DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-54B-Final Exam - Monahamada

54B
Dear MBA students,

ESLSCA 54B
As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you should:
1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2
2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references.
3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other class students (even for those who are
Otherwise will be counted as 'Plagiarism'
4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g
5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to ashraf@ashrafelsafty.com .
6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-54B-Fin
7. Use BLUE color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks.
8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 23rd March 2018, 10:00 pm, oth
9. Please give every single question the needed high care, as grades are NOT equally distributed among que
As I mentioned before for the mid-term and during our classes, we are studying to learn, and we are now leveragin
So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam.
I hope I did met your expectations, and now you as a researcher, you will be responsible for what you have learne
what you already gained for the welfare of the country and your people.
Hope you gained the ultimate scientific benefit from the course and me as well.
May Allah bless you all.
Kind Regards,
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Strategist
Research Methods & Strategic Management
ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach.
ESLSCA 54B
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 54B #VALUE!
Final Exam
Part ONE
Q
Answer ONLY
DON'T DELETE O
Just
answer
on grey
cells
only
1 Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a A

certain problem or when there is no information available on how similar
problems or research issues have been solved in the past?
A. Exploratory research.
B. Descriptive research.
C. Causal research.
D. Experimental research.
2 What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study? C
A. Understanding the dependent variable.

B. Predicting the dependent variable.
C. Making sure that all relevant variables are included in the study.
D. Explaining variance in the dependent variable.
3 If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship between interest rates A

and bank deposit patterns of clients, a ‘field study’ is the most suitable
method of investigation.
A. true
B. false
4 A marketing manager aims to investigate the relationship between B

customer satisfaction and store loyalty among British consumers. For this
purpose, data will have to be collected from British stores and the ‘unit of
analysis’ is the country.
A. true
B. false
5 The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to A

know the profits made during the past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries
in England, Germany, France, and Spain. It is possible that there are many
regional offices of these subsidiaries in each of these countries. The profits
of the various regional centers for each country have to be aggregated and
the profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to the CFO.
Hence, the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country.
A. true
B. false
6 Studies, when data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more B
points in time to answer the research question, are called:
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.
7 Experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies since data are A

collected both before and after a manipulation.
A. true
B. false
8 Which of the following studies is a causal study? The researcher tries to B

find out:
a. What percentage of the population thinks commercials are annoying
compared to 10 years ago.
b. Why unemployment in Europe is higher than in Asia.
c. If smoking is related to cancer.
d. All the above answers are correct.
9 A bank manager wants to determine the cause-and-effect relationship B

between interest rate and the inducements it offers to clients to save and
deposit money in the bank. What is the appropriate study setting?
a. A field study.
b. A field experiment.
c. A lab experiment.
d. None of the above.
10 The goal of a _____________ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile B

of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-
oriented, or other perspective.
a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.
11 ____________ studies are also necessary when some facts are known, but A
more information is needed for developing a viable theoretical framework.
a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.
12 Whether a study is a causal or a correlational one depends on the type of A

research questions asked and how the problem is defined.
A. true
B. false
13 The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work A
at the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is
causal or correlational.
A. true
B. false
14 A causal study is conducted in the natural environment of the organization B

with minimum interference by the researcher with the normal flow of
work.
A. true
B. false
15 In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships, the A

researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects
of such manipulation on the dependent variable of interest.
A. true
B. false
16 Correlational studies are invariably conducted in contrived settings, B

whereas most rigorous causal studies are done in non-contrived lab
settings.
A. true
B. false
17 The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected A
during the subsequent data analysis stage.
A. true
B. false
18 Our research question determines the unit of analysis. A
A. true
B. false
19 A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps over a A
period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question.
Such studies are called:
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.
20 A marketing manager is interested in tracing the pattern of sales of a B

particular product in four different regions of the country on a quarterly
basis for the next 2 years. This is an example of a:
a. Cross-sectional study.
b. Longitudinal study.
c. Exploratory study.
d. Case study.
21 Knowledge of research design details also helps managers to study and A

intelligently comment on research proposals.
A. true
B. false
22 Methodological rigor increases as we move progressively from an A
exploratory study to a hypothesis-testing study, and with this, the costs of
research also increase.
A. true
B. false
23 Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to A

characteristics of objects according to a pre-specified set of rules.
A. true
B. false
24 Objects include: A
a. Persons, strategic business units, and companies.

b. Countries, cars, and arousal seeking tendency.
c. Elephants, kitchen appliances, and shopping enjoyment.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.
25 Examples of characteristics of objects are: C
a. Length, weight, and country.

b. Arousal seeking tendency, strategic business unit, and shopping
enjoyment.
c. Service quality, conditioning effects, and taste.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.
26 Attributes of objects that can be physically measured by some calibrated A

instruments pose no measurement problems.
A. true
B. false
27 Reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable in a tangible A

way is called operationalizing the concepts.
A. true
B. false
28 Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or A
properties denoted by the concept. These are then translated into
observable and measurable elements so as to develop an index of
measurement of the concept.
A. true
B. false
29 Operationalizing a concept involves a series of steps. A
1. Come up with a definition of the construct.

2. Develop a response format.
3. Assess the validity and reliability of the measurement scale.
4. Develop an instrument (one or more items or questions) that actually
measures the concept that one wants to measure.
What is the correct order?
a. 1-4-2-3.
b. 4-2-1-3.
c. 4-2-3-1.
d. 3-1-4-2.
30 Operationalizing a concept consists of delineating the reasons, B

antecedents, consequences, or correlates of the concept.
A. true
B. false
31 You cannot measure objects; you measure _____________ of objects. D
a. Elements.
b. Dimensions.
c. Antecedents.
d. Attributes.
32 Operationalizing is: C
a. Designing questionnaires.
b. Translating a problem definition into a research question.
c. Making an abstract concept measurable.
d. Defining difficult concepts in the research proposal.
33 A variable or construct must always be directly observable. B
A. true
B. false
34 Operationalizing a variable precedes defining a variable. B
A. true
B. false
35 The construct ‘hunger’ is a typical example of a construct that must be A

operationalized because it is an abstract and subjective concept.
A. true
B. false
36 What is the type of scale of the variable ‘age’ if it is measured in the D

following way?
“What is your age? ____ years.”

