SUBJECT CODEMRAZA:

ASSIANMENET
EIC-5CASES REATEDIO
CAPACTTYOFTHEfARIES
EGALENVIoNMENIT OE
BUSTNESS
SUBMITEDJ0:MSUNltGuATI
SUBMITIEDB* ANKIADIAXUR=
KoNo: 2011052A)
CAONELIY OF HEPARNES
ZNIRODVCTION
Am agreement entorceable by laur is lontract.
a
lapay ak One o those often usd twms uhile
oiscussung aboua daw l lontuact. m today
obalged v a . t i o tmast importanc f
a pati hauu thu capaily o
cothact in
Ordu to entee into COmmencial
tamsatiOns
FoYa valud contad, the banttes to
must haue
awntuab
capau e . Combitimce to lmte
we a contLact. wy
haul capauly to
pUnSOn peesummea
cotxat but huu auu cettain
prsons uhon age, conditton ou
StoluR mdes
then ncapable oblnding themeilus by a wntsact
Incapawty
( must be þuoued by thu
hu benhb it and umttil pauty clatming
proued thu Orduinany
uSumptaon Mmais .
SECTION 11| the Contrat At deals wdh
he
Lompitemyy pauties amd brovides that euvy
peson compitert to contsa uuho s Hhe
gto omajonlly accondumg toth lau'to
 2
uhich as &ukject, ard auho fsounmd mind1
amd s mot disqualufid Aro conlsuarimg
ary Kaur to uuhioh Ai M ubject.
t follous that h t foltowing puions aul
perten to conuact: imom
(a) minose
(b) bvson e unsound mmd, md
C)ersord di'sqjualitied byamy ous to uhich thu
aresubjedt
Contsacts entved into by persOns
ae Void. mernttonnd aboul

MINOR8
AÄnfanb ora mimot a pvsAN wha k
majo. mt
Accoxding b
a mino% is Th
the
Tndiam MajonilAt,1875
a

Oni uho Aas

Aur 18th not comblutedL Aix o
yeave ag. Abeeson atains
ompletng
Tuwo coAes
hus 18 th
yeas in ITndia. n mayonily
Thu
a
peson
,
cOrlubutes ellowim
he completes Ahu to bea munot untal
age of 2144eass.
)AuheKe a guavouam Ofa mino
has beun
appomted umdv thi pvsan opobedy
wasuols Ad, 1240; Ot Guadlank and
whou thu supvintendunce
opedi s ossumned afa minaes minors
by
An amundmumt to us Act. Cowt Aulands.
a

uuas made
by Indam
Mayouly (Amendmurt) Act 2000 uhuih i e d
 3
umidorm majouil
agi o as 1& yeans
iesespect
Ae a Thu fat uuhahue
.0 amy guasdian has beun
appounted but Phesident assUnt to t h Kid
has y to be obtained.
Th be
cOntHouuAsy in detuumung Thi age ap
majoiy. To deal"wth This probm Ahe Lauw
pOvedts the foltouwing rvo
Ln case contAatas GAbnoa ches.
amtile ulating to oxdumany merh
tuamsaionk , hu age o
detmimed by h i law of mayouty tD be
is made. place unhint he totnat
) n case o contracts
majoudy nulaing to
to bi dstemined land, thu age o6
pldce uheri thu lamd is by Thu laus
sitaiuated.
ample: A, /3-yeans ald- domicila un mdia,
Centin negotinblu . ndotse
by Thu aus ok whichInstummts in
hi was a minor. uylon,
Thunesore,he uuas Aitd mot be uable as
ndonse.
Jwhy shauld mingis bu
immati protected? Ami nor hos am
mind amd cannot
tink awhat i
md toe hum. Munas au good
often exploited. So A must
ot
he pioteoted by laur mom
amy exploitotion
But at
t sami ime, the law miust mat
cause Lnne cess
auy haudshyp
-

