\V.SJAGADEESHAIAH,MSe,MPhi, LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY CLASS XI : HYDROCARBONS ‘These are the organic compounds containing carbon and ‘hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can be aliphatic (chain or cyclic) or aromatic (containing aromatic ring). Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into alkanes which are saturated hydrocarbons, alkenes and alkynes which are unsaturated. Alkanes kanes are the simplest organic eompounds with general formula, Hs, - Chemically, these are almost inert due to which they are also called paraffins, Methods of Preparation ‘These are prepared through the following methods Methods Reactions involved 1. Reduction of CHO + 21 ™5 R-CH, +H,0 + alcohols, acids nr oe in +H,0 +1, aiedd poo dati, arp sadacid R-COOH + BHI RCH, + 24,0 +3, 2, Reduction of S¢-—0 4 6H 55H, +H,0 + 31, aldehydes and = ketones S00 + 41 285 50H, +110 (Clommensen’sredvetion) >C=0 + NH, NH, (Wea ihn ection)“ 3, Reduction of | R—X(°or2") Sy RH alkyl halides px Gr or) 889 RE RL> RO > RCI > RP (order of rectiviy) 4. Reduction SCH, = CH, +B, —~""(CH,CH,3,B of alkenes am CH $B ad HICH) @ pH -cH.CH, 2 fy LAN A280. cHcHicH,CH, 15. Hydrogenation or a fi catalytic reduction Ca ee (Ganey Niie best catalyst for this eed CHACHs readion) 6 Decarboxylation G00 "Nat ™#°, RH NaCO, 1. Corey House ug 2 5, 2 synthesis Guitable BBP gy RCu to prepare 25 st FH wth BR+ROu+LiBe cad number of carbon atoms) (By HYDROCARBONS 8 Grignard -RMgX'+ HOH) RE+ MpiOH)X reagent. RMgK'+ ROH —> RH> Mg(ORX RMX R’COOH—> RET MglOOCR)X RMX+ R'C=CH— RH + Me(C=CRIX 9% Hans arco kB pe 200, 4,1 KOH etre ERs 200) thats KOH ae ia Gale 10, Warts SRK + 2Na 2 4B + INaX Note CH, cannot be propared by Reaction 9 and Reaction 10. Reaction 9 isnot stable for skanos having od rambo of ‘carbon atoms, 8 in such case a miure of Pycrocarbone are foumed whichis aficut to separate Physical Properties The first four alkanes are colourless and odourless gases, next 13 are colourless liquids and higher ones are waxy solids. Gi) Boling, point = number of carbon atoms Branching “same number of Catoms), Gi Dipole momont of all alkanes is zoro. (iv) Melting point of alkanes increases with increase in molecular weight but alkanes with even number of carbon atoms have higher melting point than the preceeding and sueceeding members, Chemical Properties Alkanes show the following chemical properties _Hlcoenetin, aigtnas (fer Yay” halogenated proacs) Nisten| ‘iaing ror 450 Sughenaien [ming reso." ‘been eacions [Toran cay eacvoTS) ISOMEtSON ers Wel HOVRGO Cn dare Neoakanse are subhoric soe Onsen OniCareusten op 2 eo Tony atanes having =H) i cone sh i ara Aor «MOH omatetion CD,-mOy orcrbain soma yaetoon Lower akanes etn CORO\V.SJAGADEESHAIAH,MSe,MPhiL8.€4 CLASS XI: LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY HYDROCARBONS Alkenes ‘These are unsaturated hyirocarbons containing C=C (ouble) bond. Their general formulais©,H,,..These are also called olefins. Methods of Preparation ‘Those are prepared through the following methods: Methods 1, Dedydro- x ‘Reactions involved aloe poy, Coron, MAM, RC—CHC, Fo nas ttl cli, —cu—cn, vastathan ast) 2, Debyration ow ci=cH ck, R—cH,—¢n—cH, 5? innai@ RoE gH—cH, ‘ian 3. Debaloge- — p_cHcH—R’—*_ RCH = CHR’ ation OP So ROH & Pant BBs, # Hoe RC soaare ents RCH ame Hien es i R © Hebe tio oration sH-C=ac— MAT (ie 8/ \ AeNOyNOH ci;=cl, cl,—c—cu—cn, 6 Wiis SECS, ony -< | REMEMBER + Restivty a aly halides: A> RBr>ACland 3” > 2° > ‘= P alythalie/scoho undergoes Et almination, 1° ak! halidealeool Undergoes 2 elimination and 2° aly halide/aleool nasty undergoes E1 elimination E2 when strong base is se). * Polar pote solvents favour E? overS 2Poler aprotic sens favours, 2 oor E2 * Saytzetf products the major product (more substuted alkene in mostof tha asas, \V.S.JAGADEESHAIAH, MSc,MPhil,B.Ed LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY + The third products also formed in ycroboation ‘oxidation which is shown asfllws acc SH, anf at Ch Tenmaitin, | oH =D HoH Aesth