‫جمهورية العراق‬

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫جامعة كركوك‬
‫كلية الهندسة‬
‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬

‫طرق االنشاء والتخمين‬

‫من قبل الطالبة‬

‫سنورعبدهللا احمد‬

‫وباشراف‬
‫د‪-‬ماجد القيسي‬
‫أ‪-‬محمد عمر‬

‫‪9191-9112‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
Soil Stabilization
Classification of soil layers
Subgrade: the surface produced by grading native earth, or
cheap imported materials which serve as a base for more
expensive paving.

Subbase: the layer of selected material placed to furnish strength

to the base of a road.

Base: the layer of material in a roadway or airport runway

section on which the pavement is placed.

Soil Stabilization Methods

In the broadest sense stabilization refers to any treatment of the
soil that increases its natural strength.

Methods of stabilizing soils include, but are not limited to, the
following operations:

1. 1.Blending and mixing heterogeneous soils to produce more homogeneous soils

2. Incorporating hydrated lime into soils that are high in clay content
3. Blending asphalt with the soil
4. Mixing Portland cement with the soil
5. Incorporating various types of salts into the soil
6. Incorporating certain chemicals into the soils
7. Compacting the soils thoroughly after they are processed

Blending and mixing soils: If the soils that are to be used in a fill are heterogeneous in
their original state, such as in a borrow pit, they may be mixed during excavation by
using equipment such as a power shovel or a deep-cutting belt loader to excavate layers
in one operation. When such material is placed on a fill, it may be subjected to further
blending by several passes with a disk harrow

Stabilizing soils with hydrated lime: The plasticity index of soils with high clay
content can be reduced substantially by incorporating hydrated lime into the soil using a
disk harrow. The explanation for this soil improvement lies in a Base Exchange reaction
occurring between the lime and clay particles, which cause the clay to agglomerate and
become more granular and porous. After compaction a cementing reaction occurs
between the lime and free silica and alumina in the clay, resulting in a substantial
improvement in the strength and stability of the soil

9
Asphalt-soil stabilization: When asphalt is mixed with granular soils, usually in
amounts of (5% - 7%) of the soil volume, this treatment will produce a much more
stable soil. The moisture content of the soil must be low at the time asphalt is added.
Also it is necessary to allow the volatile oils to evaporate from the bitumen before
finishing and rolling the material. Soils treated in this manner may be used as finished
surfaces for low traffic density secondary roads, or they may serve as base courses for
high- type pavements.

Cement –soil stabilization: Cement-soil is one of the most generally used types of
mixed-in place paving. It is particularly economical and convenient in areas where the
soil is clay or silt and native deposits of gravel or rock are scare. The ratio of cement to
soil is usually from (5-7 %) by weight, This stabilization method involves spreading the
Portland cement uniformly over the surface of the soil, then mixing it into the soil
preferably with pulveriser-type machine to the specified depth, followed by fine grading
and compaction. If the moisture content of the soil is low, it will be necessary to
sprinkle the surface with water during the processing operation. The soil should be
compacted within 30 min after it is mixed.

3
Types of compacting equipment:

1. Tamping rollers
2. Smooth- wheel rollers
3. Pneumatic-tired rollers
4. Vibrating rollers (tamping, smooth-wheel, or pneumatic
5. Self –propelled vibrating
6. Manually propelled vibrating
7. Manually propelled compactors
Tamping rollers:
Tamping rollers are the sheep’s-foot type or modifications thereof. This roller which
may be towed by a tractor or self-propelled consists of a hallow steel drum on whose
outer surface there are sections. A unit may consist of one or several drums mounted on
one or more horizontal axes. The weight of drum may be varied by adding water or
sand to produce unit pressures under the feet up to (5 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐) or more. Sheep’s-foot
rollers are quite effective in compacting clays and mixtures of sand and clay.

4
Smooth –wheel rollers:
Smooth – wheel rollers may be classified by weight which is usually stated in tons. The
rolls are steel drums which may be ballasted with water or sand to increase the weights.
If a roller is designed as (14-20) tons it means that the minimum weight of the machine
only is (14 tons) and that it can be ballasted to give a maximum weight of (20 tons).
These rollers are effective in compacting granular soils such as sand, gravel, and
crushed stone and they are also effective in smoothing surface of soils that have been
compacted by tamping rollers.