a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.
37 What is the measurement level of income, measured in the following way: A

“What is your annual gross income?”
< €15.000
€20.000 - €30.000
€30.000 - €45.000
> € 45.000
a. Nominal.
b. Ordinal.
c. Interval.
d. Ratio.
38 “As the calibration or fine-tuning of a scale increases in sophistication, so D

does the power of the scale”. What is therefore the most powerful scale?
a. A nominal scale.
b. An ordinal scale.
c. An interval scale.
d. A ratio scale.
39 The difference between an ordinal and a ratio scale is that a ratio scale has B
an arbitrary zero point.
A. true
B. false
40 Army rank (such as lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, general, etc.) is A

ordinal in nature.
A. true
B. false
41 Temperature is usually measured on a ratio scale. B
A. true
B. false
42 A lady stands on a pair of scales three times in a row. The first time she
weighs 69 kilo, the second time 69 kilo, and the third time 69 kilo. Her real
weight is 51 kilo. What is the matter with the scales? B
a. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid.

b. The pair of scales is reliable but is not valid.
c. The pair of scales is not reliable but is valid.
d. The pair of scales is reliable and valid.
43 The following scale is a: “Ugly __ __ __ __ __ Beautiful” B
a. A likert-scale.
b. A semantic differential scale.
c. A numerical scale.
d. An itemized rating scale.
44 Which of the following is not a source of primary data?

C
a. A focus group.
b. A panel.
c. Company records.
d. A video conference.
45 Whereas panels meet for a one-time group session, focus groups meet B
more than once.
A. true
B. false
46 The Delphi Technique is a forecasting method that uses a cautiously A
selected panel of experts in a systematic, interactive manner.
A. true
B. false
47 The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and A

costs of acquiring information.
A. true
B. false
48 Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the interviewer does not

enter the interview setting with a planned sequence of questions to be A
asked of the respondent.
A. true
B. false
49 Structured interviews are those conducted when it is known at the outset A
what information is needed.
A. true
B. false
50 When conducting interviews, it is unethical that the researcher makes

written notes as the interviews are taking place, or as soon as the B
interview is terminated.
A. true
B. false
51 The principles of wording refers to which of the following factors? D
a. The appropriateness of the content of the questions

b. How questions are worded and the level of sophistication of the
language used.
c. The type and form of questions asked.
d. All of the above.
52 The way questions are sequenced could also introduce certain biases,
frequently referred to as the ordering effects.
A
A. true
B. false
53 Instead of phrasing all questions positively, it is advisable to include some A
negatively worded questions as well, so the tendency in respondents to
mechanically circle the points toward one end of the scale is minimized.
A. true
B. false
54 “Do you think there is a good market for the product and that it will sell
well?” C
This question is:

a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.
55 “Don’t you think that in these days of escalating costs of living, employees A
should be given good pay raises?”
a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.
56 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the

respondent is led from questions of a general nature to those that are more A
specific.
A. true
B. false
57 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the A

respondent is led from questions that are relatively easy to answer to
those that are progressively more difficult.
A. true
B. false
58 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that you
end with questions that respondents refuse to answer.
B
A. true
B. false
59 The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is: A
a. That they are not meeting the specific needs of the particular situation or
setting.
b. That it is generally more expensive to collect secondary data than
primary data.
c. That they are generally qualitative in nature.
d. That they cannot be used for forecasting purposes.
60 Probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the

sample is of importance in the interests of wider generalizability.
A
A. true
B. false
61 Convenience sampling and quota sampling are examples of probability B

sampling.
A. true
B. false
62 A researcher who investigates the relationship between the loyalty

program of a specific supermarket and the loyalty towards this
supermarket, collects his data by questioning consumers who leave the
specific supermarket on several daily periods. The sampling method used A
by this researcher is called:
a. Convenience sampling.
b. Simple random sampling.
c. Stratified sampling.
d. Quota sampling.
63 When the properties of the population are not over-represented or under- A
represented in the sample, we will have a representative sample.
A. true
B. false
64 From a statistical perspective, probability sampling is preferred over non-

probability sampling.
A. true
B. false
65 The results of probability sampling are less generalizable than the results B
of non-probability sampling.
A. true
B. false
66 The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all the elements in the

population from which the sample is drawn.
A
A. true
B. false
67 The payroll of an organization would serve as the sampling frame if its A

members are to be studied.
A. true
B. false
68 The type of probability and non-probability sampling designs that is
chosen depends on: A
a. The extent of generalizability desired.

b. The demands of time and other resources.
c. The purpose of the study.
d. All of the above.
69 A sample size of 40 is large enough. B
A. true
B. false
70 As a sampling technique, qualitative research generally uses non-

probability sampling as it does not aim to draw statistical inference.
A. true
B. false
Thanks
Dr Ashraf Elsafty
Answer ONLY using A or B or C or D or E
DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS or COLUMNS
MUST Add needed justification for your selection
Regarding to the exploratory study, extensive preliminary work needs to be

done to gain familiarity with the phenomena in the situation, and understand
what is occurring, before we develop a model and set up a rigorous design for
comprehensive investigation.Exploratory studies are undertaken to better
comprehend the nature of the problem since very few studies might have
been conducted in that area, throughthe exploratory study the variables will
be able to be identified for example 15 variables out of 20 variables in a
problem situation and the theoretical framework will be developed, where
there is relation between variables but can't measure the amount &
direction , the next step is to design the research in such a way that the
requested data can be gathered and analyzed to arrive at a solution to be
suitable in a certain problem
In the casual study , the researchers need to know more cause and the effect
relationship of variables and also they have to assure that the odd variable
doesn't affect the dependent variable as casual study show the engagment
between variable and each other to make sure that all relevant variables are
included
This study happens when the bank manager has merely taken the balances in
various types of account and correlated them to the changes in interest rates.
Research here is done in a noncontrived setting with no interference with the
normal work routine .
It is false because the collected data is limited only to the British stores
notany other countries . as result of the answer is the country of unit analysis
referes to the nationality of consumers we are looking for in such this case to
reflect the relations between store loyalty among britich consumers then
shows the stage of combination of the data collected during the research in
this step .
We must know how we determine the most suitable unit of analysis as the
term in regional offices of England, Germany, France and Spain whichmeans
the countrylevel , then it will show the relationship between profit and
regional offices for five years back so to increase the profit and know more
about it and offices all over mentioned countries we have to conduct through
country as unit analysis .the country level will be the British stores.
The researcher wants to study people or phenomena at more than one point
in time In Longitudinal studies in order to answer the research question. The
Longitudinal studies take more time and effort and cost more than cross-
sectional studies. However, well-planned longitudinal studies can, among
other things, help to identify cause-and-effect relationships.In other words to
explain Longitudinal section where data collected for same sample more than
once time .
The experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies as the