t thi pbUnsan who deal

wllhminors.
EFFECT oF MINOR5 AGREENMENT
Aminors agemimt hemg voul uhally dewoud
all elhht. uher lhuw is ho contuait ahére ehoud
be m a condnaciual obligation An either side. The
Vauous ulls egandng minors agremint aue
a discussed belaw -

n agauement w h on by a minor vOid : Seionl1D

At Keguines t h a The bautts toa
thu lomtuat
Conthaut must compitent and Section I1&ays
hat a mino As mat compilent. But metthwe
Seution makis i t cleak uhethu e contnat
enterednto a minoe is void on nodable. TlL103
Ouwts n Jndt'a uuwl nat unamimous of hu pont
The Pucuy Counil made tt pertutty clean h a t a
u n e i s mat competent to o t n a t amd that
ocOntkact byminan us voibl inito.
The leadimg case
MoHoRL BIBI -DHARMOo PAS GHOSE(19
Aminar bououed R20, 000 uomB and as a
Muuir
to thu same Lxeuted a morigage in hs havaur
He became
a
major a feus months later amd hiled
a suit
or thu duclauatow that he martgage
LXeuukead by him duung Ais
amol should minoudtp uas Uotd
be canelued. mas htd that amort-
b y a minot uas voia anol B umas not erott tled
to epaynmmt of mony,
TKa ealw deasions haue beem
pOuition mow Ahab 9 medified and RU
a mina, ntes mto a n
aguaudan, on bihalh a
omino
o t A agteemint 40Uhe bentfa
,
enfoueaplë.
Rulu egaudumg munos agtlOmint
Hguemint Votdl abinitie
2 No uatificatiion
 3.Cam bea 5
pHontsee Arbtmtu'aY
4. NO Btoppel
5. No speuie ber mamc
6 labtlly of touts
FNo nolunay
8 Pasutneshib
4. Can bea
agent
0-Cannat bind baent
l1 JOmt contnat onguandiann
12. Swuly by minat and adult
or a mino
13 Mum@ s a &haihalowe
14
abilily sor nece seauiis
CASE: RAGHAVA CHARIAR
m this cas l, thu iscul
SRIN V.
IVASA ILR(1916) 4oMAD SO
which aoLe
mortgo uhich ib m kawowr uua, whuihvea
aduamcid thu m@rtgage o minae uhe has
am thu cOt maney im full, s
Cn hs behalh,Rous
n hus by hu mmunon Or
t mot Ihe
enforteable
amy Othr
a
nduuon ahoat a mimo cam Maduas High pson
couwet came to
which s bena b hum ot herensorce Amy Contuatwntua t
Ooulation o be botme by Aum duhere Rve s na
@Mher
CASE:SRIKAKULAM
TLR
SUBRA MANYAM V. KURRA
SUBHA RAO
1a4 MAD.I41 PCT
n rde ko
bayrofb thu
pomussoty mote and the
mortgage debt o hus
fathwc, he minon
As mothe s0old a piee son amd
of land to the helders
thupwmissasy
and
matl An
satisfation thu mate ef
molgage debt. dater the mnor
acton to ucoue hak Thu lamd. buughi
an
 b
The action uas Mejeted On thu qmoumd ttiat
A sale of _land n queston uias valid as t
aas done by thu mattet Hor ken minat don
amd on his bihalh.
Lontrada beneltctal toaminani Jhile na lab litg
Cam be AnuLed bya mlnar ,hl AL mat olebarred
om accepttng abinejit. amimor has aduam-
Ced
mrtgage mony On a motgage im hs fawaut
Acan infoce thi contnact asim h e Casl
CRAGHAVA CHARIAR Vs. SRINrvASA(916)
2. No Raticationn dm
aguLememt unv minoH K
COmbletly voiol Amino cammot Kathy hi aghu
mint uuin on
attaining majouly, be cauea voLb
ag ment c a b ratuied. A berson who
Combetent to authous an act cannat ismat
Valioty by akyng i. giul
CASE ARUMUGIAN V. DURATSINGA
A n o boumouud sum a
(914)|
hOmd loe , amd aftee omOry exeuttng asi mpleei
a slond bond in amaning majoilg exeuted
rished fAht oigi raloan
Amterst. t uaA Kila Loan md
hat suit amd
bond uas mat upon thu uwnd
maintainable,
3 Munor can bea pomusee
ContHad s bmesicual ko a o benefiuany : a
bu huim 7heu minor a
can
n bbe mhored
mo
Lstuicion enfor ced
beung a krehviay. o on a minoe rom
Oaa pOmsEE n a
Lxample, beung apay
0ntAAa. Thus a mino s
O buwchasung dmmo vabte Capable
buopety and he ma
 to e owt the possesslom ofihe popudi upon temder
Thu bunhase money, Smilasy a minoA m Ahose
awowr abwmiss0mymoti has been tecutcd c a m
mhouce t .

