precursor. Bio-based PTT and 1,3- producing bio-based EPDM in Brazil. The market
PDO are produced by one leading company, is small and is not expect to grow in the coming
DuPont. The market is well established and is years.
not expected to grow much.
Polyethylene (PE) is a 100% bio-based drop-in
Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) is 100% bio- polymer. The bio-based building block needed is
based and is produced out of bio-based bio-based ethylene, which is made out of sugar
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and MEG. cane. Brazilian petrochemical company Braskem
PEF is a brand new polymer, which is expected produces bio-based PE in Brazil. Bio-based PE
to enter the market in 2017. Just as PTT, PEF has been on the market for a few years but its
is similar to PET. Both PEF and PET are used production capacity has hitherto remained the
in bottle production, however PEF is said to same. Further developments have been slowed
have better properties, such as better barrier down because of the shale gas boom.
properties, than PET. Technology company
Avantium is heavily involved in the development
of PEF and is planning to introduce PEF to the
market in 2017.
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-059
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Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is biodegradable
and currently mostly fossil-based but could in
theory be 100% bio-based. PBS is produced
from 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) and succinic acid.
Both building blocks are available bio-based but
1,4-BDO is not commercially available yet; this
is expected in 2015. PBS is currently produced
exclusively in Asia. It is expected to grow and
profit from the availability and lower cost of bio-
based succinic acid.
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)
is also currently mostly fossil-based. PBAT is
produced from 1,4-BDO, TPA and adipic acid.
PBAT is biodegradable. PBAT can theoretically
be up to 50% bio-based since bio-based adipic
acid is not available yet. It is still at the research
stage. PBAT has mostly been produced by one
big company, BASF, but a new player, Jinhui
ZhaolongHigh Technology, entered the market
Nevertheless PHA producers and several new
players are optimistic and see potential in PHA.
Therefore, production capacity is expected to
have grown tenfold by 2020.
Starch blends are completely biodegradable and
25% to 100% bio-based, with starch added to
one or several biodegradable polymers. Many
players are involved in the production of starch
blends but Italian company Novamont is currently
market leader. The market is expected to keep
on growing, with production capacity projected
to double between 2013 and 2020.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is 100% bio-based
and biodegradable but only under certain
conditions: PLA is industrially compostable.
Produced by numerous companies worldwide,
with NatureWorks as market leader, PLA is the
most well established new bio-based polymer.
Bio-based building blocks as a precursor
of bio-based polymers
For the first time, the production capacities of
some major building blocks have been reported
in the market study. The total production capacity
of the bio-based building blocks reviewed in
this study was 2 million tonnes in 2013 and is
expected to reach 4.4 million tonnes in 2020,
which means a CAGR of almost 12%. The
most dynamic developments are spearheaded
by succinic acid and 1,4-BDO, with MEG as a
distant runner-up. Figure 7 shows the evolution
of worldwide production capacities for some
major building blocks.
Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide
production capacities from 2011 to 2020
6
Bio-based MEG, L-lactic acid (L-LA), ethylene
and epichlorohydrin are relatively well established
on the market. These bio-based building blocks
cover most of the total production capacity. They
are expected to keep on growing, especially
bio-based MEG and ethylene, whereas L-LA
and bio-based epichlorohydrin are projected to
grow at lower rate. However, the most dynamic
developments are spearheaded by succinic acid
and 1,4-BDO. Both are brand new drop-in bio-
based building blocks on the market. The first
facilities are currently running and more will be
built in the coming years.