experimental Studies are conducting to establish cause-and-effect
relationships using the same natural environment, and as long as these
studies collect data before (cause) and after (effect), so it is considered as
"Longitudinal Studies". in this regards .
It is necessary to establish a definitive cause and effect relationship when

the causal study is done ,So it is B cause the researcher is keen on delineating
one or more factors that are undoubtedly causing the unemployment
problem, while A and C are considered correlation notcause and effect, asin
both of them , the researcher isinterested in delineating the imporant
variable associated with the problem
In the Studies of the field experiment , they are conducted to establish cause-
and-effect relationships using the same natural environment in which
employees normally function are called field experiments,the researcher does
interfere with the natural occurrence of events inasmuch as the independent
variable is manipulated..This is a field experiment since nothing but the
interest rate is manipulated, with all activities occurring in the normal and
natural work environment so it is the field experiment.
The goal of descriptive study is to identify the relavant figures from

individual, industry or organizational and provide the researcher to clarify
the advantges and all aspects in regards event,group or individual in given
sitiuation so it is applied in the descriptive study
The exploratory studies are also necessary when some facts are known as the
exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation
at hand, or no information is available on how similar problems or research
issues have been solved in the past. In such cases, extensive preliminary work
needs to be done to gain familiarity with the phenomena in the situation, and
understand what is occurring, before we develop a model and set up a
rigorous design for comprehensive investigation.In other words exploratory
studies are undertaken to better comprehend the nature of the problem since
very few studies might have been conducted in such situations .
it is causal because while the researcher wants to plan the causes of one or
more than one problem is called a causual study. In other hand while the
researcher is interested to know more how is the iportant variables are
associated with the problem study is called a correlational study.
A correlational study is conducted in the natural environment of the
organization with minimal interference by the researcher with the normal
flow of work.
In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships, the
researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects of
such manipulation on the dependent variable of interest. In other words, the
researcher deliberately (on purpose) changes certain variables in the setting
and interferes with the events as they normally occur in the organization. The
extent of interference varies into minimal, moderate, and excessive.
In the correlational study is while the reseracher needs to know more about
employees satisfaction for example all that the individual has to develp
theortical frame work collect the date in range then analyize them to cause
the outcomes and findings, the reseracher interface in know the functions of
the systems as compared to the casual studies
In order to establish cause and effect relationship ,the researcher wants to

delineate the cause of one or more problems as result the researcher tries to
manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects of such manipulation
on the dependent variable of interest.
Regardin to the correlational study, it is completed in organizations are

called fieled study that conducted to know cause and affect relationships
using the same natural enviroment in which persons normally functions are
called fieled experiments
It will be True as the unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation

(cumulative/total) of the data collected during the subsequent
(Next/later/Successive) data analysis.As the nature of the information
gathered, as well as the level at which data are aggregated for analysis, are
integral to decisions
made on the choice of the unit of analysis.
Regarding to the kind of data gathered as well as stages as which data
collected for analysis are integrated for deciding made of choices of the unit
analysis, it is important to know the unit of analysis we formulate and answer
the research questions while the data collection methods, sample size and
even the variables are included in the framework somtimes indentified and
provided which data are combinated for analysis
It is called Cross Section studiesas because in which data are gathered just
once, may be over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a
research question. Such studies are called one-shot or cross-sectional studies.
This is an example of longitudinal as a result of data was gathered from two

different type of points in that time, the study as considered as longitudinally
across period of time as it's not cross sectional or one shot as when data are
collected of depnedent variable two or more two points in that time to
answer research question this will be cinsdered as longitudinal study
It is true as the knowledge of research design details helps managers in

position to weigh the gravity of the problem experienced and decide what
kind of design will yield acceptable results in an efficient manner, also
Knowledge of interconnections among various aspects of the research design
helps managers to call for the effective study, after weighing the nature and
magnitude of the problem encountered, and the type of solution desired, one
of the main benefits helping managers in fully understanding the difference
between causal and correlational studies is that managers do not fall into the
trap of making implicit causal assumptions when two variables are only
associated with each other. They realize that A could cause B, or B could
cause A, or both A and B could covary because of some third variable
incraese in more than one figure and aspects also like sample size, multiple
methods of data collection, developments of updated mesure in addation to
research cost then will be impacted in testability, accuracy, precision and
generalizability too
We can not test our hypotheses and find answers to our research
questions.Unless the variables are measured in some way as measurement of
the variables in the theoretical framework is an integral part of research and
an important aspect of research design.
Persons , strategic business units , and companies are objects because they
can be measured physically by some caliborated instruments pose no
measurement problems . While arousal seeking tendency and service
qualityare examples of the charactrisics of objects
The examples of objects are strategic business unit , Restaurants ,

Shampoo.while Service quality, conditioning effects, and taste are pure
characteristics of objects
The width and dimensions of office round table can be easily measured by
ruler. On the other hand we need to measure the office floor area we will do
and need to know measure of elephant will know its weight
The operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets,

or properties denoted by the concept. These are then translated into
observable and measurable elements so as to develop an index of
measurement of the concept.Operationalizing a concept involves a series of
steps (Definition-Dimensions- Elements-Questions).For Example of
intangiable variables (Motivation& Achievements)
The operationalizing is done due to the lack of physical measuring devices to
measure the more nebulous variables, there are ways of tapping these types
of variable. This technique is to reduce these abstract notions or concepts to
observable behavior and/or characteristics or to render into a tangiable
operalization . In other words, the abstract notions (intangiable) are broken
down into observable behavior or characteristics.For Example the concept of
thirst is abstract , you expect to measure thirst by drinking plenty of fluids
(not just water)
The stages will be as folow :

