Objective

1. To understand the key features of coordination compounds used in industry,

including its molecular structure, properties of the compound and mechanism involve
in particular industries.
2. To studies the name of coordination compounds that play an important roles in
industry.

Phthalocyanine (Pc)

Figure 1. Molecular structure of the reactive dye turquoise blue 15 (AT15).

The name of the complex compound is Phthalocyanine (Pc), it also known as

Turquoise blue 15 (AT15). Phthalocyanines, a class of organic dyes, and today are the
main organic blue and green pigments in the industry. Phthalocyanine based colouring
materials are highly useful in developing blue and green hues, which are the most
stable organic colourants due to extensive structural resonance stabilisation. It is
resistant to almost all acids, alkalis, oxidising and reducing agents; planner and
tetraazo derivative of four isoindole units connected by four nitrogen atoms that
together form an internal 16-membered ring of alternate carbon and nitrogen atoms.
The blue hue is dull in some ways and a brilliant intenses hue with λmax 670–685 nm
is developed only when it reacts with a metal atom, preferably that with copper
known as copper phthalocyanine which contains three benzonoid and one p-quinonoid
outer ring. Phthalocyanines form complexes with a variety of chemical elements. The
most important phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, is produced worldwide. It is
also a reactive dye widely used in the textile industry to color natural fibers. In
addition to their extensive use as pigments and dyes, this versatility gives rise to many
applications, such as catalysts, liquid crystals, electrochromic and photochromic
substances, data storage systems, photodynamic cancer therapy agents, photoactive
units, chemical sensors, and nonlinear optical devices. However, 90% of the
phthalocyanines are used as pigments for printing inks, paints, coatings, plastics,
textile, and spin dyeing industries. Due to environmental issues, the presence of these
dyes in effluent and industrial wastewater is of great concern. This is because, during
textile processing, inefficiencies in the dyeing process result in 10–15% of all dye
stuff being lost directly to wastewater which ultimately finds its way into the
environment. Phthalocyanine dyes are a kind of near-IR photosensitizer with
promising electrochemical, photochemical, and thermal properties. In order to
facilitate the dye-sensitization process, structural modification of these dyes should be
carried out to improve their solubility. The strong aggregation on the semiconductor
surface is a major problem for phthalocyanine dye. Usually, the co-adsorbent should
be added in the dye bath to suppress the dye aggregation and improve the photovoltaic
properties. A large number of phthalocyanine dyes have been developed and applied
in DSCs. Among these phthalocyanine dyes, zinc (Zn) phthalocyanines have been
investigated widely by scientists due to their low cost and suitable energy levels.

Reference
1. Taniyuki Furuyama, et al. 2013. “Design, Synthesis, and Properties of
Phthalocyanine Complexes with Main-Group Elements Showing Main Absorption
and Fluorescence beyond 1000 nm” Journal of the American Chemical Society
136, 2, 765–776.
2. Andreas Gouloumis, et al. 2000 “Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of
Phthalocyanine–Fullerene Hybrids” Chemistry A European Journal. Volume 6, Issue
19, pages 3475-3653
3. Altuğ Mert Sevim, et al. 2011 “Preparation of heterogeneous phthalocyanine
catalysts by cotton fabric dyeing” Dyes and Pigments. Volume 89, Issue 2, Pages
162-168