Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 131 5, ASPIDOGASTER Classification Phylum — Platyhelminthes ‘Same as that of Gyrodactylus, Class - ‘Trematoda Order - Aspidobothria — : — Endoparasitic, oral sucker absent: anterior end without paired adhesive structures; ventral sucker large. Genus - Aspidogaster Comments 1. A large ventral sucker is present. 2. The sucker is subdivided into 4 lon; cups or alveoli 3. Tapering anterior end bears a subterminal mouth devoid of an oral sucker. itudinal rows of sucking 4, The sac-like gut is simple and straight. Protonephridia with separate excretory bladders form the ex- cretory system. 6. Single ovary and single tes 7. Hermaphrodite. 8. Simple life cycle without alternation of host. Habit and Habitat The parasite lies on the pericardial and renal cavities of freshwater bivalves and also in the gut of fishes and turtles. Distribution Fig. 2.93 Aspidogaster. World-wide. 6. FASCIOLA HEPATICA Classification pe eee Characters same as that of Gyrodactylus Class - ‘Trematoda Order Digenea : Two suckers; one or more intermediate hosts. Family ~ Fascialiodae : Internal organs branched. Genus - Fasciola Species ~ hepatica Comments 1. It is commonly known as sheep liver fluke. It is polyxenous and pathogenic parasite covered with cuticle.132 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical Leaflike body is dorso - ventrally flattened measuring 25-20 mm in length and 4-5 mm in breadth, It lacks ciliated epidermis. Anterior end is produced into a conical projec tion called cephalic cone. Mouth is situated at the anterior end surround- ed by the oral sucker. acetabulum |. Two suckers are present. One is oral sucker (an- terior sucker) and other is acetabulum (ventral sucker). Located between the two suckers is a single midventral genital pore. Digestive system is simple. Pharynx is muscu- lar branched and short oesophagus and intes- tine with diverticula, ). Posterior excretory pore lies at the extreme pos- Fig. 2.94 Fasciola gigantica in situ terior end of the body. A - Fasciola gigantica; B - Fasciola hepatica. oral sucker ‘gonopore. 11. Hermaphrodite. Male system consists of 2 tandem testes, vas deferentia, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and cirrus (penis) while female system comprises of ovary, oviduct, uterus, vitelline glands and laurer's canal. The ootype in F. hepatica is absent. 12. Fertilization is internal and cross. However, self-fertilization may also take place in the uterus. In cross-fertilization, sperms received in Laurer’s canal during capulation, enter the distal end of oviduct where fertilization occurs. 13. Life cycle is complicated (digeneic endoparasite) includes an intermediate host Limnaea and Planorbis, the gastropod molluscs. 14, The life cycle stages include zygote, micracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, metacercaria and adult. 15. One liver fluke may produce as many as 5,00,000 eggs. 16. The liver of a single sheep may contain more than 200 adult flukes. 17. Liver fluke causes a number of known diseases as liver rot, anaemia, eosinophilia, diarrhoea and ulcers in sheep. Habit and Habitat Found in the bile duct of liver and biliary passages of sheep, ox, horses, dog, elephant, man and monkey and many other har Distribution It has cosmopolitan distribution throughout sheep raising areas. In India and U.S.A, it is endemic. Human Fascioliasis has been reported from China, Cuba, Argentina, France, Syria and Rumania,Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 133 7. TAENIA SOLIUM Classification Phylum — Platyhelminthes Class - Cestoda Sub-class - Eucestoda Order — Taenioidea (Cyclophyllidea) : Family — Taenidae Genus - Taenia Species - Solium Fig. 2.95 Taenia Solium. Organ grade acoelamate, bilateral flat worms. ‘Segmented tape worms without digestive tube. Merojoic tape worms. larva with 6 hooks. Scolex with 4 suckers. Uterus with lateral branches. Comments Ic is a digenetic endoparasite and commonly called as Park tapeworm. Body consists of scolex or head followed by neck and strobila or body segment. The scolex is about 1 mm in diameter with 4 suckers or acetabula and around rostellum bear- ing double circlet of chitinous hooks about 23- 32 in number for holding onto the host.. elongated, segmented and ribbon or Neck is the unsegmented part, new segments are formed from this region. The segments are 800-1000 in number, meas- ure 4-5 metres in length, Each segment is termed as proglottid. Proglottids are of three types: immature, ma- ture and gravid. Immature proglottids (about 200) are behind neck and without reproductive organs. 