Q1 Leftover

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BCS-054
BACHELOR OF CONQUTER APPLICATIONS
(BCA) (Revised)
Term-End Examination
December, 2018
BCS-054 : COMPUTER ORIENTED NUMERICAL
TECHNIQUES
Maximum Marks : 100
Time : 3 hours
Note :
1.
(i) Use of calculator is allowed during examination.
(ii) Question no. 1 is compulsory. Attempt any
three questions from questions no. 2 to 5.
(a) Assume that a floating point
is of eight decimal digits with four digits for
mantissa, two digits for exponent and one
diöt each for sign of exponent and
mantissa. Answer the following, using this
representation (The numbers should be
represented in normalised floating point
form. Use chopping, if required).
Represent :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
BCS-054
- 235
- 2576
+ 0-007567
p.T.O.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(D
(g)
BCS-054
What are the advantages of representing
floating point numbers in normalised form ?
If Xl = 2•98 x 102 and x2 = 1•97 x 101 are two
floating point numbers, then find the value
of Xl — You must show all the steps.
IfX3 = 2•71 x 104 and x4=— 1-53 x 10 are
two floating point numbers, find the value of
x3 x x4. Show all the steps.
Write the following system of linear
equations in matrix form •
2x + y + z = 5
x + 3z = 9
2y + 5z = 11
Show one iteration of solving the
following system of linear equations using
Gauss — Jacobi iterative method. You may
assume x = 1 and y = 1 as initial estimate.
2x+3y=8
3x + 13
Find an interval in which the following
equation has a root :
4x2+4x- 35 = o
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
BCS-054
Explain how calculation of next estimate
differs in Newton —Raphson method and
Bisection method of solving non-linear
equations.
Write the symbol and formula with respect
to (x) and some value of h for the following
operators :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Forward difference
Central difference
Shift operator
Express forward difference and backward
difference operators in terms of shift
operator.
State the Newton's forward difference
formula for interpolation.
Given the following data :
10
10
40
30
70
To find the value of y at x = 5, which of the
methods will you choose from the Lagrange's
method or Newton's backward difference
formula ? Give reason in support of your
answer.
p.T.O.
From the forward difference formula for
interpolation asked in question I(k), derive

the formula for finding derivative of a
function Rx) at x = xo.
State and explain the Trapezoidal rule
geometrically.
Define the following terms in the context of
differential equations :
2.
(m)
(n)
(o)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Order
Degee
Initial condition
Boundary condition
Explain the following terms with the help of
an example :
(i) Truncation error
(ii) Absolute error
(iii) Overflow
(iv) Unstable problem
Obtain the smallest positive root of the
equation
x —x —3=0,
by using three iterations of Bisection method.

What is Maclaurin series ? Find the
Maclaurin series off(x) = ex around x = O.
BCS-054
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Solve the following system of linear
equations using Gaussian elimination
method with partial pivoting condensation :
x—2Y+ z = 1
3x + y + 3z = 10
2x + 3y — 5z = 2
Using Gauss — Seidel iterative method,
show two iterations of solving the following
system of linear equations :
4X1 — + = 10
2X1 + 3X2 — = 4
Xl + 2X2 + = 7
Take initial estimate as Xl = x2 = = O.
Which of the two methods — direct or
iterative, will you choose for the following

types of problems. Give reasons in support
of your answer.
10
(i)
(ii)
BCS-054
When the matrix is dense and order
of matrix is less than 50.
When you want small rounding off
errors.
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Estimate the missing term (shown by '?') in
the following data, if it represents a valid
interpolating polynomial of degree 3
Also find the interpolating polynomial using
Newton's forward difference formula and
find the value of (x) at x = 2•5.
Find the Newton's backward difference form
of interpolating polynomial for the following
data :
21 41
80 140
Hence, evaluate (7).
Find the A2f(x) and A3(x) for the square

