Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258

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Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tsep

Experimental analysis on performance of diesel engine using mixture of

diesel and bio-diesel as a working fuel with aluminum oxide
nanoparticle additive
Harish Kumar Patel ⇑, Saurabh Kumar
Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Petroleum products such as petrol and diesels are being used as a fuel to the running of Internal
Received 7 April 2017 Combustion Engines. Day by day demands for the petroleum products is increasing since its rate of con-
Received in revised form 23 August 2017 sumption is increasing. If the trend will continue the whole world may suffer from shortage of petroleum
products. Therefore it is necessary to find different ways of reducing fuel consumption and at the same
time to improve the performance of IC engine; it is necessary to find out some additives to mix it with the
Keywords: mixture of petroleum product and alternative fuel and one can formulate a new fuel.
Petroleum products
So the project’s focus is given to improve the performance of CI engine using diesel and bio-diesel by
Diesel engine
Diesel
adding appropriate amount of nano-aluminum oxide (n-Al2O3). An experimental investigation was car-
Bio-diesel ried out to find out the performance of Single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine using Jatropha oil bio diesel
Nano-aluminum oxide (n-Al2O3) and n-Al2O3 mixed diesel. The n-Al2O3 of size <50 nm was mixed into the mixture of diesel and bio-diesel
Brake thermal efficiency at the rate of 0.25 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 0.75 g/l and 1.00 g/l for formulation of new fuels. Nano-Al2O3 posses better
combustion characteristics and enhanced surface area to volume ratio which results in better oxidation of
the fuel mixture and hence enhances the combustion sufficiency of the test fuel. The diesel fuel without
and with Jatropha oil bio-diesel and n-Al2O3 additive were tested in a direct injection diesel engine at dif-
ferent load conditions and results shown a considerable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency
compared to mixture of diesel and bio-diesel without n-Al2O3 because the additive has improved degree
of mixing with air and better combustion characteristics. By the project it had been found the better
results while using n-Al2O3 nano particle as an additive.
Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction article the ignition delay in CI engine can be reduced by adding

The Automobile sector is one where no one alternative source of
energy is there till now that can help to produce same amount of
mechanical energy produced by petroleum product and therefore
number of researches are going on now a days to find the alterna-
tive of the petroleum products. Bio-origin fuels have been found as
a possible alternative energy source to fulfill the above demand in
automobile sector. Using biodiesel as a fuel results in less pollution
to environment according to different researches, but it is unable
to give same brake power or thermal efficiency what we get with
pure petroleum products because of increase in knocking. Yetter
et al. have critically examined and reported that nano size metallic
powder posses high specific surface area and potential to accumu-
late energy which helps to high reactivity [13]. According to their
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: patelharish1492@gmail.com (H. Kumar Patel).
nano catalyst to the diesel fuel and it also helps to reduce soot
emission as per the article. More surface area improves combus-
tion [6]. Experimental analysis of fuel mixed with metal oxide
revealed increased catalytic behavior since it causes better oxida-
tion of hydrocarbons and against NOx formation acts as an oxygen
buffer. S.P. Venkatesan; in his article ‘‘Influence of Aluminum Oxide
Nanoparticle Additive on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of
Diesel Engine” he observed the performance of diesel engine using
diesel as a fuel and n-Al2O3 mixed with it and he found that
improved brake thermal efficiency as compared to diesel engine
working with pure diesel and he found also reduced HC and NOx
emissions as per his article [1].
However use of biodiesel help us for lesser environment pollu-
tion [5] but it increases knocking and results lower brake power
and brake thermal efficiency [2,3,10] as compared to diesel engine
run with pure diesel, Indian railway has already faced such type of
problems. From above discussion it is found that n-Al2O3 may help