million t/a
and another one, Samsung Fine Chemicals, However, the PLA market is still expected to
which has a relatively small production capacity grow further, with a projected fourfold growth
at the moment, is planning to extend its between 2013 and 2020. PLA can already be 5

production capacity. found at near-comparable prices to fossil-based

polymers. 4
Polyamides (PA) are a big family since there are actual data forecast
many different types of polyamides. This explains In short, the most dynamic development is
3
the wide range of bio-based carbon content: from expected for bio-based PET, with a projected
40% to 100%. Polyamides are generally based production capacity of about 7 million tonnes
on sebacic acid, which is produced from castor by 2020. Second in the drop-in polymers group 2
oil. Evonik has recently developed a polyamide are bio-based polyurethanes. Regardless, new
based on palm kernel oil. The market, which is bio-based polymers such as PLA and PHA
1
expected to grow moderately, is headed by one are showing impressive growth as well: PLA
big player, Arkema. production capacity is expected to almost
quadruple and PHA production capacity is
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are 100% bio- expected to grow tenfold between 2013 and
based and biodegradable even in cold sea 2020. MEG L-LA Ethylene Epichlorohydrin Succinic acid

water. PHA are produced through a fermentation 1,4-BDO 1,3-PDO Lactide 2,3-BDO 2,5 FDCA D-LA
process mainly by specific bacteria. Many Detailed information on the development of bio- © -Institut.eu | 2015 Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets
different companies are involved in the based PET and PLA and other polymers can be
production of PHA. The market is currently very found in the full report.
small but is expected to grow tremendously. The Figure 7: Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020
joint venture Telles, set by Metabolix and ADM
in 2006, aimed at big capacity but hardly sold
any PHA and subsequently collapsed in 2012.
PHA are brand new polymers, which means
their market still needs time to fully develop.

10 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0511
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets
Here are some details on each bio-based building
block covered in the report:
Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is one of PET’s
building blocks. Bio-based MEG is a drop-
in which is mostly produced in Asia. The very
fast increase in bio-based PET production has
had a considerable impact on the production
capacities of bio-based MEG. Bio-based PET
actually leads the bio-based polymers group,
which is largely due to the Plant PET Technology
Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The
Coca-Cola Company.
L-Lactic acid (L-LA) is PLA’s building block,
together with D-lactic acid (D-LA). Both are
optical isomers of LA. L-LA is much more common
than D-LA since D-LA is more complicated to
produce. Lactide is an intermediate between LA
and PLA. It can be bought as such to produce
PLA. A lot of different companies are involved in
this business worldwide since most LA has long
been used in the food industry as, among other
things, a food preservative, pH regulator and
flavouring agent. The production capacities do
not only include LA used for polymer production,
but also for the food industry. It is estimated
that more than a half of LA is used by the food
industry.
Ethylene is PE’s building block. Bio-based
ethylene is currently made from sugar cane in
Brazil. Further developments have slowed down
because of a sudden extreme price drop in petro-
based ethylene that happened due to the shale
gas boom.
Epichlorohydrin is one of the building blocks of
epoxies. Glycerin, which is a by-product of the
production of biodiesel, is used as feedstock.
12
Succinic acid is a very versatile building block.
Bio-based polymers such as PBS can be made
of succinic acid but also other bio-based building
blocks such as 1,4-BDO. It can be used as well
in PUR to replace adipic acid. However, the
market still has to be developed. Petro-based
succinic acid is not a big market since petro-
based succinic acid is relatively expensive. Bio-
based succinic acid is actually cheaper than its
petro-based counterpart. The first facilities have
been running since 2013 and the next ones are
already in the pipeline.
1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) is also a versatile
building block. At the moment no facility able
to produce commercial quantities is running but
the first one is expected in 2015. 1,4-BDO can
directly be produced from biomass or indirectly
from succinic acid. Since bio-based succinic is
relatively new to the market, this partly explains
why 1,4-BDO is still not commercially available.
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is another isomer of
butanediol. Global Bio-Chem Technology Group,
based in China, is currently producing 2,3-BDO,
which they obtain by processing corn.
1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is one of PTT’s
building blocks. 1,3-PDO is mostly produced
from corn by DuPont. The market is well
established and is not expected to grow much.
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) can be
combined with MEG to produce polyethylene
furanoate (PEF). 2,5-FDCA is a brand new
building block which is expected to come to the
market in 2017. Avantium is deeply involved in
2,5-FDCA but others are also showing interest.
Detailed information on the development of bio-
based building blocks can be found in the full
report.
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05
www.bio-based.eu/markets
Figure 8: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2013
(by region) (European Bioplastics 2014)
Investment by region
Most investment in new bio-based polymer
capacities will take place in Asia because of
better access to feedstock and a favourable
political framework. Figures 8 and 9 show the
2013 and 2018 global production capacities
for bio-based polymers repartitioned by region.
European Bioplastics published these market
data, which take into account fewer types of
bio-based polymers than nova-Institute. Due to
the complexity of the manufacturing value chain
structure of epoxies, PUR and cellulose acetate,
the repartitions by region cannot be reliably
determined for all bio-based polymers. As a
result, a graph representing the repartition by
region with nova-Institute’s scope is not provided
in the report, but only for the subgroup selected
by European Bioplastics.
Europe’s share is projected to decrease from
17.3% to 7.6%, and North America’s share is
set to fall from 18.4% to 4.3%, whereas Asia’s
is predicted to increase from 51.4% to 75.8%.
South America is likely to remain constant with
a share at around 12%. In other words, world
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0513
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World
Figure 9: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2018
(by region) (European Bioplastics 2014)
market shares are expected to shift dramatically.
Asia is predicted to experience most of the
developments in the field of bio-based building
block and polymer production, while Europe and
North America are slated to lose more than a
half and just over three quarters of their shares,
respectively.
Production capacities in Europe
Figure 10 shows the evolution of production
capacities in Europe without bio-based
thermosets (epoxies and PUR) and cellulose
acetate.
Europe’s position in producing bio-based
polymers is limited to just a few polymers. Europe
has so far established a solid position mainly
in the field of starch blends and is expected
to remain strong in this sector for the next few
years. Nevertheless, a number of developments
and investments are foreseen in Europe. PLA
production capacities, especially starch blend
production capacities, are predicted to grow. The
growth of these increased production capacities
for starch blends can be traced back to Italy’s
Novamont, a leading company in this field.
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