10
function (x) = x2.
2+2=4
BCS-054
5.
Attempt any two parts of (a), (b) and (c) given
below. Each part is of 10 marks.
10+10=20
are given for
(a)
(b)
(c)
BCS-054
The value of y
x = (0•5) 30.
l•oo
1•84
2•83
3•95
520
Find and at x = 1•25 using FD formula.
Evaluate :
(2 + x2) dx
1
using Simpson's — rule with 11 points.
Using Eule?s method, find the solution of
the differential equation
= t2 + Y, given y(O) = 1.
Find the solution on the interval [O, 0•81
with h = (Please note t is an independent
variable).
6,000
BCS-054
BACHELOR OF cortætJTER APPLICATIONS
(BCA) (Revised)
010B 1
December, 2017
TECHNIQUES
Maximum Marks : 100
Time : 3 hours
Note :
(i) Any calculator is allowed during examination.
1.
(a)
(b)
(d)
three more from the next four questions.
Find the sum of two floating-point numbers
= 04325 x 102 and 0•3507 x 103.
Find the product of Xl and x2 given above
in (a).
Explain what is 'Overflow'. Give an
example of multiplication due to which
overflow occurs.
BCS-054
equations in matrix form :
15
12x — 8y = 4
p.T.O.
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
BCS-054
equations using Gauss elimination method •
- + 15y= 1
x2-9X+ 19=0
Write the formula of Newton-Raphson
method for finding root of an equation.
Write the expressions which are obtained
by applying each of the following
operators :
(ii)
(iii) A
Write V and ö in terms of E.
State the following two formulae for
interpolation :
(i) Bessel's Formula
(ii) Newton's Forward Difference Formula
Construct a difference table for the
following data
3
3
10
14
10
18
From the Newton's Forward formula asked
in j(ii) above, derive a rule/formula for
finding derivative of a function (x) at
Define each of the following concepts with
one suitable example for each :
(i) Differential Equation
(ii) Initial Value Problem
Using 8-decimal digit floating point
representation (with four digits for
mantissa, two digits for exponent and one
each for sign of exponent and mantissa),
represent the following numbers in
normalized floating point form (use
chopping, if required) :
4
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8795
- 798•78
- 0•0087456
For each of the three numbers in Q. No. 2(a),
find relative error in its normalized floating
BCS-054
point representation.
P.T.O.
3.
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the approximate value of 'e' by taking
first three terms of Maclaurin's series and
also find truncation error.
equation x3 — 5x + 1 = 0, by using three
iterations of bisection method.
Discuss relative merits and demerits of
each of (i) direct methods, and (ii) iterative
methods of solving a system of slinear
equations, w.r.t. each other.

method, and comment on the nature of the
solution :
12x + 18y — 5z = 25
3x—5y + 7z = 5
9x + 23y - 12z = 20
with partial
pivoting
equations
condensation Gaussian
method :
x —y + 3z = 3
2x+Y+4z=7
3x + 5y — 2z = 6
elimination
10
BCS-054
4.
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
For (x) = 6x2 + 8x + 9, find AB (x).
Estimate the missing term in the following
data, using Forward Difference :
103
102
100
101
104
logx 2•OOO 2•0043 ?
2•0128 2•0170
Derive the operators E and A in terms of 5.
Attempt any two of (a), (b) and (c) below :
(a)
(b)
(c)
BCS-054
Find the approximate value
of
dx
using Trapezoidal rule, with
h = 0-25.
Find f'(x) at x
table of values :
10
= from the following
10
0-4
(x)
10214 1-3498 1-4918
0-5
2-56
3•02
Using Eule?s method to find the solution of
= t + y given y(O) = 1, find the solution on
the interval [O, 0•8] with h = 0•2. The
independent variable is t.
10
8,000
BCS-054
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
(BCA) (Revised)
December, 2016
05116
TECHNIQUES
Maximum Marks : 100
Time : 3 hours
Note :
1.
(i)
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Calculator, including scientific, is allowed
during examination. However, each step of
numerical calculation should be explicitly
carried out by the examinee.
Question no. 1 is compulsory. Attempt any
three from rest of the four questions.
Find the sum of two floating point numbers
a = 0•5403 x 103 and b = 0-7182 x 104.
Find the product of the two numbers a and
b given above.
Define what is 'underflow'. Give an
example of multiplication due to which

