Basic Pathology

Topic : NEOPLASIA
 Key Points :

 Neoplasia & Dysplasia

 Differences b/w Beingn & Malignant Neoplasms
 Common Etiological Factors for neoplasia
 Different Modes of Metastasis
Neoplasia :

 Neoplasia can be defined as “ Presence or formation of new abnormal

growth of tissue .
 Neoplasm can be defined as “ A disorder of cell growth that is triggered
by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its progeny.
 Tumor is a commonly used term for neoplasm , in layman terms , tumor
and neoplasm are the same .
A Neoplasm
3D view
 Components of Tumor :

2. Reactive Stroma
1. Neoplastic Cells

 These cells constitute tumor’s  It is made up of connective tissue ,

parenchyma. blood vessels and variable number of
cells of the adaptive and innate
immune system.
Types of Tumors :
□ Benign Tumor
 A tumor is said to benign when its gross
and m icroscopic appearances are
considered relatively innocent implying
that it will remain LOCALIZED and will not
spread to other sites and is am enable to
local surgical removal .
 Patient survives usually.
□ Malignant Tumor
 Collectively referred to as “ Cancer” ,
these tumors tend to adhere to any part
that they seize on in an obstinate
manner .
 These tumors can invade and destroy
adjacent structures and spread to
distant sites ( metastatize ) to cause
death .
 Patient donot surv ive usually.
 Dysplasia :

Dysplasia is a term which literally means “ abnormal growth” .

 “Dys” means “ bad “ , plasia means” growth”.
 It can be defined as , The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue which may signify a
stage preceding the development of cancer.
 It is encountered mainly in metaplastic epithelia .
 Characterized by a constellation of changes that include loss in the uniformity of the individual cells
and also in architectural orientation .
 May also exhibit Pleomorphism
 Visibly large hyperchromatic nuclei.
 It can be a precursor of cancer but not always .
UROTHELIAL DYSPLASIA
Etiological Factors of Neoplasia:
Metastasis :

It can be defined by the spread of tumor to sites that are physically

discontinuous with primary tumor and unquivocally masks a tumor as
malignant.

 Simply can be defined as : The development of secondary malignant

growths at a distance from primary site of cancer.
 Pathways of Metastasis :
1.Seeding of body
cavities or surfaces
It may occur whenever a
malignant neoplasm penetrates
into a naturally “ open field”
lacking physical barrier .
• Mostly in peritoneal cavity .
2.Lymphatic Spread
Transport through lymphatics is
the most common pathway for
the initial dissemination of
carcinomas.
• Sarcomas may also use this
site.
3. Hematogenous
Spread
It is typical of sarcomas but is also
seen with carcinomas .
• Arteries with their thicker walls
are less readily penetrated
than are veins .
Made by :

 Sehar Asghar Khan

 Roll No. 3
 Submitted on 20 / 6/ 2020 , 8 am.