One noteworthy finding of other studies is that
Europe shows the strongest demand for bio-
based polymers, while production tends to take
place elsewhere, namely in Asia. In Europe,
bio-based polymer production facilities for
PLA are not only small in size but also small in
number. On the other hand, bio-based PA and
CA production is based in Europe and is likely
to continue supplying for the growing markets
of the building and construction and automotive
sectors. Europe does have industrial production
facilities for PBAT which is still fully fossil-based.
However, judging by industry announcements
and the ever-increasing capacity of its bio-
based precursors, PBAT is expected to be
increasingly bio-based, with a projected 50%
share by 2020. Housing the leading chemical
corporations, Europe is particularly strong and
has great potential in the fields of high value fine
chemicals and building blocks for the production
of inter alia bio-based PA, PUR and thermosets.
However, only few specific, large-scale plans for
bio-based building blocks incorporating concrete
plans for the production of bio-based polymers
have been announced to date.
The European Union’s relatively weak position in
the production of bio-based polymers is largely
the consequence of an unfavourable political
framework. In contrast to bioenergy and biofuels,
there is no European policy framework to support
bio-based polymers, whereas bioenergy and
biofuels receive strong and ongoing support
during commercial production (quotas, tax
incentives, green electricity regulations, market
introduction programs, etc.). Without comparable
support, bio-based chemicals and polymers will
suffer further from underinvestment by the private
sector. It is currently much safer and much more
attractive to invest in bio-based polymers in Asia,
South America and even North America.
Market segments
The packaging industry consumes most petro-
based polymers. For bio-based polymers, the
same trend can be observed: the major part of
this as rigid packaging (bottles for example) and
the rest as flexible packaging (films for example).
These uses cannot come as a surprise, since
bio-based PET is one of the biggest bio-based
polymers in terms of capacity and is mostly
used for the production of bottles. On the other
hand, the packaging industry has a considerable
interest in biodegradability since packaging is
only needed for short times but in big quantities,
which contributes to the accumulation of waste.
It should be understood that not all bio-based
polymers are biodegradable but some important
ones are, e.g. PHA, PLA and starch blends.
This feature is also interesting for agriculture
and horticulture applications (mulch films for
example). However, bio-based polymers are also
used in many different other market segments.
Figures 11 and 12 show the global production
of bio-based polymers by market segment in
2013 and in 2018.
The order of importance of the market segments
is expected to stay approximately the same
between 2013 and 2018. Rigid packaging is
supposed to keep its first place by growing
tremendously with an almost sevenfold growth
in only five years. This is again due to the very
fast development of bio-based PET. However,
the automotive sector is projected to gain
faster importance than consumer goods and
agriculture sectors. Automotive is actually the
second most dynamic after rigid packaging and
is followed by electronics, a sector which is still
very small, followed by textiles, which is already
well established on the global market.

Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe

from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and cellulose acetate)

1000000 1
million t/a

800000 0.8

actual data forecast

600000 0.6

400000 0.4

200000 0.2

0
2011
2011 2012
2012 2013
2013 2014
2014 2015
2015 2016
2016 2017
2017 2018
2018 2019
2019 2020
2020

Starch Blends PLA PBAT PEF PA

© -Institut.eu | 2015 Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets

Figure 10: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and Figure 11: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2013 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2014)
cellulose acetate)

14 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0515
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Figure 13 shows the worldwide shares of bio-
based polymers production in different market
segments in 2013 and 2020 for nova-Institute’s
scope of bio-based polymers (with thermosets
and cellulose acetate).
are clearly not a market leader in terms of
capacities – but depending on future policy on Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different
plastic microparticles, mulch films and other market segments in 2013 and 2020
biodegradable applications could grow strongly.
Functional polymers are used for coatings, 2013 2020
adhesives, paint and ink applications, which 1%

The same statement can be made regarding require relatively small quantities of polymers. 2%
11%
the packaging sector: packaging (rigid and 15% 14%
flexible together) is the leader, with a clear 4% 40%
9% 13%
advantage for rigid packaging, which is slated
to grow strongly. On the other hand, automotive, 16% 2%
18% 2%
building and construction, textiles and consumer
16%
goods are much bigger because bio-based 18%
2% 6%
epoxies, polyurethanes and cellulose acetate 3% 8%
52%
are used in these sectors. The smallest market
segments are agriculture and functional. In
Packaging - rigid Packaging - Textiles Agriculture and Consumer
agriculture, applications are mostly limited to (incl. food serviceware) flexible (incl. non-woven and fibres) horticulture goods

biodegradable polymers (mulch films), which

Functional Automotive Electrical and Building and Others
and transports electronic (incl. casing) construction

© -Institut.eu | 2015 Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets

Figure 13: Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different market segments in 2013 and 2020