3
BCS-054
underflow occurs.
p.T.O.
(d)
(D
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
BCS-054
Write the following system
8x + Ily = 19
12x + 5y = 17
Solve the following system
of linear
of linear
equations using Gauss elimination method :
— 2x + 9y = 5
equation has a root •
x + x —2=0
Write briefly the steps of bisection method
to find out the roots of an equation.

by applying each of the following operators
to fix) :
(i)
(ii) V
Write E in terms of each of V and
separately.
Construct the difference table for the
following data :
flx)
17
29
13
41
2.
3.
(k)
(1)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
interpolation (for equal intervals) •
(i) Newton Forward Difference Formula
(ii) Bessel's Formula
Explain the concept of 'Initial Value
Problem' with an example.
equations, using partial pivoting :
4X1 — 5X2 + 6X3 = — 24
Xl + 3X2 — 5X3 = 22
— + 8X2 + = 11
What are the relative advantages of
iterative methods over direct methods for
solving a system of linear equations ?
For flx) = 3x3 + 1 lx — 5, find V3 Rx) in
terms of h, where h is an equally spaced
interval.
Estimate the missing term in the following
data using backward difference assuming
that the data is a valid representation of
15
BCS-054
polynomial of degree 3 :
1•20
1•40 1•60
flx) 33201 4•0552 4•9530
12
1•80 2•oo
? 7•3891
P.T.O.
4.
5.
Attempt any two of (a), (b) and (c) below :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Find f'(x) at x = 0•25 from the following
table of values :
10
0-2
0-4
(x) 2•1082 2•8706 3•4013 3•9121 4-3012
dx
Find the approximate value of
using Trapezoidal rule, with 5 equal parts

of [2, 31.
10
Using Euler's method to find the solution
of dy/dx = 3x + y, given y(O) = 3, find the
solution on the interval [O, 0•8] with
— 0•2, where x is the independent
variable and y is the dependent variable.
10
Using the 8-decimal digit floating point
representation (4 digits for mantissa,
2 digits for exponent, and one each for sign
of exponent and mantissa), represent the
following numbers in normalized floating
point form :
(i)
- 98-37
(ii) 0•000893
(Use chopping, if required)
BCS-054
(b)
(c)
BCS-054
Using the 8-decimal digit format stated in
Q5(a) above, briefly discuss how zero is
represented as a floating point number.
6
Let a = 476•9 x 106, b = 657•2 x 104 and
c = — 5342 x 104. Find out whether '+' is
associative for a, b and c (i.e., you are
required to find out whether
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) or not).
10
8,000
BCS-054
(BCA) (Revised)
05869
December, 2015
Time : 3 hours
TECHNIQUES
Maximum Marks : 100
Note :
Simple (but not scientific) calculator is allowed.
Question number 1 is compulsory. Attempt
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
any three from the next four questions.
Using 8 - decimal digit floating point
mantissa, two for exponent and one each
for sign of exponent and mantissa),
chopping, if required) :
(i) 8975
-897.87
(iii)
- 0.0078456
For two floating point numbers
Xl = 0.6187 x 104 and h =0.5306 x 103, find
Xl — x2 in floating point representation.
Find the product of the two numbers given
BCS-054
in question number I(c) above.
P.T.O.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
BCS-054
equations in matrix form •
7x-5y=9
—8x — — 13
Show one iteration of solving the following
system of linear equations using any