1.Come up with a definition of the construct that you want to measure.
2.Think about the content of the measure;
3.An instrument (one or more items or questions) that actually measures
the concept that one wants to measure has to be developed.
4.Response format (for instance a seven-point rating scale (In
other words 1.Definition, 2.Dimensions,3.Elements, 4.Questions
The operationlizing is completed by looking at behavorial dimensions or

properties by transferred them into observable and measure elements as to
develop index of measurement of the concept
The measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to

characteristics (or attributes) of objects according to a prespecified set of
rules.
Making an abstract concept measurable in an tangible way is called
operationalizing the concepts and the opeationalizational is completed by
looking for behavioral dimensions they are transferred into observations and
measurable elements so as to develop as index measurement of the concept
Accordingly, there are at least two types of variables: one lends itself to
objective and precise measurement; the other is more
nebulous(intangiable)and does not lend itself to accurate measurement
because of its abstract and subjective nature,so it is not a must that a variable
always be directly observable.
This sentence is false as to reduce specific abstract or concept to observable

behaviors and characteristics. The stages will be as folow :
1.Come up with a definition of the construct that
you want to measure. 2.Think about the content of the measure;
3.An instrument (one or more items or
questions) that actually measures the concept that one wants to measure has
to be developed. 4.Response format (for
instance a seven-point rating scale (In other words 1.Definition,
2.Dimensions,3.Elements, 4.Questions
The construct of hunger is abstract and need to render it

to measurable in tangible way and this is the operationalization, so, concept
of hunger is abstract; we cannot see it. However, we would expect a hungry
person to eat plenty of foods, by measuring the quantity of foods that they eat
to feed their hunger. We will thus be able to measure their levels of hunger,
even though the concept of hunger itself is abstract and nebulous.
As the ratio scale ( has an absolute ) is related to numbers more than others
and usually use in organizational research since exact numbers are avaliable
It is nominal because it is missing a very important criteria that the ability to
resolve the arthritic mean, so in this case the only factor can categorize the
subjct in certain groups in the only acceptable measre of central tendancy is
mode that is why it is nominal.
For types of scales there are more than one which are nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio too and the degree of sophistication to which scale is fine-
tuned increased as we forward from nominal to ratio scale
As the ratio scale has a unique zero origin (not an arbitrary origin),The
response to any question using ratio scale will be reasonable figure while the
ordinal scale is used to rank the preferences or usage of various brands of a
product by individuals and to rank-order individuals, objects, or events.In
others words Ordinal scale only categorizes variables in such a way as to
denote differences among various categories
As the ordinal provide us to plan and design jobs also identified the majority
of employees. In other hand its ranked orders to different classes
This sentence is false because the clinical thermometer is a good example of

an interval-scaled instrument; it has an arbitrary origin and the magnitude of
the difference between degrees.Also temperature, can be measured on a
nominal scale (high/low), or ordinal scale (hot/medium/low),
Conclusion of that case is reliable but not valid as validity it is important so
much to have effeicent and effective too to the scales and for not validation
will be dropu up errors in the outcome
As the semantic differential scale is used to assess respondents' attitudes

toward a particular brand, advertisement, object, or individual. The
responses can be plotted to obtain a good idea of their perceptions. This is
treated as an interval scale.Example Responsive_Unresponsive ,Ugly _
Beautiful,Courageous_Timid
The company data will be subtitled under secondry data as it was collected by
some one else other than the researchers conducting the mentioned study
and for primary data it will be collected by interviews, questionaries and
observations as well
Both Focus groups & Panels are source of primary data.Focus groups
(Exploratory) meet for a one-time group session, Panels (of members)
(Descriptive)meet more than once.
The Delphi Technique has been widely used for long-run business
forecasting.The process of Delphi Technique is as follow:
1.Experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds.

In the first round they are asked to answer a
series of questions on future terms or any other issue about which there is
unsure or incomplete knowledge.
2.The contributions from all the experts
are then collected, summarized, and fed back in the form of a second-round
questionnaire.
3.After
reviewing the first-round results, the experts assess the same issue once
more, taking the opinions of other experts into account.
4.This process goes on until it is stopped by the researcher. The

rationale behind this iterative process is that it eventually may lead to a
consensus about the issue that is being investigated.
As the secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than

the researcher conducting the current study (information already
exists).Several sources of secondary data, including books and periodicals,
government publications of economic indicators, census data, statistical
abstracts, databases.The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is
savings in time and costs of acquiring information.Rather than conducting a
focus group or panel which consume time and cost as source of primary data
Possible objectives of an unstructred interviews is to bring some preliminary

issues to the surface so that the reseacher can dertermines what factors
needs in addtion break down of investigation
First, the interviewer must comprehend the purpose and goal of each
question. The objective of structured interviews that new factors might be
identified, resulting in a deeper understanding.
The interviewer has a list of
predetermined questions to be asked of the respondents either personally,
through the telephone, or through the medium of a PC.
The questions are likely to focus on factors that surfaced during the
unstructured interviews and are considered relevant to the problem.
As
the respondents express their views, the researcher notes them down.
Reseachers should be written notes while interviews occurred as information

will be re back in memory is most be in correct
The principles of wording of design questionnaire should focus on three

areas, first relates to the wording of the questions. The second refers to the
planning of issues with regard to how the variables will be categorized,
scaled, and coded after receipt of the responses. The third pertains to the
general appearance of the questionnaire. The important aspects of wording
are: 1.Contents and purpose of question , 2.Wording & Language, 3.Type
&forms of question, 4.Sequencing , 5.Clarification data& personal information
The questions in the questionnaire should be placed randomly to avoid

certain biases and to reduceany systematic bias in the responsees .It is very
rarely done , because of subsequent confusion while cateegorizing , coding ,
and analyzing the responses .It will be impacted to audioances
attitude,feelings and perception
If you want to create a good questionnaire, it should include both positively
and negatively worded questions, therefore the respondent who is not
particularly interested in completing the questionnaire is more likely to stay
involved and remain alert while answering the questions when positively and
negatively worded questions are interspersed in it.
A question that lends itself to different possible responses to its sub parts and
should be avoided and will be two or more separate questions will be asked
instead .
It is a leading question where it is phrased in such a way that they lead the
respondents to give the responses according to the researcher's opinion.By
asking this kind of leading question, we are signaling and pressuring
respondents to say "yes."
Because it provides with easy and facilitate smooth progress of the