Content of the full report
This 500-page report presents the findings of
nova-Institute’s market study, which is made up
of three parts: “market data”, “trend reports” and
“company profiles”.
The “market data” section presents market
data about total production capacities and the
main application fields for selected bio-based
polymers worldwide (status quo in 2013, trends
and investments towards 2020). Due to the
lack of 100% reliable market data about some
polymers, which is mainly due to the complexity
of their manufacturing value chain structure
(namely thermosets and cellulose acetate) or their
pre-commercial stage (CO2-based polymers),
this section contains three independent articles
by experts in the field who present and discuss
their views on current and potential market
development. However, this part not only covers
bio-based polymers, but also investigates the
current bio-based building block platforms.
Figure 12: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2014)
16 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0517
The “trend reports” section contains a total of
eleven independent articles by leading experts
in the field of bio-based polymers and building
blocks. These trend reports cover in detail every
recent issue in the worldwide bio-based building
block and polymer market.
The final “company profiles” section includes
company profiles with specific data including
locations, bio-based building blocks and
polymers, feedstocks and production capacities
(actual data for 2011 and 2013 and forecast
for 2020). The profiles also encompass basic
information on the companies (joint ventures,
partnerships, technology and bio-based
products). A company index by bio-based
building blocks and polymers, with list of
acronyms, follows.
Updates to the report
nova-Institute will provide annual updates of
the report based on the existing report and the
continuously updated data. The trend reports will
be updated every second year at least.
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Table of contents
(474 pages and 202 tables and figures)
1 Executive summary
(26 pages, 16 tables and figures)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study background
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Main results
1.5 Content of the full report
1.6 Authors of the study
1.7 Figures
Market data
2 Market data
(28 pages, 44 tables and figures)
2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks
2.2 Bio-based Polymers
3 Qualitative analyses of selected bio-
based polymers
(12 pages, 6 tables and figures)
3.1 Cellulose Acetate (CA)
3.2 Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock:
Polymers and plastics from CO2  (8 pages, 6 tables and figures)
3.3 Thermosets
Trend reports
Policy on bio-based polymers
4 Policies impacting bio-based plastics
market development – Dirk Carrez,
Jim Philp and Lara Dammer
(40 pages, 6 tables and figures)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Policy issues
4.3 Bio-based plastics within a bioeconomy
4.4 General bioeconomy strategies and
policies
4.5 References
18
5 Plastic bags – their consumption and
regulation in the European market
and beyond – Constance Ißbrücker,
Kristy-Barbara Lange and
Hasso von Pogrell
(12 pages, 3 tables and figures)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Common types of carrier bags
5.3 The bio-based plastics alternative –
commercially available
5.4 The bag market in Europe and beyond
5.5 European regulation on lightweight
plastic bags – a complex negotiation
process
5.6 Possible bag market developments in
EU Member States
6 Bagislation in Europe – a (good?) case
for biodegradables – Harald Käb
(8 pages, 7 tables and figures)
7 Standards, norms and labels for bio-
based products – Lara Dammer and
Michael Carus
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Activities of CEN/TC 411
7.3 Bio-based labels in Europe
7.4 Certification of the sustainability of wood
as a raw material – FSC and PEFC
7.5 New certification systems for
sustainable biomass
7.6 References
Bio-based building blocks and polymers market
8 Bio-based polymers, a revolutionary
change – Jan Ravenstijn