9. Mature progiottids (about 450) are in the middle having reproductive organs, both mate and female. These are squarish in outline. 10. Gravid proglottids (rectangular in shape) are with branched uterus containing ferti- lized eggs. These are 150-350 in number. 11. Apolysis is the process of separation of gravid proglottids. 12. Cuticle covers the body wall which protects the tapeworm from the host's digestive enzymes. 13. Respiration is anaerobic. 14, Alimentary canal is completely absent. 15, Flame cells present in each proglottid. 16. Main excretory product is ammonia.134 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 17. Hermaphroditic. 18. Male reproductive system consists of 150-200 testes, ‘vas efferentia, vas deferens and cirrus. 19, The female system consists of a single pair bilobed ovary, ovarian bridge, oviduct, vitellin gland and vagina. 20. Life cycle is complicated and involves an intermediate host, the pig. 21. In pig infective cysticercus larva or the bladder worm is found encysted. 22. Man gets infection by eating under cooked measly pork. 23. Cisticerci in pig muscle can remain viable for several years. Disease It causes a disease called Taeniasis. Habit and Habitat Taenia solium is commonly found in the intestine of man in places where pork is eaten as main food. Distribution ‘The tapeworm infection is endemic in the pork consuming areas. Its infection is abundant in India, China, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Germany. Preventure Measures Eating of measly pork should be avoided. Identification Since the specimen contains scolex, neck and squ: solium. h proglottids, hence it is Taenia 8. TAENIA - SAGINATA Classification Same as that of 7. solium. Comments 1. T. saginata (Taeniarhynchus saginatus) is commonly known as Beef tapeworm. 2. Body is divisible into scolex, neck and segmets or strobila. 3. It is also called ‘unarmed tapeworm’ because the scolex does not possess hooks. 4. Like 7. solium, neck is unsegmented. 5. T. saginata is longer than the T. solium and reaches a length of 18-20 feet. 6. It is more prevalent in man than T, solium. 7. Segments are dorsoventrally flattened and are about 1000-1200 in number. 8. Segments are of 4 kinds - immature, mature, gravid and malformed. 9. Digeneic. 10. Primary host is man and cow and buffalo as intermediate host.Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 135 11. Life history is similar to that of 7. solium, 12. Infection takes place by ingestion of improperly cooked beef. 13. T. saginata was once sold in encysted form as a reducing aid to overweight people. 14, T. saginata, like T. solium, causes Taeniasis. It can be avoided by not eating con- taminated beef. 15. Taeniasis can be treated with medicines like antiphen and camoquit Habit and Habitat T. saginata is found in the intestine of man Distribution Cosmopolitan. STUDY OF SLIDES 1, FASCIOLA HEPATICA - M.L.S. ANTERIOR REGION Comments MLL. of anterior region of F. hepatica shows the following histological features. 1. Body wall is composed of cuticle containing spinutes, muscle layers and mesenchyma. 2. Longitudinal muscle layers are continuous. The tegument contains scales. Anterior end bears the mouth, surrounded by oral sucker having radially arranged muscles. 4. In the lateral side, there is a large well developed ventral sucker or acetabulum. 5. The buccal cavity leads into muscular pharynx and oesophagus. 6. Cirrus pouch or sac having cirrus, seminal vesicle and prostate glands are located just above the ventral sucker. 7. The cavity of the sucker and the radially arranged muscles are quite distinct. 8. Uterus containing fertilized eggs, ootype, excretory duct, Meblis's glands and vitelline glands are clearly Fig. 2.96 M.L.S. of anterior seen. region of Fasciola hepatica. Identification It is M.L.S. anterior region of F. hepatica, since it contains muscular oral ‘and ventral suckers anteriorly.136 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 2. T.S. OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA PASSING THROUGH TESTES muscle ae ‘mesenchyme layer vious cuticle jand testes Fig. 2.97 Fasciola hepatica. T.S. through Testes. Comments T.S. of F. hepatica passing through testes reveals the following histological detaits. 1. Cuticle (tegument) forms the outer most covering of the body and bears numerous scales or spinules. 