audioances through sorted in questionaire as it is called funnel approach
Regarding to the sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be from

questions that are relatively easy to answer to those that are progressively
more difficult. This funnel approach, as it is called (Festmger and Katz, 1966),
facilitates the easy and smooth progress of the respondent through the items
in the questionnaire.Easy questions might relate to issues that do not involve
much thinking; the more difficult ones might call for more thought, judgment,
and decision making in providing the answers.Finally using the funnel
approach helps respondents to progress through the questionnaire with ease
and comfort.
The sequence of question in the questionnaire should be such that the
respondent is led from questions that atr relatively easy to be answered .So
hope of some people must be considered and respected in the interviewers
manner while conducting the questionaire
While the advantage of seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and
costs of acquiring information.One of the drawbacks of secondary data
becoming obsolete, and not meeting the specific needs of the particular
situation or setting. Therefore,it is important to refer to sources that offer
current and up-to-date information.
Regardind to the probability sampling elements the population has some

known, non zero chance or probability of being selected as sample subject
As the convenience sampling and quota sampling are types of nonprobability

sampling technique. Non-probability sampling focuses on sampling
techniques that are based on the judgement of the researcher.
Convenience sampling refers to the non probability process by which a
scientist gathers statistical data from the population, is often used during the
exploratory phase of a research project
Quota sampling does not allow much variety It is not possible to assess
sample error as it is not random.
Because the gathered of the information from members of the population

who are convience avaliable to provide it and required when quick time
needed for information
As the representative sample should be an unbiased indication of the
population Sampling characteristics should closely match the characteristics
of the whole population.In an unrepresentative sample, some characteristics
are overrepresented or underrepresented, random selection of elements
maximizes sample representativeness, so when the properties of the
population are not over-represented or under-represented in the sample, we
will have a representative sample
This study cannot be confidently generalized to the population as result of

elements don't have probabilites along to their being chosen in sample
subject . In probability sampling, the elements in the population have some
known, non-zero chance or probability of being selected as sample
subjects.We could say that each element has equal chance , simple random
.In other words a gurantee for each element to have chance Probability
sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the sample is of
importance in the interests of wider generalizability. When time or other
factors, rather than generalizability, become critical, nonprobability sampling
is generally used.
The probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of

the sample is of importance in the interests of wider generalizability. When
time or other factors, rather than generalizability, become critical,
nonprobability sampling is generally used.
according sample size and will be working in that case or not as may be
working with current sitiuation and doesn’t work in other same problems
As the sampling frame is a representation of all the elements in the

population from which the sample is drawn.
In many practical situations like payroll of an orgnization the frame is a
matter of choice to the survey planner.This way will offer the advantages of
ease and quickness in developing the sample
Regarding to the sample size and will be working in that case or not as may
be working with current sitiuation and doesn’t work in other same problems
For sure , the large sample size is better than a small sample size as it is more
representative, however the decision about how large the sample size should
be a function of the following factors that are affecting the decisions on
sample size:
1. The research objective.
2. The extent of precision desired (the confidence interval).
3. The acceptable risk in predicting that level of precision (confidence level).
4. The amount of variability in the population itself.
5. The cost and time constraints.
6. In some cases, the size of the population itself.
Theconcern when how the large of sample can be it's very difficult one, in
other hand sampling procedures very important so much and for probability
sampling designs are used to when the sample importance of the interset of
wide generlizabilty . In other words, In qualitative research design, non-
probability sampling techniques, such as purposive sampling can provide
researchers with strong theoretical reasons for their choice of units or cases
to be included in their sample, Rather than using probabilistic methods (Ex.
random selection) to generate a sample, non-probability sampling requires
researchers to use their subjective judgements, drawing on theory (Ex. the
academic literature) and practice (Ex. the experience of the researcher and
the evolutionary nature of the research process). Unlike probability sampling,
the goal is not to achieve objectivity in the selection of samples, or necessarily
attempt to make generalisations (Ex. statistical inferences) from the sample
being studied to the wider population of interest, Instead, researchers
following a qualitative research design tend to be interested in the intricacies
of the sample being studied.
MUST Add used reference(s)
RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS

Fifth Edition (Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie)Chapter 5
page: 123-124 , Example mentioned in Lecture 6

page:130

page:134
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page:140,Example mentioned in Lecture 6

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page:140, Example mentioned in Lecture 6

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page:147, Definition mentioned in Lecture 7
page:147,Definition explained in Lecture 7

page:147,Definition mentioned in Lecture 7

page:156

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page:146-147

page:147,Definition mentioned in Lecture 7

page:147

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Page:203 , Lecture 8
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Fifth Edition (Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie)Chapter
10 Page:288, As mentioned in Lecture 10

10 Page:296 to297

10 Page:296
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10 Page:288, As mentioned in Lecture 10

10 Page:288

10 Page:287.As mentioned in Lecture 10

10 Page:287
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10 Page:290 -297
44D ESLSCA 54B
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 54B
Final Exam
Part TWO
Q
Part 1:
1 Develop a conceptual model for the scenario
below, with needed discussion and graph:
In recent decades, many service markets have

been liberalized. For this reason, incumbent
service firms are facing new competitors and
must address customer switching. You are
discussing the determinants of customer
switching with a service firm manager. She
believes that product quality, relationship
quality, and switching costs are important
determinants of customer switching. You agree
with the contention that product quality and
relationship quality are important determinants
of switching. However, you believe that
switching costs moderate the relationships
between product quality, relationship quality,
and customer switching. Provide arguments for
this contention.
2 A field experiment is often more useful than
a lab experiment.” Discuss this statement. ,
using your own example. (4-5 paragraphs)
3 Compare between exploratory and

descriptive research design purpose, using
your own example.(3-5 Paragraphs)
4 Discuss the inter-relationships among: non-
contrived setting, purpose of the study, type
of investigation, researcher interference,
and time horizon of the study, using your
own example.
5 Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of

the research design? Use your own example
(1-2 paragraphs)
6 Discuss major criteria assessing quality of a

literature source, (3-4 paragraphs)
7 Below are three scenarios. For each, indicate
how the researcher should proceed with the
following, giving reasons covering:
The purpose of the study