(70 pages, 11 tables and figures)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Market trends
8.3 Technology trends
8.4 Environmental trends
8.5 Selected bio-based polymer families
8.6 Customer views
8.7 New business concepts
8.8 New value chain
8.9 Lessons learnt
8.10 Acknowledgements
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05
9 Bio-based building blocks –
Rainer Busch
(18 pages, 27 tables and figures)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Selected monomers
9.3 Perspectives
10 Asian markets for bio-based chemical
building blocks and polymers –
Wolfgang Baltus
(36 pages, 33 tables and figures)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Asian markets for bio-based polymers
10.3 Asia-Pacific region in numbers
10.4 Feedstock – Key to success in Asia-
Pacific
10.5 Policy development
10.6 Market growth factors
10.7 Selected biopolymer families –
limitations, challenges and chances in
Asia-Pacific
10.8 Case Study: The National Bioplastics
Roadmap in Thailand – Situation and
outlook after 6 years in operation
11 Brand views and adoption of
bio-based polymers – Harald Käb
(26 pages, 19 tables and figures)
11.1 Introduction – Why read this?
11.2 Summary
11.3 Brand Strategies – Branch Aspects
11.4 Individual Brand Strategies (selection,
alphabetic order) for packaging
applications
11.5 Summary table
12 GreenPremium prices along the value
chain of bio-based products –
Michael Carus, Asta Eder and
Janpeter Beckmann
(16 pages, 6 tables and figures)
12.1 Initial questions
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Definition of “GreenPremium” prices
12.4 GreenPremium prices do exist
12.5 Results of the LinkedIn survey in the
bio-based community
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0519
12.6 GreenPremium price ranges – the full
picture
12.7 Examples of GreenPremium Prices
12.8 Main drivers for emotional and strategic
performance
12.9 GreenPremium in the automotive sector
12.10 Some actors fail to receive a
GreenPremium
12.11 GreenPremium for Biofuels?
12.12 Summary – GreenPremium prices along
the value-added chain from bio-based
chemicals to products
12.13 References
Bio-based plastics and environment
13 Environmental evaluation of bio-based
polymers and plastics – Roland Essel
and Christin Liptow
(20 pages, 14 tables and figures)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Results from recent life cycle
assessments
13.3 Feedstock supply and use of by-
products
13.4 Genetically modified organisms
13.5 Biodiversity
13.6 Land use
13.7 Conclusion
14 Microplastic in the environment –
sources, impacts and solutions –
Roland Essel
(8 pages, 4 tables and figures)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Defining microplastic
14.3 Sources of microplastic
14.4 Impacts of microplastics
14.5 Can bio-based plastics be a solution?
14.6 Conclusions
14.7 References
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Company data 15.38 Jiangsu Clean Environmental 15.79 Surakshit Parivar Biotech Pvt. Ltd. Authors of the study
15 Company profiles Technology Co., Ltd. 15.80 Synbra Technology B.V.
(129 pages, 96 company profiles) 15.39 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Co., 15.81 Teijin Limited Florence Aeschelmann (MSc)
15.1 AnoxKaldnes Ltd. 15.82 TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc. (Germany), materials engineer, is
15.2 Anqing Hexing Chemical Co., Ltd. 15.40 Kaneka Corporation 15.83 The Dow Chemical Company a staff scientist in the Technology
15.3 Arizona Chemical Company LLC 15.41 Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd. 15.84 The Woodbridge Group & Markets department at nova
15.4 Arkema SA 15.42 KNN Bioplastic 15.85 ThyssenKrupp AG Institute. Her main focus is on bio-
15.5 Attero 15.43 LANXESS AG 15.86 Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd. based materials, especially bio-based polymers.
15.6 Avantium Technologies B.V. 15.44 Limagrain Holding S.A. 15.87 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd. She is well acquainted with the global market
15.7 BASF SE 15.45 Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 15.88 TMO Renewables Limited for bio-based polymers and building blocks as