CASE: THE GENERAL AMERICAN INGURANCE COMPANYLtd

V MADAN LAL SONU LAL (1135) 54 BOM 656
X,a minok, Ansuud hu govdk uih am insunaa coay
The goods wor damagu xzileda suit for elavm. Tha
Lnsinan comban kovk hu plaa that hubeun
On mho&i behah h gooos uwu insurd uuas a miun
The couwst rujeeted the oita amd allouued thi mim@r o
Pe COu he inSutame mory
he infornp onu pavty toa contract dos mat o{ta
Thu othv pastys l a b i l i . Thiplea inlamy b r g a
sonal ko the Anfant, A0 Ahat atthoughh am indart
may auwoicl a contact, hi can, nuwth eless,hola
iable amd, ne cessanyt , S l thu othve pat
tothe totr
3 No stoppel agaimt amina :
hwLamma by
misupusrilimg hu age hos uiduced the cthu
padiy to n r Mi) a cOntiact with kim, hL Can not
be made luable on t h contiact.
Thul Cam bl n e
etobhl agaumst a mmot. t means Al i
pped trom þladmg hs nat esto-
a tontuact. Jhu unkamH Un Orden to avo
owtmay olvcect mina to estyre
pHopulr. No doubt, mimor Áas got
Ae has m aberluy so cheat buoteton bill
ates"
CASE: SADTQUT AUKHAN Vs. JAI
KISHORE
t was hila That a ule af lstobpel canmot be
aaam&t
agamat a mmo. Ths deis mat ahpaèd
mean that thi
mun@ ANula be alleueA to Hutan u bimill
 8
hu oun kraud. But tn Indua, it has beun buld that
Coust cam dvet thuminot to pay back complnsatien
to thvr baty m u h cass

5. No 4hecuio besoemance Exceptum wtauncosis:

mima s thact bumg abs0lutnty void, hvucanb
no
quustion of thu speuhëperfoumama Mueh a
wnt
act. Aguandicm amuno canmot blndAhu mmunar
by am åguemint o h u bunchase Lmmovablipbup
r &0 Thi munot cannot ask for ihi áplupertorm
ame thu contnat tuhick thu guandam had naþowr
to enten rto. But awntiat inbo by hu guandian Oe
mamagun Onminor bthaltan be specijitally entpHced