The type of investigation
The extent of researcher interference
The study setting
The time horizon for the study
The unit of analysis.
Scenario A: Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small
business (a woman’s dress boutique), has invited
a consultant to tell her how she is different from
similar small businesses within a 60-mile radius,
in regard to her usage of the most modern
computer technology, sales volume, profit
margin, and staff training.
Scenario B: Mr. Paul Hodge, the owner of several
restaurants is concerned about the wide
differences in the profit margins of the various
restaurants. He would like to try some incentive
plans for increasing the efficiency levels of those
restaurants that are lagging behind. But, before
he introduces this, he would like to be sure that
the idea will work. He asks a researcher to help
him on this issue.
Scenario C: A manager is intrigued why some
people seem to derive joy from work and get
energized by it, while others find it troublesome
and frustrating.
From your text book: 5th digital edition

8 Exercise 4.6
Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable
9 Exercise 4.7
Situation 1
Situation 2
Situation 3
10 Exercise 4.8
Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Intervening variable
Moderating variable
11 Compare between Cluster and Judgemental

Sampling design, with clear example of your
own.
12 Operationalize the subjective concept
'Shopping happiness' and use the needed
measurement scales.
13 Write a full research proposal/research

project, using the book studied examples
and guided by the sample thesis provided,
regarding a problem/opportunity about
“Egypt’s needed development”, from a
business and management perspective, it is
of your selection to set the whole story to
guide your proposal or to define the context
to support developing a clear research
proposal. (Should cover all topics studied
within research methods; mention the item
on the left and your answer on the right, and
within 2 or 3 pages length only).
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
.
Item 4
Item5.Theoretical Framework:
Item6.Conceptual Model
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Item 7: Research Design

7.1 Purpose of the study
7.2 Type of investigation
7.3Extent of researcher interference
7.4 Study Setting
7.5 Unit Analysis

7.6 Time Horizon
Item 8. Scale
Item9.Data collection methods
Item 10.Sampling
Item 11.Data Analysis
Item 12.Interpretation of data
#VALUE!
Answer
Switchig cost is the dependent variable while product quality is the independent varaible.
Customer who can receive the product as low quality for sure will sitch to a competitor
unless the switching cost is too much. When the switching cost is contingent to the relation
between the quality of the product and the customer switching to another product . Here
switching cost will be the moderating variable in this regard .In the relationship of the
quality when the customer thought that the relationship of the provider is notuseful , the
customer will think to switch and cosider the other factors such as the cost of the another
product, the effect of not buying the product and even if the cost of the another product will
be higher than the current one , the customer will switch as the switching cost has a
contingent effect on the relationship between the quality and the customer switching to
another product and act as a moderting variable
when a cause and effect relationship between an independent and a dependent variable of
interest is to be clearly established , then all other variables that might contaminate or
confound the relationship have to be accounted for in some way, So that the actual causal
effects of the investigated independent variable on the dependent variale can be determined .
It is also necessary to manipulate the independent variable so that the extent of its causal
effects can be established . The control and manipulation are best done in an artificial setting
( the laboratory ) , wherethe causal effects can be tested .when the control and manipulation
are introuced to establsh cause- and effect relationships in an artificial setting , we have
laboratory experimental designs , also now as lab experiment, becausewe use the terms of
control and manipulation.While the field experiment is an experiment done in the natural
environment in which work goes on as usual , but treatments are given to one or more
groups. Thus , in the field experiment , even though it may not be possible to control all the
nuisance variables because mmbers cannot be either randomly assigned to groups or
matched the treatment can still be manipulated .the field experiment is moe useful than the
lab experiment
Regarding the Exploratory research design as follow:

The inital research into a hypothetical or theortical idea (seems to understand what
around) The Question is Why not What &How.Exploratory study either new topic or new
angle.New Topic is often unexpected &startling in its findings while New angle, come from
new ways of looking from a theortical perspective or a new way of measuring something.
Where exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand,
or no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved
in the past. In such cases, extensive preliminary work needs to be done to gain familiarity
with the phenomena in the situation, and understand what is occurring, before we develop a
model and set up a rigorous design for comprehensive investigation.Exploratory studies are
also necessary when some facts are known, but more information is needed for developing a
viable theoretical framework.In other words exploratory studies are undertaken to better
comprehend the nature of the problem since very few studies might have been conducted in
that area.
Example:A multinational company want to know why one of the region it covers doesn't
fullfil the diversity policy where the women hired in this region are too low in number or in
any leading role women aren't responsible.
Descriptive research design: Attempts to explore &explain
while providing additional information about the topic (Filling the missing parts).The
Question is What & How,Create the full picture & start to get the idea.A descriptive study is
undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of the variables
of interest in a situation. The descriptive study is undertaken in organizations to learn about
and describe the characteristics of a group of employees,also to to understand the
characteristics of organizations that follow certain common practices.This is also a method of
solving problems, or for understanding phenomena of interest and generating further
knowledge in that area where we try to describe certain characteristics of the phenomena on
which interest centers.For Example :A CTscan or MRI for the brain(Fully detailing the
brain), also an insurance company like to study of the class in terms of the percentage of
members who are in their seniors, or planning to have family to work on offering plan &
Medical compensation.
Reserachers identified while a casual or correlational study is needed to find an
answer to the issue under study . If the reseachers need to cover the causes of one or
more than one problems then it is called casual study descriptive study and if the
reseachers need to delineate variables associated with the problem then it is a
correlational study. for level of interface by the researchers has direct bearing on
whether the study undertaken is casual or correlational study, for the correlational
study is minimal interferences by the reseachers and casual study more intererance
by the reserachers, tries to manipulate certain variables. correlational study are
invariably conducted in non contirved settings where is most rigorous casual studies
are done in contrived lab settings. finally correlational study needs more time, effort
and the cost as well
Its refer to the level at which data are aggregated for analysis, it is an important issue
to be considered to answer the research questions. The unit of analysis also
influences other decisions such as the sampling design, the sample size, data
collection methods or even the variables included in the framework may sometimes
are determined or guided by the level at which data are aggregated for analysis.
For example, if one is interested in researching the factors that influence the stock
market in three different European countries, it is the behavior of stock markets in
those three countries that are of central interest to the study, and not the individual
stock market within each country. At the time of data analysis, the data gathered
from each of the stock markets within each country will somehow have to be
meaningfully aggregated, and only those three data points, which will form the three
samples, have to be taken into consideration. Thus, the unit of analysis is a function
of the research question posed, and is an integral part of the research design.
Research design decisions relates to sampling and depend on the unit analysis also.
When we are talking about the quality of a literature review it always depend on the
selection of the books, academic and professional journals, reports, theses,
conference proceedings, and unpublished manuscripts.
But the most useful sources of information i what wellknown as academic books and
journals.
1st. Purpose of the study:
Descriptive study, as the descriptive studies are undertaken to understand the
characteristics of organizations that follow certain common practice, In this scenario:
Ms. Joyce Lynn is wants to know how she is different from similar small businesses
regarding her usage for the most modern computer technology, sales volume , porfit
margin , and staff training.
2nd. Type of investigation:
Correlational study, as the all of manager's wants is a mere identification of the
important factors "associated with" the problem and not establishing a cause and
effect relationship.
3rd. Extent of researcher interference:
Minimal interference, The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal
flow of work in the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken
is causal or correlational. A correlational study is conducted in the natural
environment of the organization with minimal interference by the researcher with
the normal flow of work and here the cosultant didn't interfer, just studying the
usage of other small businesses. 4th. Study setting:
Field study: due to a non contrived setting with a minimal inetrference from the
researcher using many similar small business, because organizational research is
done in the natural environment where work proceeds normally.
5th. Time horizon for the study:
Cross sectional studies: As data are gathered just once (one-shot).
6th. Unit of analysis:
Small Business System: As data will have to be collected from each similar small
businesses.
1st. Purpose of the study:
Hypotheses-testing study: as hypotheses testing explains the nature of certain
relationships, and is undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable
"increasing efficency or to predict organizational outcomes". the researcher wants to
explore the relationship between offering incentives and increasing the efficiency.
2nd. Type of investigation:
Causal: As the researcher wants to establish cause and effect relationship between
offering incentives and increasing efficiency levels of those restaurants that are
lagging behind.
3rd. Extent of researcher interference:
Moderate interference: As the researcher can manipulates the normal course of
events by deliberately changing the amount of incentives offered at various
restaurants and study the relationship between offering incentives and efficiency.
4th. Study setting:
Field experiments: Noncontrived setting but with researcher interference to a
moderate extent using one or two resturants.
5th. Time horizon for the study:
Longitudinal studies: As the researcher might want to study the phenomena at more
than one point in time in order to answer the research question, He wants to study
the degree of efficiency at different levles of incentives.
6th. Unit of analysis:
Resturants / Groups: as here we divided the several resturants into different groups
depend on their wide differences in the profit margins.
The purpose of the study:
Exploratory then we could go for Descriptive (here he explains the
nature of certain relationships, or establish the differences among groups.
The type of investigation:
Correlation (to assess and to know why joy is associated with getting
energized or frustrating in work, or the relations between the work and the state of
happiness )
The extent of researcher interference:
No or
minimal interference at exploratory phase where he is aiming to understand current
situation more.
The study setting:
Non contrived , aiming to define the phenomena where the work
proceed normally at this exploratory stage.
The time horizon for the study:
we may use two horizons here, Cross sectional at exploratory study,
then later could use longitudinal data collection at descriptive study
The unit of analysis:
individual employee.
Sales Performance (The main goal of the researcher)
Market Uncertainty (the rate of change in the composition of customers and their
preferences)
Market Uncertainty (the rate of change in the composition of customers and their
preferences)
The independent variable increase of work motivation will cause increase of

employees productivity
Mediating variable level of motivation increase turn over decrease
The good incentives increase perforamnce and loyality too
Employees commitment to work(independent variable ) affect to acheivement of

targets (dependent variable)will increase motivated to work(moderating variable )
Problems
Following Accounting Principles

Confusion
Experience in Book Keeping
The extent to which accounting principles are followed – the independent variable –
explains the variance in the dependent variable problems for the organization. If
individuals do not follow the accounting principles, confusion ensues (intervening
variable that results as a consequence of the independent variable at time T2). But
the failure to follow the principles will result in confusion and problems only for
those individuals who have no experience in book keeping. Those who have
knowledge of book keeping will figure out ways to deal with the situation. Hence,
experience is the moderating variable.
Cluster sampling as samples gathered in group where population is first devided into
clusters and the random samples of cluster is designed and each of these clusters at
all elements or samples are included in the sample selected but the benefit of cluster
is cost reduction but for disadvantges of cluster sampling is not effeceint in related of
precision and confidence and my own example is when the manager needs to know
more when will provide the market with offers and promotions too. in othr hand the
judgmental sampling is while limited numbers of people have such information it is
the only kind of sampling method to deal with nformation required from certain
group of people and fir its disadvangtes of this samples is not generalizable to entire
population and my own example is when a reseracher look for where will can
establish his or her new branch.
In the needed measurnment scale, operationalizing te "shooping happiness":
1st definition the shopping happiness is refers to the characteristic in a consumer
behavior that makes shopping experience more happiness and pleasurable than
others such as accessibility, environment or Atmosphere.
2nd to breakdown the variable to many dimention(s) then to element(s) then to
question(s) as follow:
How you feel when shooping from the mall?
How you feel when shooping through the internet?
Do your happiness rate will change in the mall over the regular shop?
What is the rate of happiness that felt when you find what are searching for?
Does the rate of happiness is stable in each time you go shooping?
3rd to try to apply the scale that from the nature of questions it will be nominal and
it will include 3 selections are (not happy, happy, very happy ).
4th to collect the data and try to validate it with the scale.
MAKE SURE TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION FULLY.