2. Body cavity or coelom is completely absent. Musculature of muscle layers are composed of outer circular, middle longitudinal, and inner oblique or diagonal fibres and are scattered in entire section. Somewhere sections of gut are also seen. Mesenchyme cells are filled with fluid. 4. 5 6. Testes containing spermatozoa in various stages of development are seen. 7. On both the lateral sides, vitelline glands and vitetline ducts are clearly seen. 8 The space between the body wall and the internal organs is filled with parenchyma. Identifies It is the T.S. body of F. hepatica passing through testes, since it contains branches ot testis in middle and vitelline glands on sides. 3. T.S. OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA PASSING THROUGH UTERUS ion vitelaria intestine Fig. 2.98 Fasciola hepatica, T.S. through uterusStudy of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 137 Comments T.S. of the body of Fasciola hepatica passing through uterus reveals the following histological features. Epidermis is absent. 1. 2. Body wall consists of tegument (cuticle), muscle layers and mesenchyme sells. 3. Muscle layers consist of outer circular, longitudinal and inner oblique fibres. 4. Mesenchyme consists of loosely filled spaces. 5. Tegument or cuticle is noncellular and more or less homogeneous. It is divided into outer and inner zones. 6. Uterus coils are clearly seen at various places containing fertilized eggs. 7. Besides uterus, pieces of ovary with egg, are also visible. 8. Shelled eggs present in uterus show to have nucleus. 9. Few sections of the intestine having long flagellated epithelium are also present. 10. Vitelline glands and vitelline ducts cut into small sections are also present on the lateral sides. 11. Coelom is absent completely. 12. Parenchyma (thin walled cells) fills the gap between the body wall and internal structures of the body. Identification It is the T.S. body of Fasciola hepatica passing through uterus, since it contains the portions of uterus and vitelline glands. 4, T.S, OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA PASSING THROUGH CIRRUS SAC Fig. 2.99 F. hepatica. T.S. through Cirrus Sac. Comments TS. of the body of Fasciola hepatica passing through cirrus sac shows following histological details. 1, Body wall consists of tegument (cuticle), highly developed muscle layers and mesenchyme cells. 2. Epidermis absent.138 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 3. Muscle layers consist of circular, longitudinal and oblique fibres. 4. Cuticle is more or less homogenous bearing numerous scales or spinules. 5. Sac-like structure known as cirrus sac, encloses seminal vesicle, prostate glands, ejaculatory duct and cirrus. 6. Large vesicle in the cirrus sac is seminal vesicle containing numerous spermatozoa. 7. The lumen of the cirrus represents precirral canal. 8. The cuticle of cirrus is spiny. 9. Cirrus sac occupies central position in the section. 10. Portion of uterus, ovary, intestine, vitellaria, etc. are also observed in the section. Identification ‘The section contains distinct cirrus sac with cirrus, hence it is a T.S. of Fasciola hepatica passing through cirrus sac. 5. FASCIOLA HEPATICA: EGGS Comments Eggs of Fasciola hepatica mounted over the slide re- veals following features: operculum ‘propagator coll fortised som: 1, Eggs are laid by sheep along. with excreta. A single Fasciola hepatica may produce 3,000 - 3,500 eggs daily (a parasitic adap- tation). A single fluke may produce 30,000 - 50,000 eggs per year. Fig. 2.100 Fasciola Eggs. 3. The fertilised egg is sur- rounded by many yolk cells. 4. The egg itsclf is surrounded by a shell. The complete structure is called capsule. ‘A capsule is oval in shape and measures about 135-150 microns in length and 60-95 microns in breadth. 6. On the side the capsule has an operculum or lid. 7. Division of eggs (holoblastic) starts while in uterus, 8. First division divides the zygote into two unequal cells, Smaller one is known as propagatory cell while largest one somatic cell. 9. When the eggs are laid in dry places by sheep, they die out. On the contrary when laid is moist places, the operculum opens and a larva known as miracidium escapes.Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 139 6. FASCIOLA HEPATICA: MIRACIDIUM LARVA Comments Miracidium larva is hatched from the capsules. It shows following salient features: ar) a Fig. 2.101 Miracidium larva Zygote develops into miracidium after 6-9 days at 25°-30°C. In the life history of Fasciola hepatica, it is the first free - swimming larva in ponds. It fives for 24 hours. It is microscopic and conical in shape. The anterior end is broad while the posterior end is narrow. The body is richly covered by cilia. The anterior end has a small projection called apical papilla. ‘The body wall is covered by a layer of 21 flattened ciliated epidermal plates arranged in five rows or tiers. 9. The number of plates in each row is as follows: Ist row 6 plates; IInd row 6 plates: Ilrd row 3; IVth row 4; and Vth row 2. 10. At the anterior end inside the body, there is a sac like gland called apical gland. 11. Two sac like glands called penetration glands are located on the sides of the apical gland. 12, A large brain or apical gan n is located near the anterior end. 13, Two eye spots are located above the brain. 14, The larva has two protonephridia. 15, Each protonephridium has a flame cell and a long duct. The duct opens to the outside by a nephridiopore. 16. "The interior of the larv: 17. It does not feed. s filled with groups of specialised cells called germ cells. 18, When it comes in contact with the snail Limnaea truncatula, the miracidium penetrates into the body of the snail and reaches the digestive gland and gets transformed into another larva called sporocyst. 19. Failing to get a suitable snail, the larva dies after 24 hours. Identification Since this microscopic | and body richly covered by ci va contains epidermal plates, apical gland, penetration gland hence it is miracidium larva of Liverfluke.140 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 7. FASCIOLA HEPATICA: SPOROCYST LARVA Comments It is the second larval stage of liverfluke. Sporocyst develops from micracidium It lives in the digestive gland of snail It is in the form of an elongated sac. Body is covered by cuticle It has two protonephri Each protonephridium has two flame cells; they open to the outside by a single nephridiopore, It measures about 1,0 mm in length, a, MOpRERE Body wall layers are: tegument (cuticle) epithelial cells, muscle layers and mesenchyme, 10. Sporocyst is a non-feeding stage. Fig. 2.102 Sporocyst of Fasciola hepatica. 11. The larva is filled with germ celis or germ balls. ide and redivide to form the next larva called redia. 12. The germ balls di 13. Each sporocyst can produce 5-8 redia larva. Identification Since the slide has rounded sac- of Fasciola hepatica. 8. FASCIOLA HEPATICA: REDIA LARVA fe structure containing redia, hence it is sporocyst larva Comments 1. Redia larva develops from the germ cells of sporocyst. 2. Its the third larval stage of liverfluke found in the digestive glands of snail. 3. Body is elongated, cylindrical and complex in structure. 4. If measures about 1.3 to 1.6 mm in length. 5. The body is covered by cuticle (tegument). 6. The body wall is composed of epithelial layer and delicate mesendyme, besides tegument. 7. The anterior end has a mouth. 8. Behind the mouth, there is a muscular ring called collar. 9. Behind the collar is located an opening called birth pore. 10, Near the posterior end, a pair of projection is found called as lappets or procruscula. 11, Lappets are used for locomotion.Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla ut 12. The mouth leads into a pharynx which ends in a blind sac like intestine. 13. The pharynx is surrounded by a group of pharyngeal glands. 14, Two protonephridia are located inside the body. 15. Each protonephridium is formed of many flame cells. It opens to the outside by a nephridiopore. 16. The cavity of redia larva is filled with germ cells or germ balls. 17. The germs balls of redia develop into daughter redia. 18. The germ cells of daughter redia develop into the next larval stage called cercaria 19, Daughter redia and cercariae come out from mother redia through birth pore. 20. Shows the phenomenon of paedogencsis. Identification Since the larva has lappets, elongated body, collar and cercaria inside, hence it is redia larva of Fasciola hepatica. 9, FASCIOLA HEPATICA: CERCARIA LARVA Comments 1. It develops from the germ balls or cells of redia. 2. Each redia produces about 20 cercariae. 3. Ibis a free - swim tadpole - shaped. It has an oval body and a t 5. It measures about 0.25-0.35 mm in length. 6. Body and tail are covered with cuticle (tegumental spines). 7. The tail and spines are purely larval struc- ture meant for locomotion. 1g larva more or less 8. Body wall is composed of tegument ie cuticle, circular fibres, and mesenchyme. 