Calculating Degree of Unsaturation agro of unsaturation, alo cata index of yogen decency is seu in dawg the stucture of unsaturated yocabos. ies in determining he umber of igs, dt tno ipl bonds preset nan oan campo + Dag of unsaturation ane alee ough the flowing formu, Dag fussing + bon wher, C,H, Xand Nae numberof carbon, hydrogen, halogen andniagen ato, respectively + this important to not hat, an atom wit valence, conrbutes 2 total off ~ 2} degree of unsaturation. Honco, H, XN, Cand Ohave—1~ 1 2and0 degre of unsetzation Physical Properties (The first three alkenes are gases, next 14 are liquids and rest are solids i All alkenes are colourless and odourless excopt ethene which has pleasant odour. (ip Boing, point = number of carbon atoms (or same number of C-atoms) Branching Gv)cie-alkene has more dipole moment and boiling point than the corresponding frans-alkene. However, the melting point ofrans-alkene is ‘more than the corresponding cis-alkene, AMAZING REALITIES If you took out all theempty space in atoms, the complete human race could fit in the volume ofa sugar cube.\V.SJAGADEESHAIAH,MSe,MPhi, LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY CLASS XI : HYDROCARBONS Chemical Properties REMEMBER ‘Alkence chow the following chemical propertics: '* When HBr is added to unsymmetrical alkene in the presence of ‘Wako Cala > sp vanes pero, art Markit edition product obtained as elerpiea gos WORE NAOC major roe ~ —— Pl jon halides: 15001, iermorerrga, | [PERRI tert, oy ata «wr SHEE, Geatccseressortra |» [ng pager ai} +A aos CHOHOHBr + CH,— CHC, ‘ccna eis fo) We epee Nabe tren eager q facia Cor [> ERRESEREEE. Hactine eat SFCHLH wont ony on rok «This ection proceeds tough rascal action of. eee haa ce his ection proceeds vag ee aca ation oH ssotac eros Tee ream mae Concept Behind syn and anti-Addition [Combustion patton dost aways means that th ation ee. addition doesn’t alway that the addition of [[lyston > Horr ates stonruptaas plac on sare se of ober tpl bod {ALKENES | Lae db 106 wah need were) rather addition takes place onthe available sides around double I \ oat omic aris tiple bond On the ahr han in aid, te ation of \ atom/group takes place opposite tothe available sides around Yes. on [Pleura T+ orcicate | ube bond a er oh oy Osrayan | Seon ue HOOK anéastin |, y goaiion HX Sesnotcomaece | oie |” mem Ket 1 Cor By-€00E ov aan pence aren opin Oh oH Whar, [+ [ryopaaion > Alan Aeaol Bano ‘Atscrent ol ctonaectng (goipainderepnieocsecven | [Bietiafen f+ Ores Fescarg crunsinconagaes |” Come rssoritho, noe ‘Sens inrestsina atch mene dae Mr nacin | DakAezeatin + ete poat Deon Li aR -+ usta go "paneer Alkynes ‘These are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing C=C (triple bond) with general formula C,H,» Methods of Preparation ‘These are propared through the fllowing methods Methods Renetions involved 1. Hydrolysis ofmetal MC, + 2H,0—+ 0,H, + MIOHD, (= Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; Mg,C,+ H0—4H,C=CH+ MgtOH, carbides 2. Delogonation xx + Bln CHY, + 6Age XCH—2 ACH CH Bag HK, at, 3. Dekpdrbalogeation nce ote +o Bom Sa + cmc Wie) (al * Ser 4, Kolbes electrolysis GHCOOK puch, ox — cH « 200, , Hye KOR 1COOK* ‘At anode ‘At esthode 5. Fromsodiumaceigide omen + Nat acm coxa’ cor + Nay ac mene Broce ae 8, FromGrignanto reagent’ HCaCH+ RMeX —+ HC=Cite XX icc —R+ Mex, LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY \V.SJAGADEESHAIAH, MSc, MPhil B.Ed“Sitcurniwanmeny’ | CLASS XI: HYDROCARBONS Physical Properties (@ First three members of alkynes are colourless gases, next eight are liquids and higher alkynes are solid. Gi) All alkynes are odourless except acetylene (garlic odour). (Gi Melting point, boiling point and densities of alkynes are hi (Gv) Acetylene and terminal alkynes are acidic in nature. (8) Order of acidity for different alkynes is HC= CH > CH, — C= CH >> CH,— ier than the corresponding alkanes and alkenes, = C— CH, Chemical Properties Alkynes shows electrophilic addition reaction due to availablity of n-bonded electrons but they are