15.8 Bayer MaterialScience 15.46 Mango Materials 15.89 ttz Bremerhaven she is one of the authors of the market study
15.9 Bio-on Srl 15.47 Meredian Holdings Group 15.90 Uhde Inventa-Fischer AG “Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the
15.10 BioAmber Inc. 15.48 Merquinsa S.A. 15.91 Veolia Water Technologies World – Capacities, Production and Applications:
15.11 BioBased Technologies LLC 15.49 Metabolix Inc. 15.92 Verdezyne, Inc. Status Quo and Trends Towards 2020”. She is
15.12 BioMatera Inc. 15.50 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC) 15.93 Wuhan Sanjiang Space Gude Biotech also in charge of the overall organization of the
15.13 Bioplastech Ltd. 15.51 Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd. Co, Ltd. International Conference on Bio-based Materials.
15.14 BIOTEC Biologische Naturverpackungen 15.52 Myriant Corporation 15.94 Yunan Fuji Bio-Material Technology Co.,
GmbH & Co. KG 15.53 Nafigate Corporation Ltd. Michael Carus (MSc) (Germany),
15.15 Braskem S.A. 15.54 Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering 15.95 Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu physicist, founder and managing
15.16 Cargill Inc. Co., Ltd. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. director of the nova-Institute, has
15.17 Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd. 15.55 NatureWorks LLC 15.96 Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd. worked in the field of Bio-based
15.18 Cellulac 15.56 Newlight Technologies LLC Economy for over 20 years. This
15.19 Chengdu Dikang Biomedical Co., Ltd. 15.57 Novamont S.p.A. 16 Company product index includes biomass feedstock, processes,
15.20 China New Materials Holdings Ltd. 15.58 Novomer Inc. (9 pages) bio-based chemistry, polymers, fibres and
15.21 Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products 15.59 Paques composites. His work deals with market analysis,
Co., Ltd. 15.60 PHB Industrial S.A. 17 List of acronyms techno-economic and ecological evaluation as
15.22 Corbion Purac 15.61 Plaxica Ltd. (3 pages) well as the political and economic framework
15.23 DaniMer Scientific LLC 15.62 PolyFerm Canada Inc. for bio-based processes and applications (“level
15.24 DSM N.V. 15.63 PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd. playing field for industrial material use”). Carus is
15.25 DuPont 15.64 Rennovia Inc. part of an extensive, worldwide network, which
15.26 DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products 15.65 Reverdia enabled nova-Institute to make use of leading
Company, LLC 15.66 Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V. experts in the field for its market study.
15.27 Evonik Industries AG 15.67 Roquette
15.28 Far Eastern New Century Corporation 15.68 Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. Wolfgang Baltus (PhD) (Thailand)
15.29 Futerro 15.69 Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd. worked for BASF for 15 years and
15.30 Galactic 15.70 Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials was responsible for the business
15.31 Genomatica, Inc. Co., Ltd. development of environmental
15.32 Global Bio-Chem Technology Group 15.71 Shantou Liangyi friendly coatings in Asia. From 2008
Co., Ltd. 15.72 Shenzhen Bright China Biotechnological until 2014, Baltus worked for the National
15.33 Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd. Innovation Agency (NIA) in Bangkok. In October
Co., Ltd. 15.73 Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., 2014, he started work as a consultant for the
15.34 Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Ltd Precise Corporation, a group of Thai companies
Co., Ltd. 15.74 Showa Denko K.K. specialized in the field of electrical power
15.35 Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Company 15.75 Solvay SA distribution equipment, project and service for
15.36 India Glycols Limited 15.76 Succinity GmbH substations, renewable energy and supervisory
15.37 Indorama Ventures Public Company 15.77 Sulzer Chemtech AG systems. His main target is to assist Precise get
Limited 15.78 SUPLA Material Technology Co., Ltd