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2017.09.011
2451-9049/Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
 H. Kumar Patel, S. Kumar / Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258 253

to improve the performance of the diesel engine using biodiesel
blended diesel as a fuel. Also Al particles are very useful in different
applications [16] and different research work is there where blends
are being tested for improvement of combustion of fuels [17].
Energy input and output of an engine depends on input fuel’s qual-
ity and its combustion [9,18,19,21,22]. Quality of fuel depends
upon various parameters like calorific value, flash point [20], den-
sity etc. There are different oils like waste oils, fish oils etc. has
been using as input fuel in different researches [25,27]. There are
also Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms
and biomethanation technique for efficient energy conversion
[15,23]. Beside output power exhaust emission content and
exhaust gas temperature is also an important issue [6,14,24,26].
n-Al2O3 can be prepared by combustion method and the size of
the particle depends upon temperature [4], also there are different
technique for its preparation and different research is going to test
quality of different n-Al2O3 [8].There are different other metal
powders like copper, can be used as additive to improve engine
performance [11].
Hence the objective of the present work is to formulate a new
fuel preparation using n-Al2O3 as an additive in different propor-
tion to mix it with bio-diesel and diesel mixture (20% bio-diesel
and 80% diesel) and using this fuel find out the performance of die-
sel engine under different load conditions and constant running
speed and compare it with that of pure diesel and with B20. Jat-
ropha bio diesel has taken for the project work; this exhibit good
physicochemical properties and useful as biodiesel feedstock [7].
2. Experimental methodology
2.1. Sample preparation
In the present work, the fixed proportion of bio-diesel with die-
sel i.e. 20% has been prepared using different concentration of n-
Al2O3 (0.25 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 0.75 g/l and 1.0 g/l) to conduct the perfor-
mance estimation of the diesel engine, since the main concentra-
tion of the experiment is to find out the influence of n-Al2O3 on
performance of diesel engine.
Jatropha bio diesel has taken for the project work since Jatropha
Plant seeds are rich in oil up to 40% and Jatropha plants are the
Table 1
Engine Specifications.
Type Single cylinder, 4 stroke, vertical diesel engine
Rated Power 3.7 kW
Speed 1500 rpm
Type of governor Centrifugal governor
Compression ratio 16.5:1
Cooling Air cooled
Cylinder Specification No. of cylinder – 1
Bore – 80 mm
Stroke – 110 mm
Cylinder Capacity – 553 cc
Dynamometer Electrical AC alternator
main concentration for cultivation and processing for bio-fuel
development in India.
From B20 to B100 power output varies because different pro-
portion of mixture posses different properties. Thermal efficiency
of a fuel depends on fuel characteristics like specific heat, viscosity,
density, flash point etc. As the quality of biodiesel or proportion of
mixture varies thermal efficiency of the fuel will change. As per the
studies among all these B20 gives closer result to pure diesel hence
it is best to use with diesel engine [12].
For F2 to F6 bio-diesel of 20% by volume had mixed with diesel
and in the same composition from F3 to F6 different mentioned
amount of n-Al2O3 was dispersed by means of ultrasonic vibrator
in order to produce uniform dispersion.
2.2. Experimental procedure
The experiments on diesel engine had to conduct for different
fuels as mentioned on above, where different fuel compositions
are given different notation for the ease of study namely F1, F2,
F3, F4, F5 and F6. From pure diesel one by one different fuel had
taken as a working fuel and found the results for brake power,
brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency etc.
First by taking pure diesel i.e. F1 type fuel allowed the engine to
run for around 15 min and loaded engine with electrical loading; in
this project different 60 W electric bulbs had used to create differ-
ent loading conditions. Once the engine loaded again allowed the
engine run for 15 min so that it can stabilize and hence constant
value could obtain for all operating. Now made the observations
for different load i.e. 60 W, 120 W, 180 W, 240 W, 300 W, 360 W,
420 W and 480 W by keeping the engine speed constant at 1500
rpm and repeated the same procedure for all other fuels and com-
pared the result obtained on the basis of engine performance
parameters such as brake power, brake thermal efficiencies etc.
3. Performance evaluations – Results
It is obvious that with increase in load output brake power,
mass flow rate, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal
efficiency increases for each fuel [27]. So, to understand the effect
of different fuel compositions i.e. to compare the performance val-
ues of the engine with different fuels (Table 2), it could be consid-
ered the maximum load in the experiment which is 480 W as
reference.
Refer Appendix A for performance values (brake power, mass
flow rate, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal effi-
ciency) of the engine with individual fuel (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and
F6) at varying load (60 W to 480 W) in constant engine speed
(1500 rpm).
From above Table 3, it is clear that addition of nano aluminum
oxide additive into the bio-diesel mixed diesel increases the brake
thermal efficiency of the diesel engine for fuel F3 (0.25 g/l) and F4
(0.5 g/l). The efficiency of the engine for B20 (20% bio-diesel mixed
diesel) is 13.79% for 480 W load. Further, it is clear from Table 3
that for fuel F3, (0.25 g/l nano particles) the efficiency is found as