less reactive than alkenes due to strain in eyclic intermediate as shown below: ‘Addons ond ereting more stein Namal! AK eos strained More strained, more stable Hn> NR, >—OFl>—OR>—NHER>—OCR ‘Sead etn Metra cating Ro—Are—OH Cit, >—F—G>—Br Weatyadiewing Waly deocating Meta-directing 9 09 9 © 06 Lo el <1>— CH Ce Cor =~ Cou >—cc1> Mora oaing| —C=N>—80,8> NH, > NH>—NHR>—NR,>—Noy REMEMBER “In case of benzene ring containing two functional groups, the strongest activating grup has tho most influonco in comparison 0 weak! activating or deactivating group. Hence the electroptiles atached ato and position, (ich one is vacant) wrt strongly activating grup and the produc obtaneds the mor product. Nie sry 3 seinen NO, (ortho wrt NH so. | oe a CHyiWakyactiatng) Cy (Wal eros) AMAZING REALITIES \V.S.JAGADEESHAIAH, MSc,MPhil,B.Ed LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY + Incase of buky activating functional groups, the formation of ‘products hindered bythe blky group and hence p-areduct is fomed asthe major product... O20 seep a, so pec Chemical Reactions involving Carcinogenic Activity of Benzene ‘+ Bentne isan ar pola produced duet incomplete combustion o ss ue Benzene is crcinogerie att ex itcause mutation of gee twough he following ceric reaction + Beruane bin asl sss nor bady fat. To remove benzo trough ui itis earverted int wat soluble catechol ty exyme cytochrome PAO in th pretence of OO ems de anya cgi tain, on OH eal Reng al + Benzene oxide, being highly reactive reacts with heterogeneous base (prne pyrimigne of DNA and denature it causing mutation and hence cancer. oo? iRatee | Gene oa ee ‘The element with symbol Shas traditionally been spelt ‘sulphur’ in the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth countries, while the United States used ‘sulfur’ The term sulfur is now the standard name used in most contexts. In 1777, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier managed to convince the scientific community that sulfur was not a compound but in facta basic element.\V.SJAGADEESHAIAH,MSe,MPhIL8.£4 LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY CLASS XI HYDROCARBONS TOPIC 1: Alkanes 1 Pure methane can be produced by (@) Wort reaction (©). Kolbe’ electrolytic method (6) Sode-ime decarboxylation (@)_ Reduction with H, . Inthe eclipsed conformation of ethane, the dihedral angle between the hydrogen atoms of adjacent methyl groups oer wm @F @ IF 3. Photochemical halogenation ofalkane is an example of (@) electrophilic substitution (©) clectrophilic addition {©} nucleophilic substitution (@) tee radical substitution 4. Themes stable conformation of n-butane is (a) skew boat (©) gauche (0) staggeredanti ——(@)_ eclipsed ‘8, _Forpreparing an alkane, a concentrated solution ofsodium or potassium slt ofa saturated carboxylic acid is subjected to @) hydrolysis () oxidation (©) hydrogenation (4) electrolysis. 6 Which of the following liberates methane on treatment with water? (@) ‘Siliconcarbide —_(b).Caleiumearbide (©) Benylliumcarbide (4) Magnesium carbide 7. Thereaction/method that des not give an alkane is (@) catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes (0) dehydrohalogenaton ofan alkyl halide (©)_hyrolsisofalkyimagnesium bromide (0) Kolbe’ electrolytic method & _Toprepare a pare sample ofx-hexane using sodium metal as one reactant, the oer reactant wll be (a) ethyl chloride and n-butyl chloride (©) methy bromide and w-penty bromide (©). mpropy bromide (@)_ ethyl bromide and n-butyl bromide 9. Tne ran fete CH, Clade rd, wi (@) propane + ethane (©) propane (©) propane + ethane + butane (@)_propane + bane ‘Which one ofthe following reaction is expected toreaily ive a hydrocarbon product in good yields? ® rcoox Bsc onion (6) RCOOAg 22, ( CHCH; 2, Ps @ (CHy,Cc1_EHOH, 10, \V.S.JAGADEESHAIAH, MSc,MPhil,B.Ed LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY 1, 2-Methylbutane on reacting wit bromine in the presence of sunlight gives mainly @) -romo-3-methybutne (©) 2bromo-3-methylbutne (©) 2-omo2-methylbuane (6) romno-2-methybutane 