Answer 1 Egypt is one of developing countries in Africa that have a lot opportunities
for growth, depending on its location.
Location: Egypt is located in North Africa bordering the
Mediterranean Sea. Libya is on the west and the Gaza Strip and the Red Sea make up
the eastern border; see map.
Area: Egypt covers just over 1 million square kilometers, about the same size as
France and Germany combined.
Capital City: Cairo
Population: Around 80 million people live in Egypt
Language: Arabic (official), English and French are widely understood by educated
classes.
Religion: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%.
Climate: It's hot and sunny for most of the year in Egypt. Winters (November to
February) are generally mild.
Currency: Egyptian Pound.
It is very obvious that Egypt has adopted this traditional approach for
years by focusing on accelerating economical growth rate. This was achieved in the
last few years when real growth rate for gross domestic product jumped to 7% per
year. However, on the other hand, this was not reflected in operation level increase
or improving the ordinary citizen living quality. Unemployment rate increased till it
reached 13% in 2011/2012. Poverty rates increased to 25% of population. The
current transition period in Egypt requires seeking political stability and rapid,
measured movement towards the achievement of sustainable development with its
three economic, social and environmental pillars. This will improve the quality and
standard of living of all Egyptians, especially poor people. Thus, the social justice, one
of the forefront objectives of 25th January Revolution, will be realized.
Answer 2 To what extend unemployment rate effect country growth and

development?
Answer 3 Concerning the unemployment has been a mainstay of the economics
profession for a longtime. Starting with Keynes's General Theory formalizations of
this concern have primarily
focused on the level of unemployment and its determinants. Keynes's contribution
underscored the involuntary nature of unemployment and charged the government
with the responsibility of stimulating aggregate demand, and restoration of full
employment. After a long period of apparently successful implementation,
experiences of the industrialized countries in the late 1960s brought new challenges.
In the late 1960s, and early 1970s attention began to shift towards the labor market
behavior of individual workers and firms in an attempt to develop the micro-
economic foundations. Theories of job search took the other extreme position and
placed the emphasis on the supply side (Mortensen, 1986). Newly developed notions
of implicit contracts, job matching, and revised notions of efficiency wages offered
valuable insights for interpreting the evidence obtained from micro data, and the
opportunity to rethink the relevance of policy measures prescribed under Keynesian
premises (Katz, 1988). Despite the apparent emphasis on the supply side, efforts on
the empirical front produced evidence that average levels of unemployment, hours
worked, and earnings of full-time employees vary considerably across jobs,
occupations, and industries, suggesting that the demand side could not be ignored
altogether (Lang and Leonard, 1987).© 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Employment
surveys conducted in Third World countries typically ask about a person's
employment state in a fixed reference period of, say, 1 day or 1 week (Squire, 1981).
Durationdata are rarely collected. In many surveys that elicit additional information,
certain otherproblems arise. For example, data on unemployment durations are
typically collected only from persons who are unemployed at the time of the survey.
Besides the fact that shorter durations are underrepresented in such samples, the
individuals in the sample have not yet completed their unemployment spells. Such
censored spells generate biased estimates of unemployment durations unless
appropriate statistical procedures are used (Kiefer, 1988a).
What kind of policies that should take place to solve problem of unemployment and
labor market?
.At the macroeconomic level, investment policies and financial, monetary and
commercial policies should be directed towards enhancing demand on work. In
addition, institutional and legislative reforms should be added to the policies to
take advantage of these changes, as well as focusing in developing unorganized
labor market at this stage up to its incorporation in organized labor market.
.As our main concern in unemployment so it is the dependent variable and the
independent variables are investment policies and financial, monetary and
commercial policies . In
addition, institutional and legislative number of population and new investments as
moderating variables.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Answer (as much as you can of items learned)

Exploratory
Correlation
Minimal
Field Study
Country
Cross Section
Nominal
Focus Group
Simple Random (Probability Sample)
Must add reference(s) used

Fifth Edition (Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie)
Page. 90-99
Page. 123-140

page:123 to126









294-297
My understanding
ESLSCA
54B

DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-54B-Final Exam - Monahamada

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54B

Dear MBA students,

Dr. Ashraf Elsafty

1 Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a A

2 What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study? C

A. Understanding the dependent variable.

3 If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship between interest rates A

4 A marketing manager aims to investigate the relationship between B

5 The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to A

7 Experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies since data are A

8 Which of the following studies is a causal study? The researcher tries to B

9 A bank manager wants to determine the cause-and-effect relationship B

10 The goal of a ­_____________ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile B

12 Whether a study is a causal or a correlational one depends on the type of A

14 A causal study is conducted in the natural environment of the organization B

15 In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships, the A

16 Correlational studies are invariably conducted in contrived settings, B

20 A marketing manager is interested in tracing the pattern of sales of a B

21 Knowledge of research design details also helps managers to study and A

23 Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to A

a. Persons, strategic business units, and companies.

25 Examples of characteristics of objects are: C

a. Length, weight, and country.

26 Attributes of objects that can be physically measured by some calibrated A

27 Reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable in a tangible A

29 Operationalizing a concept involves a series of steps. A

1. Come up with a definition of the construct.

30 Operationalizing a concept consists of delineating the reasons, B

31 You cannot measure objects; you measure _____________ of objects. D

33 A variable or construct must always be directly observable. B

34 Operationalizing a variable precedes defining a variable. B

35 The construct ‘hunger’ is a typical example of a construct that must be A

36 What is the type of scale of the variable ‘age’ if it is measured in the D

“What is your age? ____ years.”

37 What is the measurement level of income, measured in the following way: A

38 “As the calibration or fine-tuning of a scale increases in sophistication, so D

40 Army rank (such as lieutenant, captain, major, colonel, general, etc.) is A

41 Temperature is usually measured on a ratio scale. B

a. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid.

43 The following scale is a: “Ugly __ __ ­__ __ __ Beautiful” B

44 Which of the following is not a source of primary data?

47 The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and A

48 Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the interviewer does not

50 When conducting interviews, it is unethical that the researcher makes

51 The principles of wording refers to which of the following factors? D

a. The appropriateness of the content of the questions

This question is:

56 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the

57 The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the A

59 The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is: A

60 Probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the

61 Convenience sampling and quota sampling are examples of probability B

62 A researcher who investigates the relationship between the loyalty

64 From a statistical perspective, probability sampling is preferred over non-

66 The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all the elements in the

67 The payroll of an organization would serve as the sampling frame if its A

a. The extent of generalizability desired.

69 A sample size of 40 is large enough. B

70 As a sampling technique, qualitative research generally uses non-

MUST Add needed justification for your selection

Regarding to the exploratory study, extensive preliminary work needs to be

The experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies as the

It is necessary to establish a definitive cause and effect relationship when

10 The goal of a _____________ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile B

43 The following scale is a: “Ugly __ Beautiful” B