20 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0521
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets
a foothold in the biorefinery business, introducing
smart community concepts in Thailand.
He is regarded as one of the leading experts on
bio-based polymer markets and policy in Asia.
Howard Blum (BSChem, MBA)
(Philadelphia-USA) is a B2B chemical
industry professional with more
than 30 years experience working
in the chemical and polymer field.
Previously with Conoco Oil, Chem Systems and
Kline, he now runs his own firm Chemicals &
Plastics Advisory, focusing on biopolymers and
biorenewable solutions. The firm’s mission is
to provide business development services for
quickly identifying new markets, technologies and
opportunities, with ‘real-time’ implementation to
speed up the marketing and sales process and
minimize revenue-limiting activities.
His clients include multi-national companies that
require assistance in market and technology
analysis, new business development and project
management. In addition to the chemical and
plastics industry, he has assisted clients from the
oil & gas, catalysts, packaging, automotive and
healthcare-pharma industry sectors.
Rainer Busch (Dr.rer.nat.) (Germany) is
a chemist with 24 years of experience
in the chemical industry. He worked
in various positions in R&D with
Dow Chemical, mainly in technology
scouting and intellectual asset management.
After his industrial career, he founded a
consulting firm and focused on the chemical
aspects of the industrial material use of biomass.
He is currently scientific advisor to the leading
edge cluster BioEconomy in central Germany
and also visiting professor at the paper centre
Gernsbach near Karlsruhe (Germany). Rainer has
published and co-authored several papers and
articles on the use of renewable resources in the
chemical industry.
22
Dirk Carrez (PhD) (Belgium) is one of
the leading policy consultants on a
Bio-based Economy in Brussels. He
was Director Industrial Biotechnology
at EuropaBio, the European
Association for Bioindustries, until 2011. He
is now Managing Director of Clever Consult,
Brussels. In 2013 he became the Executive
Director of the new industrial association BIC
(Bio-based Industries Consortium), which is
the private partner in the Biobased Industries
Initiative (BBI JU), a new PPP between the
EU Commission and more than 70 bio-based
economy companies.
Constance Ißbrücker (Germany)
has been working as Environmental
Affairs Manager for European
Bioplastics since February 2013. She
is responsible for issues related to the
compostability, sustainability, and standardization
of bioplastics. Constance Ißbrücker holds a
degree in chemistry from the University of Jena
in Germany with a specialization in Bioorganic
and Macromolecular Chemistry. Before joining
the association she worked in different research
groups at universities in Berlin and Jena. Her
research background is in polysaccharide
chemistry, in particular cellulose dissolution,
modification and analytics.
Harald Käb (PhD) (Germany) is a
chemist and has an unblemished
20-year “bio-based chemistry
and plastics” track record. From
1999 to 2009 he chaired the board
and developed “European Bioplastics”, the
association that represents the bioplastics
industry in Europe. Since 1998 he has been
working as an independent consultant, helping
green pioneers and international brands to
develop and implement smart business, media
and policy strategies for bio-based chemicals
and plastics.
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-05
www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World
Kristy-Barbara Lange (Germany)
is Deputy Managing Director at
European Bioplastics and heads
the communications division of the
association. Since 2010 she has
been responsible for all of the association’s
communications, internally and externally,
including media relations and corporate
publishing. Since she joined managing team in
early 2015, her further focus areas now include EU
policy and membership development. She holds
a Master of Political Sciences from Heidelberg
University, Germany. Before joining European
Bioplastics, Kristy worked in international PR-
agencies for several years, with a focus on the
infrastructure and (renewable) energy industry
sectors.
Jim Philp (PhD) (France) is a
microbiologist who has been a
policy analyst at the Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) in Paris
since 2011, where he specializes in industrial
biotechnology, synthetic biology and biomass
sustainability. He has been an academic for
about sixteen years, researching environmental
and industrial biotechnology: bioremediation,
biosensors, wastewater science and
engineering. He was involved in various UK
government initiatives in biotechnology, such as
Biotechnology Means Business, and BioWise.
He was coordinator of the LINK Bioremediation
Programme, at the academic-industrial interface,
for about six years. He spent a total of eight and
a half years working as an oil biotechnologist for
Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, investigating field
problems related to chemistry and microbiology,
and developing biotechnology solutions for
improved oil recovery and exploitation. He has
authored over 300 articles. In 2015 he was
inducted into Who’s Who.
© 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-0523
Jan Ravenstijn (MSc) (The
Netherlands) has more than 35
years of experience in the chemical
industry with Dow Chemical and
DSM, including 15 years in executive
global R&D positions in engineering plastics,
thermosets and elastomers. He is currently a
visiting professor and consultant to CEOs of
biopolymer companies and has published several
papers and articles on the market development of
bio-based polymers. Jan Ravenstijn is regarded
as one of the world’s leading experts in his field.
Hasso von Pogrell (Germany) has
been Managing Director of European
Bioplastics since March 2009.
Upon completion of his education
in Germany and a two-year term of
military services, he studied Economics at the
University of Cologne, where he graduated in
1994.
He began his political career as a lobbyist
in 1995, when he joined the Germany
Industry Association for Optical, Medical and
Mechatronical Technologies. There he was
responsible for public relations and economics.
After a two-year stint as General Manager at
the Federal Association of the German Medium
and Large Retail Enterprises, he returned to
the industry sector. As Head of Department for
Foreign Affairs at the Association of the German
Construction Industry and Assistant Director of
the European International Contractors (EIC), he
served the construction industry for seven years
from 2000 to 2007. He directed the affairs of the
Association of the German Sawmill Association
as its Managing Director between 2007 and
2009.
Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the Worldwww.bio-based.eu/markets

Sustainability

Political Framework &

Dissemination &
Marketing Support
B2B communication
Conferences & Workshops
Marketing Strategies
Bio-based Chemicals & Materials •
Biorefineries • Industrial Biotechnology
Environmental
Evaluation
Life Cycle Assessments (LCA)
Life Cycle Inventories
Meta-Analyses of LCAs
Strategy
System Analysis
Strategic Consulting
Raw Material Supply
Availability & Prices
Sustainability
Bio-based Economy
Carbon Capture & Utilization
Techno-Economic
Evaluation (TEE)
Process Economics
Market Research
Target Costing Analysis
Volumes & Trends
Competition Analysis
Feasibility and
Potential Studies

Technology & Markets

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