iterative method. You may assume x = y = 0
as initial estimate.
-8x+7y=15
5x—2y= —7
equation has a root
-12 — 5x + 6 = 0
Write the formula used in Newton-Raphson
method for finding root of an equation.
Write the three expressions which are
obtained by applying each of the operators
to f (x), for some h •
(iii) D
Write each of A and in terms of E.
interpolation.
(i) Newton's Forward difference formula
(ii) Stirling's formula
following data :
f(x) 2 5 10 17
From the Newton's Forward difference
formula asked in part k(i) above, derive the
formula for finding derivative of a function
f (x) at xo.
2
3
2.
3.
(n)
(o)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
Explain each of the following concepts with
a suitable example.
(i) Boundary Value Problem.
(ii) Order of a differential equation.
For each of the three numbers of question
number I(b), find relative error in its
normalized floating point representation.
Find approximate value of e by taking first
three terms of Maclausin's series and also
find the truncation error.
method and comment on the nature of
solution.
12X1 + 18X2 — 5X3 = 25
3X1- 5X2+ 7X3=05
equation x3— 5x+1=0, by using three
iterations of bisection method.
equations with partial pivoting
condensation. Gaussian elimination
method.
.11 — X2+3x
2X1 + X2 = 7
3X1 + 5X2 — 2X3 = 6
12
BCS-054
(b)
(c)
(a)
Give formula for next approximation of
values of Xl, x2 and x3 using Gauss-Seidel
method for solving a system of linear
equations .
allX1 + a12X2 + a13X3 = bl

amX1 + anX2 + a23X3 = b2 and
Describe relative merits of each of direct
methods and iterative methods of solving
system of linear equations, over each other.
The population of a city in a census taken
once in 10 years is given below in thousands.
Estimate the value in 1965.
Year
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
4.
5.
Population 35 42 58 84 120 165
(b) Derive the operators E and A in terms of b.
(c) Find Newton's backward difference form of
interpolating polynornial for the data
8 10
f(x) 19 40 83 155
Hence evaluate f (9).
Attempt any two parts of (a), (b) and (c) given
below :
3 dx
(a) Find approximate value of I =
using Simpson's — rule (three points).
7
10
BCS-054
P.T.O.
(b)
(c)
BCS-054
The values of y = N/¯x are given below for
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
f(x) 1.2247 1.4142 1.5811 1.7320 1.8708
Find y' and y" at x = 3.25 using BD formula.
Solve the following I VP using Euler's
method •
= 1 -2xy, y(0.2) =0.1948, Find y(0.4)
with h = 0.2.
10
10
BCS-054
(BCA) (Revised)
01734
December, 2014
Time : 3 hours
TECHNIQUES
Maximum Marks : 100
Note : Simple (but not scientific) calculator is allowed.
1.
Question number 1 is compulsory. Attempt any
three from the next four questions.
(a) Using 8-decimal digit floating-point
mantissa, two for exponent and one each
for sign of exponent and mantissa),
rounding, if required) :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
BCS-054
9561
- 74-794
- 0-00726
p.T.O.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
BCS-054
What is an overflow ? Give an example
involving addition of numbers in which
overflow occurs.
Find the sum of two floating-point
numbers :
-0-4507 X 103 and = 0-5671 X 105
Find the product of the two numbers given
in question. no. I(c) above.
8x + 6y = 13
equations using Gauss Elimination

method :
4x + 3y = 1
'7x 20
x —8X+ 11=0
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
BCS-054
Write the formula used in Regula-Falsi
method for finding the roots of an equation.
by applying each of the operators to f(x), for
some h :
(ii)
(iii) D
Write each of V and in terms of E.

interpolation :
(i) Newton's Backward difference
formula
(ii) Stirlings formula
following data •
f(x) 2 9 28 65
From the Newton's Backward difference
formula asked in part k(i) above, derive the
formula for finding derivative of a function
f(x) at xo.
p.T.O.
2.
(n)
(o)
(a)
(b)
State Simpson's (1/3) rule for finding the
value of the integral f(x) dx.
Explain each of the following concepts with

a suitable example for each :
(i) Degree and order of a differential
equation
(ii) Boundary Value Problem
Can the number zero (0) be represented as
a normalized floating point number ? Why
or why not ? Further, under representation
of question no. I(a), how many floating
point
representations
(including all
un-normalized
representations)
possible for the number zero ?
are
For each of the following numbers, find the
floating point representation, if possible
normalized, using rounding if required.
The format is 8-digit as is mentioned in
question no. I(a) :
2/7
(i)
(ii) 896786
Further, find absolute error, if any, in each
case.
BCS-054