)Tha conbact awiadhun zhe autholly o guandian ar man-

ag

Abonduas Lxe0utea by wibouw auttna as a guandiam O

hue mumorson O thuþaymint ofhue diceased
Puubands debts , thi mnois istate cam be helod luable
o hu paiyment nspthi bond.
-
CASE:(LALCHAND V. NARHAR 89 Ic B96)
6. KiabiLiy_ for thu Toxds: A out is accuul wror4.
Amunoe M uabll im toU Umlss IhU t t m
buLach okconttact.Thus, whul a min0 iall
ed a hndi 4e uodmg Only bOnow
hi uuas
hu lent Ahu Kost to onit o hus
Ald lvable whim
hindsho
amd kiLled hu Aosl Smilanly a munarjiumped
,
iuashild
Loble bor hu auwe to u mvdam inetuminta
which hadAvud and Ahn Þassd On toalwnd.
But a munor cannet be Eiable that B made uablJor
abreach onta ay amung n
You ahon Bn torb.
can not conuv a Contrat ntd
toRue am infanb.
a tort to enabe yeu
F No ansoluune: A mnot canmot be decdared insallnt
as huu nabable ob
COntnaling debl and u s a
payable o m the þersonal f p e t i u o munan amd
tnot þersOnalty Liable.
8-Fartmeshib_e Amimor be inuompetet tocontraut cam
buut umdve
n0t be a pautneH Am a pbautnenshup foum,
SAtidn30 h u Indiam Pantrnnshib At, h Canbi
admtled totn benetak al pautnushib
A Mno Can be a Agemt: Ammnoy cam adt as amayit
Bul he will mot be uabee toAis pumapal foa i s a t
AmumasCam aaud, odelilr and lmdouse negottabldnsa
lumenis whout hiimsil{ beng liabl.
o Ammou canmet bumd guaroian o paorunt: n Th
abline auth0uty, enpuus o Umplicd, a n
s mot tmlant
cabablioh bindng ho pbauint Oguaudian,tuunm
Omecessa s, The parnemt wil be he
nten h e child attngO. as a n
iablr enly
ageni forpauurlk
Tount Coniat by munon amd aduLt; m aucha
Thu aodult wilL case,
be iable On thu
CovtHat amd nat he
muno.IN SAIN DAS Vs RAM
CHAND, whiu hLAUas
a joumb þwnchesl by t o
mmo, t was ALd hatpwnthaun, one ofthem uwo
Comtraot agoim ThLvendoK Ould
Thu mmoj0t pwnchase and enhotcl the
nat themirat
2 Swely Aoeammo mcontat aßguar amtee
uhen am adult stamdk
(pdult)
diunN AOamumTt thinhe
enble to Thva paty as he
dinect
bauen thiiwut md thuAhvd paoin. contuact
13. Minar as a
P o
Shauhaldu Hmmot, biung a n
contract cammot be a shatihaldi muwmpett
9 bu
mmuutakuAi beoms a Mmbet thi cOmpanyJ
AACimd, he Hamsauon m a combany can
kimaul hy mani kuom
Rwsto. But, aminot may,
guandiam bewmt shuneheldor aing throughAis
a
hy tanujec lauuhul
mission tully pauol shaus tohum. o t trams-
14. iabilt kor
mecessans:
Pued to a minot Oe 0
Th CoLe
mecessasus sub
any othvr þeeáom dwham such
 mumor as legally boumd to suppot is Gouwmed by
Sechon b£ oTnduam lonlhact At. Aclaurn o necessauiLs
Supplied to amumor as enforneabe bylaw. But a oiinoe
smob uable fer amy r u c that hi may pomie amd
neuer 60r mOL ham hu Naluu a h e necessaniis. Thise
mo persomal liabtlila ofthe mureiy but onty his þropvryd
Rinble.
70 cemder min0ks Lstate liable toe necessauis io condi
kions vmiust be eatsied
0) The contAact must be hor t h goods Aeasonably necessou
hor hus &ubporb in his Atatom m lil.
The munor miud mot haue alnLady a
Xhae necessaes.
ultiamt'supply
Necessauuis meam thos Thumgs That anu
Lmtaily meeoled
byammo he cammot mdude LMUUiA A Lostey o r
ummecmany ahclu . Necessanuis LNtemd toal! suATninas
QA Masonble persons would
Class e souly tOAwhih he supply to a n nfamt um hat
amlont
minors educaton , °n fmuual C belongt. txpenses n
scope e Ihe wOUd mecesSauls monnis COme l h m tiu
Thu whole question msms upon the mnors stotus im aje
i d tathie tham
Nomament us Thu citeuon.
CASE NASH V INMAN.
C1908) 2.K,B.I1
Inmom am mpamt
mdengmaduate Cambuuidge bought
euwon taney uuaiCeats m
wm Nash. He utos at thi time
adeaually poUte ulh cohung. Held thu
wv nat necessany and hu
puce tould mat bi uaictwatt
rLcowreol.
Certain sewites wndud twa mmat haue
necessau, Thlse umude btem Aild to be
AUm b muino n a n teducattim, me ot'cal aduice, a
a

