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    7 views7 pages

    L7H&T

    Uploaded by

    Irfan Mohammad Irfan
    Plz like it

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 7
    ‘We can cate he copy change ote soberma expan process of Fig. 24-6 fom bg, 242. case the temperate onan thought Th bearing in ind tat WV, = 2, as- Lotti 55 mol) $31 eed a2) = 5.174 ‘Tiss ao he eaopy change forthe inerenble process of a 245. As we expect rom he entopy pani is poste, We ove aw proved re examples to emir eabep + ‘teases in revel process hat cer cs ses 24-4 THE SECOND LAW OF ‘THERMODYNAMICS fore we express the second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy change, we mus sale a ie puzzle. We ‘ain Sample Problem 24-4 that if we cause the gan Fi, 246 to undergo a reversible expansion from (a) () ia tat figure, the change in eatopy of the gat—which we lake as our gsiem—is poste. However, because the process reverible, we can jus 8 enily cause the ga 1 tndergo a reversible compresion, making it go fom) (a) simply by sowly aiding lead hot othe piston of Fi, 24-6b unl the orginal volume of the gas is restored. ‘his reverse process, heat must he wansferted from he ga to keep its temperature fom rising. Hence Q is negative nd fom Ea, 242, 0 the entopy change ofthe gas ‘oes this decrease in entropy ofthe gas violate our expectation that entropy should alvays increase? No, be ase the expectation that emopy shoul always increase holds only for inreversile processes occuring in closed systems. Fes th procedure siggeed by Fig. 246 i not Sovesible, Second, because energy is Wansfemed a8 beat {fom the gas wth servo, the sper (hat, the 235) ot closed ‘We can alnays close a system by calling ito include those parts ofits envionment with WCh itera I Fig. 246, for example, we can choose as our system the ‘2s + reservoir. rater than the ga alone the process in that gure then goon from (10 (a), bea Q moves from the gas to the feserveir—that i, from one pt of Our larger system wo the ater, We can calculate the entropy changes of the gas andthe reserva separately with Eg 242, which applies to an isothermal process like that of Fig. 24-6. We ge = +a T in which [@] is the absolute valve of the Bea transfer, a poste quant. The entropy change ofthe closed stem [a + reservoir isthe sum ofthese two quant, whichis Zao, Ths, altbough the entropy ofthe gas decreases, hat ofthe reservoir increase, andy the same amount. Wits diss background, we ean now extend the state- ment we made in Section 24-1 about entropy changes wine ‘lu both reversible and imeversible processes. The ex. tended statement, which we call the second Jaw of thermodsmanis i: When changes occur within closed system is entropy citer tnereases for ireverible pricesse) or remane omstant (for reversible processes). never decreases In equation form this statement becomes asz0. eas) ‘The “reste than” sign applies to ireversible processes ‘and the “equals sign to reversible processes. No excep- tions tothe second lw of thermodynamics have ever been found. ‘Although entropy may decrease in part ofa closed 995+ tem, thre will always he an ual (oF gee) entropy i= ‘ree in another part of tht sytem 50th the entropy of Ie system as a whole never decease 24-5 ENTROPY AND THE PERFORMANCE OF ENGINES [A eat engine, or more simply. an engine, isa device that ‘eats nergy ftom ts enviroment tn the frm of heat fn does wuful wore At the hear of every engine in ‘working substance. Tn an auiomebile engine, for example, the working substance i a gas-air mixture. For an engine to do work on a sustained bss, the working substance must operate in a eyle. That i, it must pass through &

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