Table 2
Fuels Specifications.

SN. Fuel Notation Calorific Value Density @ 15 °C Flash point Fire Point
kJ/kg) (g/cc) (°C) (°C)
1 Diesel F1 42360 0.78 52 62
2 20% bio-diesel + 80% diesel (B20) F2 41700 0.80 57 67
3 B20 + n-Al2O3 (0.25 g/l) F3 41800 0.8005 58 65
4 B20 + n-Al2O3 (0.50 g/l) F4 41810 0.802 58 67
5 B20 + n-Al2O3 (0.75 g/l) F5 41900 0.803 59 68
6 B20 + n-Al2O3 (1.00 g/l) F6 41930 0.805 61 72
254 H. Kumar Patel, S. Kumar / Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258

Table 3 14.65% (i.e. 6.23% increase in efficiency as compared to fuel F2).

Performance values of different fuels in maximum load (480 W). Similarly for fuel F4 (0.5 g/l of the nano particles) the efficiency
Fuel BP (W) mf bsfc Brake thermal is 17.11% (i.e. 24.07% increase in efficiency as compared to fuel
(g/s) (kg/kW-h) efficiency (%) F2). However, further increase in the amount of the nano particles
F1 351.0 0.055 0.564 15.06 is leading to decrease in brake power and hence brake thermal effi-
F2 343.8 0.060 0.626 13.79 ciency of the engine which is evident from the observations made
F3 345.6 0.056 0.588 14.65 for fuel F5 (efficiency is 11.92%). For fuel F6, which is having max-
F4 357.05 0.050 0.503 17.11
F5 345.6 0.069 0.721 11.92
imum amount of nano particles in the bio diesel blended diesel, the
F6 338.4 0.079 0.846 10.15 brake thermal efficiency is found at its lowest value i.e. 10.15%.
From above table it is clear that for the blend F3 and F4 effi-
ciency is increasing. However for blends F5 and F6, efficiencies
are decreasing in comparison of fuel F2.
The performance of engine under with different fuel and differ-
ent load conditions could be better understood with the help of fol-
lowing different graphs (see Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and Table 1 and 4).
It is clear from the Fig. 6 that for all the fuels, efficiency is
increasing for increasing loads as usual. It is found that for all the
loads, efficiency of fuel F2 is less than that efficiency of fuel F1
(F1 is pure diesel fuel). However, nano-additive mixed fuel F3 is
giving better thermal efficiency than F2 under all the load condi-
tions. But, the efficiency of pure diesel fuel (F1) is still more than
the efficiency of fuel F3.
Now performance tests on fuel F4 (which contains 0.5 g/l nano
particles) have been made. Comparison for the brake thermal effi-
ciency between F1 and F4 fuels clearly state that brake thermal
efficiency for fuel F4 is more than pure diesel fuel i.e. F1. It can also
be observed from the graph that as load is increasing difference
between the efficiencies for F1 and F4 is also increasing. So for
0.5 g/l n-Al2O3 additive based B20 type biodiesel blended diesel
has better efficiency than the original pure diesel fuel.
Now further increase of n-Al2O3 to 0.75 g/l and 1.0 g/l into the
B20 i.e. fuel F5 and F6 have given poor results as sharp decline in
the brake thermal efficiency of the engine have been observed.
In Fig. 3; for 480 W load, it is clear that addition of n-Al2O3
Fig. 1. Variation in Brake Power with varying load. increases the thermal efficiency of the engine up to 0.5 g/l.