COkinuung his udiu et G hupwpOLL Df a hauhauLe

lving amd
Goods meces.say when aMdond
by thu tme lhey ae dokiWa. migAt hau Leasd, to be
Auted Arom a braiioe bu by rorAxample, whuu a munae necessaxy
order
ahee Luls
patually dellurd. Hexe, hu muno Wuld behore that rdered
kaslor. nolbe maoll py
to7
 Th ollowtng haue bumhela to be mevessauiu
MINOR
CASE:KUNWARLAL Vs. SURATMAL AIR 1463 MR 58
The haUAL Guen to a Mmo On lmt
mwmg hu atudus
fotliung amd wnti
w deemed to be thu upply 0tnecessaHiL
swtd ko The
mumors cordilion m ehe, amd thi m t for
housl am be dis couecedd. the
Hors , uhen dotoromdvs
Cu) Aacumg bicy cle. uolurig exeRÁLL
On the theu
hamd , ollousmg hau beem hld mot
Greods &uppliud 4or he purbese tobeneesau
AsiMwx- gipt goblet 4on tuadmg
y cinans amd tebacce
OY)Relreshmemt to am
umduvrguaouat sor smtertamim9
As
PERSONS OF UNSOUND MIND
Rrblaimud easiien asper t h ,
Oka valud co eosh Secron 1| OK
a
&oumdmind. Comtracts þady Dhe comthacb omthactAt,
aUoid. The Heason M thatmace by þetLons o must haue
two mimded but aporson Ontract a
betuem
umsaumd mind
oß
amind wms0umd mimd hasHequvris asStmt
Ahu Lou Meuonds as
Stcion l2 deal Wpth he
quisiom to
as
nathung uw hith
Pwrposs o mterning mti Aw hat M a
is sald to be
at thu bime. oJouma muma
a
Hact. soumdmiind4eEthe
tot hu Qtkaugs down that, "Apersom
amd
uuhun Aumak dt he is purpose fmakmg
tormmung o Cabablt of acomtratd,
TA Secon
a

natuimaljudgemnt
kuwthe statesthat a s wndunstamdmg t
e t upon Ais interess
a)Aprson uho uually o
0Umd mund may makia Unsoundmimd t but
Thus, a patvent un a lunate
mund
conthact
alylum ) w Ao
occasionally
uuhen he u Cccasionallu
ef S0Undmind.
ol
o
maymake a Conmau bEii at
interwals o seuumd
6) A peson who Oe
diwng hmiiteuals.
nd mumd udually of
not considne d boumd mind but
M
msoUrnd mnd. Combetett
mpeent to make eccasuomaly
a mbrat
wnivrait
a unsou
Thasa somi man uvho y whintu
whimtu
e tammot umdustand thu tvmg 40 dumk hat
a
ontuat tom a
 a uatuonal judemert as to z Mtet on hu intenutt.
In wrnp 2