3.
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the product of the two numbers :
0-5203 x 104 and 0-6251 x 10
—5
Find the approximate value of e = e , by
taking first four terms of Maclaurin's
series, and also find truncation error.
Solve the following system of equations,
using
partial pivoting Gaussian
elimination method (compute upto two
places of decimal only) :
2X1 — 3X2 + 4X3 = 3
3X1 + 5X2 — 2X3 = 6
Xl — 2X2 — X3 —
--2
Give formula for next approximations of
values of Xl, x2 and x3 using Gauss-Seidel
method for solving a system of linear
equations of the form
all Xl + au X2 + a13 X3 = bl,
am Xl + au x2 + a23 x3 = b2 and
a31 Xl + au + a33 x3 = b3
What are the advantages of Direct methods
over Iterative methods for solving a system
6
4
12
BCS-054
of linear equations ?
p.T.O.
4.
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
For flx) = 8x — 5x2 + 12, find A 4 (x).
Construct a difference table and mark the
backward differences for the following
data :
flx)
13
18
24
5
33
Estimate the missing
term 'A'
40
in the
following data, where it represents a
polynomial of degree three :
x:
f(x) :
21
31
Attempt any two parts of (a), (b) and (c).
(a) Given the following values of f(x) = In (x),
find the approximate value of ((2•0).
10
f(x)
2-0
0.69315
6
2-2
0.78846
2-6
0.95551
BCS-054
(b)
(c)
BCS-054
Find the approximate value of I =
using Simpson's (1/3) rule (three points).
Solve the following IVP using Euler's
10
method :
y' = 1- 2xy, y(0-2) = 0-1948
Find with h = 0•2.
10
7,000
BCS-054
(BCA) (Revised)
04752
June, 2019
TECHNIQUES
Maaimum Marks : 100
Time : 3 hours
Note :
1.
(i) Use of calculator is allowed during examination.
three queStions from questions no. 2 to 5.
(a) Find the sum of two floating-point numbers
x = 0-6239 x 106 and y = 0•5163 x 104.
(b) Find the product of x and y where the value
of x and y are given in part (a) of this
question.
(c) What is 'underflow' ? Give an example of
multiplication due to which underflow
occurs.
BCS-054
p.T.O.
(d)
(D
(g)
(h)
Write the following system
3x + 5y + 8z = O
Solve the following system
of linear
of linear
equations using the Gauss elimination
method •
13x - 7y=2
5x + 3y = 15
2x2-11X+14=o
Show two iterations of Newton-Raphson
method for finding approximate root of the
equation
x + x —6=0 starting with 1.
Write the notation and formula for the
following operators :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
BCS-054
Central difference operator
Shift operator
Forward difference operator
(i)
(j)
(k)
(1)
(m)
BCS-054
Write V and ö in terms of E.
Define the term interpolation with the help
of an example. State the Newton's backward
difference formula for interpolation.
Construct a difference table for the following
data :
From the Newton's backward difference
formula asked in part (j), derive a
rule/formula for finding the derivative of a
function (x) at x = xo.
p.T.O.
Define the following terms and give one
example for each of the following in the

context of differential equations :
2.
(n)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Order
Degree
Initial conditions
Boundary conditions
Assuming an 8-decimal digit floating point
representation (with 4 digits for mantissa,
two digits for exponent and one each for sign
of mantissa and exponent), represent the
following numbers in normalised floating
point form (use chopping, if required).
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
23563255
- 63•27832
- 0•0000235
For each of the three numbers in Q.No. 2(a),
find the relative error in its normalised
floating point representation.
Obtain the approximate value of smallest
positive root of the equation

x +4x— 12=0,
by using three iterations of bisection method.
BCS-054
3.
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the Maclaurin's series of (x) = ex
around x = O. (Please note —ex = eX)
Calculate the approximate value of e using
first four terms of this series.
equations with pivotal condensation
Gaussian elimination method :
2x + 3y—z = 11
x—5Y+ 7z = O
3x—y — 3z = 4
equations using Gauss-Jacobi iterative
method. Perform only three iterations.
5x — 7y + 3z = 15
x — 5x — 2z = 4
Take initial estimates as x = O, y = O and