Fig. 2. Brake thermal efficiency using different fuels under different loads.
 H. Kumar Patel, S. Kumar / Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258 255

Fig. 3. Brake thermal efficiencies of different fuels under 480 W load.

However, further addition of nano-particles results decrease in the

brake thermal efficiency.
Now for optimizing the concentration of the n-Al2O3 into B20
for maximum efficiency, 480 W load has been considered. Result
obtain from the experiment reveals that brake thermal efficiency
is first increasing and then it is decreasing with increase in the con-
centration of nano-aluminum oxide particles.
Using regression analysis the brake thermal efficiency has been
related with concentration. Using Microsoft Excel 2010, following
4th order polynomial equation has been generated for the best
fit curve between brake thermal efficiency and the concentration
of n-Al2O3 into the B20.
g ¼ 216:69C4  423:64C3 þ 235:72C2  32:414C þ 13:794
where,
ɳ = Brake thermal efficiency
C = Concentration of n-Al2O3 in B20
Fig. 4. Variation on Brake thermal efficiency with Brake power for varying loads.
The above model has value of R2 as 1 so it is 100% fit.
Hence there is a scope of optimization for variation in Brake
thermal efficiency with different concentration of nano aluminum
oxide particle so that optimum value of nano aluminum oxide
could be found which will give maximum brake thermal efficiency.
For, Maximum brake thermal efficiency;
dg
¼0
dC
Or; 866:76C3  1270:92C2 þ 471:44C  32:414 ¼ 0

Fig. 5. Difference in Brake thermal efficiencies for different fuel at varying BP.
256 H. Kumar Patel, S. Kumar / Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258

2. Maximum brake power and maximum Brake thermal effi-

ciency are observed, when 0.5 g/l of n-Al2O3 is added to
B20, where a noticeable improvement on the performance
of engine is found. Here, 3.85% improvement on brake power
and 24.7% improvement on brake thermal efficiency are
observed.
3. For given brake power output B20 with 0.25 g/l n-Al2O3 is
giving better Brake thermal efficiency than B20 alone
under varying loads but not better than as with pure
diesel.
4. For a given brake power output, B20 with 0.5 g/l n-Al2O3
is giving better brake thermal efficiency than all the fuels
considered during the research work including pure
diesel.
5. Result shows a lesser fuel consumption for 0.25 g/l nano-
particles added B20. The specific fuel consumption has been
decreased to its minimum value for 0.5 g/l nano-particles
added B20.
6. Further increase in the amount of n-Al2O3 is leading to dras-
tic decrease in the performance of the diesel engine. Adding
0.75 g/l of n-Al2O3 into B20 is causing decrease in the brake
thermal efficiency by 13.56% and for 1.0 g/l of n-Al2O3 added
Fig. 6. Variation of bsfc with BP at varying load.
into B20 is resulting 26.39% decrease on brake thermal
efficiency.
7. The maximum brake power output is found approximately
same for with and without adding the nano-particles into
the B20. But, during run excessive knocking has been
observed. Further, sound of the engine has been become
abnormal for high rpm which results excessive amount of
fuel requirement. This results higher fuel compositions and
therefore brake thermal efficiency decreases.
8. Variation in brake thermal efficiency with concentration of
n-Al2O3 into B20 follows 4th order polynomial equation as
given