9. Beneath the muscle layer, numerous u cellular cystogenous gland cells are locat- i Fig. 2.104 Cercaria larva of ed which form cyst of future larva. Fasciola hepatica 10. It has two suckers, an oral sucker and the acetabulum. Alimentary canal is simple. It is formed of a mouth, the pharynx, the oesophagus and inverted U-shaped intestine.142 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 12. Numerous flame cells are located inside the body. 13. The flame cells of each side are connected together by an excretory tubule. 14. The excretory tubules of the two sides open into an excretory vesicle. 15. From the vesicle an excretory duct arises, It runs into the tail and bifurcates there in. These bifurcations open to the outside by nephridiopores. 16. The body cavity is filled with numerous germ cells or balis. 17. Germ balls represent genital rudiments. 18. Cercaria leads free-swimming life for about 3 days and undergoes eneystment on aquatic weeds. 19. The tail and cuticular spines are lost and the cercaria is transformed into another larval stage called Meracerearia. 20, When a sheep eats the grass blades containing metacercaria, the larva enters the intestine. Here the cyst wall dissolves and the larva is liberated, It penetrates the wall of the intestine and enters the coelom where from it gets into the liver and grows into an adult liver fluke. Identification Since the larva has tadpole - shaped body having oral and ventral sucker, hence it is cercaria larva. 10, TAENIA SOLIUM: SCOLEX Comments 1. Scolex of Taenia solium is the anterior cephalic end of the body. 2. It is knob like, roughly quad- rate, smaller than the head of a pin measuring about | mm. in diameter. 3. It has two distinct parts, the proximal and distal. 4. The proximal pant bears 4 ad- hesive suckers. The distal part contains a ~________]} smait retractile prominence in Fig. 2.105 Scolex of Taenia Solium the middle which is known as A Scolex. B - Scolex in front view. rostellum. 6. Rostellum has double circle of hooks. Number of hooks varies from 28-32. Bach having a base. a handle, and a blade. ‘Smaller hooks alternate with longer hooks measuring 110-140 and 160-180 microns respectively 9. Internally, scolex contains spongy mesenchyme with nephridial network and nerve ringStudy of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 143 10. Scolex lies buried on the intestinal mucosa of host's intestine. It destroys the tissues u. of the host's intestine ie, man. Scolex is the organ of attachment. Identification Since mounted material is knob like and roughly quadrate with hooks, hence it is scolex of Taenia solium 11. TAENIA SOLIUM: MATURE SEGMENT (PROGLOTTID) Comments 1, Mature segment of Taenia solium is square in shape HBL excretory with a single set of reproductive organs. f— ios | 2. Reproductive organs consti- tute main structure. |_-ovary 3. Each mature proglottid con- oviduct tains a complete set of male cope and female reproductive structures gerds | 4. Male reproductive system consists of enormous follicular testes, vasa efferentia, vasa deferens and cirrus or penis. Fig. 2.106 Taenia Solium : Mature Segment, 5. 6. " 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Testes are numerous spherical bodies distributed throughout the proglottid Female reproductive system consists of ovary, oviduct, ootype, vagina, uterus, com- pact vitellaria and mehlis’s glands. Vagina carries the sperms. Vagina starts from the genital atrium and opens into ootype. It swells to from seminal receptacle before opening into ootype. Uterus arises from ootype and extends upwards. Male and female genital ducts or tubes open into genital atrium with a common. gonopore. Excretory ducts and nerve cord run side by side on each side successively from one segment to the other. When uterus is fully filled with fertilized eggs, it becomes irregularly branched. Ovary is bilobed, lies towards the posterior border of the proglottid. Vittelarium or vitelline gland lies behind the ovary. Vitelline duct arises from vitelline gland and it leads into the fertilization canal. The fertilization canal swells to form seminal receptacle.144 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical Identification Since mounted material possesses bilobed ovary and numerous testes, hence it is a W.M. of mature segment of Taenia. 