Define the following with the help of an
10
example :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
BCS-054
Ill conditioned problem
Rounding off errors
Algebraic equations
Transcendental equations
p.T.O.
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the Newton's forward-difference
interpolating polynomial for the following
data :
84 148 242
44
12 22
Hence, obtain the value of (x) at x = and
x = 2•5.
8
Estimate the missing term (represented
by '?') in the following data, if it represents a
valid interpolating polynomial of degree 3.
24
128
225
Given the following data for interpolation :
fix)
120
60
20
To find the value of Rx) at x =
15
200
2, which of
the following methods will be used by you ?
Bessel's interpolation formula
Newton's FD formula
Lagrange's interpolation method

Give reasons in support of your answer.
BCS-054
5.
(d) What is inverse interpolation ? Explain with
the help of an example.
Attempt any two of the following parts :
(a) Find the approximate value of the integral
dx
02
by Simpson's —rd rule dividing the interval
[0•2, 1•0] to 4 equal sub-intervals. Compute
up to four places of decimal only.
(b) Find the value of f'(x) or y' and f "(x) or y" at
x = 1•25 for the values of y = x given in
the following table :
2-0
1 1•310 1•587
1•842 2•080
(c) Solve the following differential equation
using Euler's method :
= 1 — 2 xy, assume that y(O) = 1.
Find the solution in the interval [O, 0•8] with
BCS-054
7
5,000

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BACHELOR OF CONQUTER APPLICATIONS

BCS-054 : COMPUTER ORIENTED NUMERICAL

Maximum Marks : 100

(i) Use of calculator is allowed during examination.

(ii) Question no. 1 is compulsory. Attempt any

three questions from questions no. 2 to 5.

(a) Assume that a floating point

is of eight decimal digits with four digits for

mantissa, two digits for exponent and one

diöt each for sign of exponent and

mantissa. Answer the following, using this

representation (The numbers should be

represented in normalised floating point

form. Use chopping, if required).

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What are the advantages of representing

floating point numbers in normalised form ?

If Xl = 2•98 x 102 and x2 = 1•97 x 101 are two

floating point numbers, then find the value

of Xl — You must show all the steps.

IfX3 = 2•71 x 104 and x4=— 1-53 x 10 are

two floating point numbers, find the value of

x3 x x4. Show all the steps.

Write the following system of linear

equations in matrix form •

Show one iteration of solving the

following system of linear equations using

Gauss — Jacobi iterative method. You may

assume x = 1 and y = 1 as initial estimate.

Find an interval in which the following

equation has a root :

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Explain how calculation of next estimate

differs in Newton —Raphson method and

Bisection method of solving non-linear

Write the symbol and formula with respect

to (x) and some value of h for the following

Express forward difference and backward

difference operators in terms of shift

State the Newton's forward difference

formula for interpolation.

Given the following data :

To find the value of y at x = 5, which of the

methods will you choose from the Lagrange's

method or Newton's backward difference

formula ? Give reason in support of your

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From the forward difference formula for

interpolation asked in question I(k), derive

function Rx) at x = xo.

State and explain the Trapezoidal rule

Define the following terms in the context of

Explain the following terms with the help of

(i) Truncation error

(ii) Absolute error

(iv) Unstable problem

Obtain the smallest positive root of the

by using three iterations of Bisection method.

Maclaurin series off(x) = ex around x = O.

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Solve the following system of linear

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