2. Spatial arrangements of atoms which can be converted into ‘one another by rotation around a C-C single bond are called (@)_ Steeoisomers (&) Tautomers (©) Opticalisomers —_(@)_Conformers The reagent used forthe conversion, CCH,CH;COOH -> CHsCH,CH is ) LiAlH, (6) soda-time (©) red Pand concentrated HI (@) Zn-Helcone. HCI ‘Whenisobutane is teated wth bromine at 127°C, the product formed is (@) mixture ofisbutyl bromide and tert-butyl bromide. (6). aminture of sec-butyl bromide and tert-butyl bromide, (0 amixtureofisbuty bromide, sec-butyl bromide and {ert-buty bromide a the major produc. (4) almost 100% er-butyl bromide. . Compete combustion of CH, gives: (@ CO, +H,0 © con, (6) CO, +H, (8) CO+C0,+H#,0 Which ofthe following statements are correct? @ Decomposition rection of higher alkanes into smaller fragments by the application ofeat is called pyrolysis (i) Pyrolysis and cracking are diferent processes. (i) Dodecane on pyrolysis givesa mixture of heptane and pentene {iv)_Pytolyssfllows ee radical mechanism, (©) @.Giandci) (©) @sCivand (vy (© @sGiandtivy ——@)_Gand(vy . Natural gas isa mixture of: @) CH CH + (© co+H, () CO+H,+cH, (® H0+Co,\V.SJAGADEESHAIAH,MSe,MPhIL®.£4 CLASS X' LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY 1A petroleum fraction having boiling range 70-200 °C and 19. a. 2, 2B. 2m 25, containing 6-9 carbon atoms per molecules called (@) natural gas (0) gxsoil (©) gatbline (kerosene ‘Which ofthe following statements are correct? © Stability of conformation is afected due to torsional strain, ‘Magnitude of torsional strain depends upon the angle ‘of rotation about C = C bond. Eclipsed form has least torsional strain, ‘Staggered form has maximum torsional strain, (andi ©) (andGi) (iiyand Gv) @ Wandin) TOPIC 2: Alkenes @ a ww @ 0 ‘Which one ofthe following heptanols can be dehydrated to hept--ene only? (0) Heptan-3-0l (©) Heptan-4ol (0) Heptan-2-01 (4) Heptan-L-ot Isobutenc isthe exclusive product of dchydrohalogenation (bya strong base) of (@) isobutyl chloride () ter-buyl bromide (©) both (a) and (6) (4) neither (a) nor (6) Compound which gives acetone on ozonolysis: (@) Cit, —CH=CH—CH, &) (CH),C-C(CH), (© GLCH= cH, (® CHCH=CH, (Correct statement about 1,3 -butadiene is () Conjugated double bonds are present (0). Reacts with HBr (©) Forms polymer (@ Allofthese Alene (C,H, contains @ cee re eco tym eres eecenadiow arp a) ee mee Wiicuanten as cai (citer ecconia exencr sencwn ee eae eee aia (©) 3-bromo propane (@) n-propyl bromide /S.JAGADEESHAIAH, MSc, MPhil B.Ed n. 30, 31. 2 3 8 LECTURER IN CHEMISTRY HYDROCARBONS ‘Acid catalyzed hydration of alkenes except ethene leads to the formation of (4) mixture of secondary and tertiary alcohols (&) mixture ofprimary and secondary alcohols (©) secondary or tertiary aloohol (@)_ primar aleohol Allkenes usually show which type of reactions? ()_adltion () substitution (©) elimination (superposition Select the incorrect statement (0) Bromineis more elective and ess reactive, (©) Chlorineis ess selective and more reactive. (©) Benzy fre radical ismare stable than 2° free rica (@) Vinyl fre radical more stable than alkyl fee radical Conversion of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol can be ‘conveniently achieved by (@) NaOH+H0 0) BHO. (6) hydroboraton, oxidation (@)_bydroboration hydrolysis CH—COH ta) SS 0, Prod icon (By ofthe reactions @ chy, (b) H,C=CH, © omca @ C=cH—-cH=cH, Addition of BH, followed by H,0, to trans-2-butene would sivea product which is (@) achiral (©) racemic (0) meso (6) optically active ‘Which ofthe following alcohols cannot be prepared from acess 0 Yon © AAen ou o Mu OX One mole ofa symmetric lene o zo tes 0 rmolcsofan aldehyde having a molecular as of 4 The acts (©) propene (b) butene (©) 2butene (© ethene Inthe bydroboraton oxidation reaction of prope with diborane, 1,0, and NaOH the organi compound eed (a) cHCHLOH (&) ciicHoHicH, (©) CHCHCH,OH (@) (CH,,COH Thete nsturton sconfred bythe declorston otwhich the falling Ge) lodine water (©) Bromine ater (b) CuSO, solution (@) Allofthese