12. TAENIA SOLIUM: GRAVID (RIPE) PROGLOTTID ‘Comments 1. In Taenia solium gravid segments are located posteriorly. Each gravid proglottid is longer than broad. It has a highly branched uterus filled with fertilized eggs. Each gravid proglottid contains about 40,000 eggs. 4. The number of uterus branching in each gravid seg- ment varies from 11-13 measuring 10-12 mm in length and 4-6 mm in breadth. S. Other structures are atrophied but uterus is full of onchosphere. 6. Uterus is blind without any opening and hence the whole segment is detached. 7. Gravid proglottid along with uterus passes to the exterior along the stool of the host (man) and eggs reach outside by this method bursts in the intestine of man and liberate several Fig. 2.107 Gravid proglottis of Taenia solium. 8. Sometimes the gravid proglo ‘onchospheres. 9. They show wriggling movement. 10. Onchosphere is spherical in shape covered by two coverings namely an outer shell and an inner embryonic membrane. 11, In Taenia solium, gravid segments are detached from the main chain through a phenomenon known as apolysis. Identification Since the mounted material contains branched uterus filled with fertilized eges, hence it is gravid segment of T. solium. 13. TAENIA SOLIUM: CYSTICERCUS LARVA (BLADDERWORM) Comments 1. Cysticercus larva is commonly known as BLADDERWORM. 2. tis the infective stage which develops in the muscles of the intermediate host, the Pig. 3. The onchospheres (having 6 hooks) first reach the stomach of intermediate host ie. pig with the faeces of man.Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 145 4, The onchospheres further migrate to pig muscles where the hooks are lost. Cells in the centre of the embryo disappear and an ovid bladder like structure is formed known as bladder worm or cysticercus. 5. Cysticercus larva of Taenia solium is also called cysticercus cellulose 6. As the bladder increases is size, an invagination takes place at one side, 7. On this invagination, suckers and hooks are formed and this inverted part is called as proscolex 8. Cysticercus larva can be obtained after removing the cyst wall, If the larva are kept in normal saline solution the scolex is evaginated in 5-10 minutes. 9. Cysticercus consists of a sac or bladder like structure, having invaginated proscolex. Fig. 2.108 Cysticercus Larva of Taenia Solium 10. Proscolex measures about 6-18 mm in length. 11, The bladder is opalescent made up of two coverings, namely an outer cuticle and an inner germinal layer and filled with a fluid. 12. The pig muscles containing cysticercus is known as measly pork. 13. Cysticercus in measly pork is found between muscle fibres and connective tissues. 14, Cysticercus larva does not develop further until eaten by man, where scolex evaginates and neck region begins to proliferate new segments. If it is not eaten by man, cysticercus dies and becomes calcified in the tissues of the pig i.e. intermedi- ate hos 15. Infection of Taenia solium can be prevented by not eating the measly pork. 16. If measly pork is eaten then proscolex of cysticercus evaginates to develop into an upright scolex. 17, The scolex 1s attached to the intestinal wall of man 18, The neck produces progiottid. The bladder becomes detached and disintegrated. An adult tape worm is formed in a few weeks. Identification Since the larva contains bladder and proscolex, hence it is bladder worm. 14, TAENIA SOLIUM: T.S. PASSING THROUGH MATURE PROGLOTTID Comments TS. of mature proglottid of Taenia solium shows the following histological details : 1. The body wall consists of thin elastic cuticle, 2. This cuticle affords protection against the digestive juices of the host. 3. Beneath the cuticle is a layer of basement membrane below which lies the layers of circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. 4, Below the muscles layer, the interior of the proglottid is filled, with parenchyma. 5. Body cavity absent.146 Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 6. Circular muscle fibres divide the parenchyma into an outer cortical and an inner medullary region. On both the lateral sides lateral longitudinal nerves and excretory canals are visible. Uterus is centrally placed below which oviduct is located. 9, Towards the outer side are seen few cross sections of testes on both sides. 10. Mesenchyme forms the packing tissue in between body structures. 