g ¼ 216:69C4  423:64C3 þ 235:72C2  32:414C þ 13:794

where ɳ = Brake thermal efficiency; C = Concentration of n-Al2O3

in B20.
9. Optimal value of concentration of the nano-particles is cal-
culated as 0.4592 g/l into B20. So for this concentration
value, the requirement of the nano- particles will be mini-
mum and the efficiency of the engine will maximum. Fur-
Fig. 7. Regression analysis at 480 W load conditions. ther, for this value the performance of the engine is better
than the pure diesel.
Table 4
10. The present study reveals that biodiesel blended diesel
% change in efficiency due to nano aluminum oxide at 480 W load. decreases the brake thermal efficiency and fuel consump-
tion. But, addition of 0.4592 g/l of n-Al2O3 into the biodiesel
Fuel Brake thermal % Improvement % Reduction in
efficiency (%) in Efficiency in Efficiency in
blended diesel has been recommended for the improvement
comparison comparison in the performance of the diesel engine and reduction in the
of Blend F2 of Blend F2 knocking phenomenon caused due to the presence of the
F2 13.79 – – bio-diesel.
F3 14.65 6.2 –
F4 17.11 24.07 –
F5 11.92 – 13.56
F6 10.15 – 26.39
5. Future prospects

Or; C ¼ 0:4592
So, as per the above result; 0.4592 g/l of n-Al2O3 in B20 will give
maximum brake thermal efficiency to the diesel engine.
4. Conclusions
1. By using 0.25 g/l n-Al2O3 with B20, 0.52% improvement on
Brake power and 6.23% improvement on Brake thermal effi-
ciency are observed.
1. This experimental work had carried out with air cooled diesel
engine; similar experiments can be done for water cooled diesel
engine.
2. Influence of nano-particle on petrol engine can also be
observed.
3. There are different types of nano-particle (like copper oxide,
cerium oxide) which can also be mixed with B20 fuel and per-
formance tests can be conduted.
4. During the present work has been carried out with B20, similar
experiments can be performed with B30, B50.
 H. Kumar Patel, S. Kumar / Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 4 (2017) 252–258 257

Appendix A Table A5
Performance values of F5.

See Tables A1–A6. Load BP mf bsfc Brake thermal efficiency

(W) (W) (g/s) (kg/kW-h) (%)
60 43.8 0.046 3.808 2.26
Table A1 120 86.4 0.047 1.954 4.40
Performance values of F1. 180 146.3 0.049 1.193 7.20
240 180.0 0.053 1.103 8.17
Load BP mf bsfc Brake thermal efficienc 300 216.7 0.063 1.047 8.20
(W) (W) (g/s) (kg/kW-h) (%) 360 273.0 0.066 0.867 9.91
60 44.6 0.039 3.155 2.69 420 308.8 0.068 0.788 10.90
120 88.0 0.044 1.806 4.70 480 345.6 0.069 0.721 11.92
180 150.5 0.046 1.098 7.74
240 185.4 0.047 0.916 9.28
300 220.0 0.051 0.832 10.21
360 277.2 0.052 0.671 12.67 Table A6
420 315.2 0.054 0.613 13.86 Performance values of F6.
480 351.0 0.055 0.564 15.06
Load BP mf bsfc Brake thermal efficiency
(W) (W) (g/s) (kg/kW-h) (%)
60 44.0 0.053 4.349 1.97
120 86.0 0.054 2.249 3.82
180 146.3 0.054 1.319 6.51
Table A2 240 175.5 0.055 1.200 7.15
Performance values of F2. 300 212.3 0.060 1.026 8.37
360 266.0 0.066 0.888 9.66
Load BP mf bsfc Brake thermal efficiency 420 302.4 0.079 0.935 9.18
(W) (W) (g/s) (kg/kW-h) (%) 480 338.4 0.079 0.846 10.15
60 44.0 0.042 3.463 2.49
120 86.4 0.047 1.954 4.42
180 144.9 0.048 1.193 7.23
240 180.0 0.053 1.069 8.07
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