eknto makia contbuact, whilt sUth duurken ness last

# The quuusion suhethvr awnliactAv afanti s sourd mind

Otnot has tobe de udded ky thicow. Ythemsaumdmus
o Ahe mund n oitedgiuouma to nwmpetency toentoe
as
Unlo aonlbuadd, hlmust puoul hat hi nas ef unsounollnd
at. The time efenteung n o contuact.
# Umsaumdmiss Omund dols nat meam Juakn a mindo
Loss of memoy. Amiams natonly lack o capadly toMmdputard
the toums otku contuat bul also lak of Understanding
toealsL Ähi heut t h i berms Tne conkuoct. Thi u
aluas apusumption um auewt efsanii. Prsoms wha ae
idiots, dunk 0n lumatuc camat oter miD c n t a c r . ALA
these pusons stamd om thu same oottmg asmunausamd hw
Comthaus aw veid.
Ansoumodnss omiind mayansi fuOmne-
9oio y;
A oloE AK a berson uUth mo Lntervals ofAamesmess.
He tabable. Hs memtal
s
poULUns mdlnstam di ng wm
houmay matS a L abirt be causROAlaik of
baum . The agLOmemt wah a n diot uOd. deulobmint
CASE:(INDER SINGH V. PARMESHNARDHARI
Apuchedir woth about 335000 SINGH(195
agued to besolouas
unson t0 Food
Only Hws matho by aa
lomgevtia idiot, Uncapablu of buouud thatt Ai was a
The solrNwashild to be voA undNstandmg thu Úansactt'ons
L Ouumkiness
mdur thu buoducA temborany in Cabaiiy tnll
hhctaf mtouiatton the mam
liii) dumomy ot msonty. 9t na
Loss thu b l dusease af anu
us asan due o somi buain Alunati .

dusease. Hemayhau luud memtal strano

ito contnait untdruats santi
) Hypmotm:
ouunung hat beriood
uhen Ae s Hecamemter
t also phoducs lsaumd nind
pirson wmdh the impat Aemporauy inapaut t u u
v) Memtas decayt 9t u on o avbteublly
aocount tnducd alef.
So,an aguemint aih old age ct
mlir
person a wnsound mimd
inen 6 8, h r pHopeT suCh bvsom
oio.bul
aluays
lioble o r necesanies b u p p u r a to Aum Co anyoni a s h o
he legally bomol to suphout .

RERSONS DISQUALTFIED FROM CoNTRACTIN4

BYANY CHER LAW
Jtuhers tostatuteup dosgualeeatons imposdOn wtauin
porsonsi kuspit of Thw capaalr toconiod
Altr m bremies n alem s compolint to contuoctuah cutt-
ems oh India liumg n ndio He canmantaun an a tiona
n a contract i t o mterud into by him ow A ÞeoL teme
But wan i dedared, am a l m Dnumy Cannot t e r nto
dLnauam
tagen Contias ontered nto
ay cwtnat uth am
b t r thu declauataon ef 40a dhur stayeol a r tesminalid
bult contraul wntered O a O g h L n a t nwas menhorceable
2. O u m Soureubns m d my m n c s : hasLperdnA a n Ammime
o m tha juuisodanon af localcou, Avnliss huy voluntaul,
ubmub to i a fvusduchon. ese persOnd A a u'gAt to contr -
a t but cam clasrn h
buulegedmat beunà ied. 7hi uult
Pgandmá Suts by ot agamat {ouugn Loue gns lLaud
down i aettons 2 to 87 ivil PD cedi
3msolwns: n lode
ansolulmt canmot Antr anto cotractas
hin puohulr uws5 n thu
ahfeuo receuve ot frcual asslgmi
The disqualicaton
ofam unsouent dd emoued after Al
ou's charged. u

4. Comgct: A onwut hohile

incobohle of lnteumg umdergcug imbuLonmet iutnebable
mo a
t an emd on hu toiHait. But hus
nplY he dutabLLla wmts
5. dntene.
orhorauons Acorpocaluon l am
byla E enusts
only
enter unD a ontuat thu ysm atificualbevrsan
law. $t s kecogruzd
6. Mavued nly tUOUgh uts agents. combt entto
women A women s
Ontrat. Mawuage does matlompetent to mtvumto a
afftt nuont natual
awoman she can euwn bind Aer cafa culy
P Am MeceSsuy A husbamdun tadis o
f wm nami am mawued woman may su or be sULAIT
eafbect e hvr sepat atu piepely
PHofssOnal Yexspns otors and advocat-es asu nduded,
nths lua