11. On both the sides of the section, T.S. of nerve cord and excretory ducts are also visible. tbody wall parenchyma mesenchymal muscuaturo ———_S rsa >——_——— sublegumenia cols) fee cortex! ‘engucnal muscle foes ‘ongitudinal muscle dorso-ventral muscle circular muscle cee integument musce mai lateral common“ ‘nerve cord gonopore| lateral’ lengiucna seoansory mee nerve cord canal J’ “nerve branches developing vasa cord ‘of uterus ogg capsules opening of ‘ferentia stand cot Fig. 2.109 Taenia Solium. T.S. through Mature Segment. Identification Since the section contains cut portions of testes, uterus, oviduct, ovary etc, hence it is TS. of mature segment of Taenia solium. 15. PLANARIA: T.S. PASSING THROUGH PHARYNX Comments TS. Planaria passing through pharynx shows following histological features: 1. T.S. clearly shows its triploblastic and acoelomate nature. 2. Body wall consists of a single layer of ciliated epithelium resting on a thin base- ment membrane. 3. Epidermis is syncytial, ciliated, single-layered of columnar cells with spherical nuclei, Epidermal cells also contain rhabdites which are rod-shaped. Muscle layer lies just below the basement membrane and consists of three types of muscles, an outer layer of circular muscles and an inner layer of longitudinal mus- cles. Besides these, there are diagonal muscles extending between the body wall across the inner space. 6. The interior of the body between the internal organs is filled with parenchyma, 7. Mesenchyme in found just below muscle layer. It contains mucus glands, rhabdites forming glands and other organs.Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 153 UNIT V - ASCHELMINTHES ‘Museum Specimens 1. Ascaris tumricoides, Slides: 1. Bmterobivs 2, Trichuris 3. Ancylostoma 4. Wochereria bancrofti 5. W. bancrofi: Eneysted MicrofMariae 6, Trichinea spiralis 7. Ascaris lumicoids : 7.8. Male 8 _ Ascaris lumricouds: T-S. Female STUDY OF MUSEUM SPECIMENS, 1, ASCARIS Classification Phylum - Aschelminthes — : Pseudocoelomate: unsegmented, unisexual nematodes. or Nemathelminthes Class - Nematoda : Body unsegmented; cilia absent; alimentary canal straight. Order - Ascai Buccal capsule absent; mouth with three lips. Genus - Ascaris Species - lumbricoides Comments It is commonly known as round worm. Body is elongated, cylindrical, pointed at both the ends It shows sexual dimorphism, the tail end of male is ventrally curved and that of female is bluntly pointed. Males are 15-30 cm in length and female 20-35 cm, 4, Body surface has 4 longitudinal streaks or lines known as mid dorsal, mid ventral and 2 lateral lines. Mouth both in male and female is terminal, triradiate surrounded by three denticulate lips, one median dorsal and two venterolaterals. Small excretory pore is present on the ventral side about 2 mm away from the anterior end. Ascaris is unisexual. Male possesses a pair of curved spicules on its posterior end called penial setae.154 mouth excrotay pore gonopore latora ine ASCARIS MALE ASCARIS FEMALE Penial sotae or spicules Fig. 2.116 Ascaris Non-Chordate (Invertebrate) Zoology Practical 9. Female genital aperture lies about one-third of the length of the body from the anterior end 10. Pseudocoelomate. Il. Ventral surface of male bears fifty pairs preanal and five pairs postanal papillae. These sensory papillae are absent in females. 12. Sensory papillae (tangoreceptors) and amphids (chemoreceptors) are present on ventrolateral lips. 13. Alimentary canal is simple, straight tube. 14. Digestion is mainly extracellular. 15. Anaerobic respiration. 16. The excretory system is formed of protonephidium which is H shaped, It con- sists of a single excretory cell or renette cell. 17, Nervous system — consists of circumphraryngeal nerve ring located around the pharynx. 18. It is monogenic endoparasite. 19. Outer layer of body is cuticle. 20. Cuticle is thick, four-layered secreted by underlying epidermis. 21. Testis is single and median, hence male Ascaris is monodelphic. 22, Ovaries are two, hence female Ascaris is didelphic. 23. The egg is mammilated, oval having three protective coverings : outer protein layer, middle chitinous shell and inner membrane composed of esterfied glycosides. 24, Infective eggs of Ascaris remain viable for six years. 25. Its larva is called Rhabditiform larva. Disease It causes a disease known as Ascé is which is more common in children. Ascariasis is characterized by haemorrhage, haemoptysis insomnia, appendicitis, ulcer, diarthoea, eosinophilia etc. Habit and Habitat It is a commonly occuring endoparasite in the staall intestine of man in all parts of the world. Identification Since the specimen has an unsegmented cylindrical body, hence it is Ascaris. Instruction Compare male and female Ascaris.