Pneumatic – tired rollers

These are surface rollers which apply the principle of kneading action to effect
compaction below the surface. They may be self-propelled or towed. The air pressure in
the tires may vary from (0.6 – 1 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐). Because of the heavy loads and high tire
pressures they are capable of compacting all types of soils to greater depths. Pneumatic-
tired rollers can be divided into two types:
a. Pneumatic-tired rollers with fixed inflation
pressures
b. Pneumatic-tired rollers with variable inflation
pressures.
As the soil is compacted the tire pressure is
increased to suit the particular conditions of the soil,
so that, the use of type (b) of roller usually permits
adequate compaction with fewer passes than were
required by type (a) pressure rollers.

5
6
7
8
 ‫جدول حساب الكميات المواد‬
‫الكمية الكلية‬ ‫الكمية الجزئية‬ ‫االرتفاع‬ ‫العرض‬ ‫الطول‬‫الوحدة‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫الفقرة‬ ‫ت‬
‫جملة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫جملة‬ ‫التنظيف والتخطيط‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪70.8‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪118 m³‬‬ ‫حفر االساس‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪70.8‬‬
‫‪8.85‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪118 m³‬‬ ‫تحت االساس‬ ‫فرش الخابط‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪8.85‬‬
‫‪395.3‬‬ ‫‪3.35‬‬ ‫‪118 m²‬‬ ‫تحت االساس‬ ‫فرش النايلون‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪395.3‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20 m³‬‬ ‫‪ (1:3:6)16mpa‬البادلو‪+‬الالش‬ ‫الخرسانة الضعيفة‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪-0.18‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪1 m³‬‬ ‫‪-9 D1‬‬ ‫الطرحيات‬

‫‪19.82‬‬

‫‪26.55‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫الخرسانة المسلحة ‪ (1:2:4)21mpa‬االساس‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪7.08‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫الرباط‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫السقف‬
‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫الدرج‬
‫‪0.72‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬
‫‪64.83‬‬

‫‪18.88‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪118 m³‬‬ ‫‪Solid‬‬ ‫البلوك‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪7.08‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪118 m³‬‬
‫‪25.96‬‬

‫‪61.36‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫المجوف‬

‫‪-3.78‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫‪-9‬‬ ‫‪D1‬‬ ‫الطرحيات‬
‫‪-1.35‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪W1‬‬
‫‪-0.6‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪W2‬‬
‫‪-0.6‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪m³‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪W3‬‬
‫‪56.38‬‬

‫‪237‬‬ ‫‪3.95‬‬ ‫‪60 m²‬‬ ‫الخارجي‬ ‫اللبخ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪48.18‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪21.9‬‬ ‫الداخلي‬

‫‪285.18‬‬

‫‪68.15‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪23.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫هول‬ ‫البياض‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪55.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫المطبخ‬
‫‪47.85‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪16.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫صحيات‪1‬‬
‫‪63.8‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫منور‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫هول‬
‫‪39.15‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪13.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫نوم‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫نوم‪2‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫نوم‪3‬‬
‫‪65.25‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪22.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫استقبال‬

‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20 m²‬‬ ‫بياض السقف‬

‫‪-23.6‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪-118 m²‬‬ ‫الجدران‬ ‫الطرحيات‬
‫‪-18.9‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫‪-9‬‬ ‫‪D1‬‬
‫‪-6.75‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪W1‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪W2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬ ‫‪W3‬‬
‫‪437.7‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20 m²‬‬ ‫الشتايكر‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20 m²‬‬ ‫الموزائيك‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪-23.6‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪-118 m²‬‬ ‫الطرحيات‬
‫‪176.4‬‬
‫‪8.82‬‬ ‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫‪176.4 m³‬‬ ‫المونة للموزائيك‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪8.82‬‬
‫‪437.7‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫الصبغ‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫‪285.18‬‬ ‫‪m²‬‬ ‫الخارجي‬
‫‪722.88‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪109 m‬‬ ‫االزارة‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪109‬‬

‫كميات المواد(سمنت‪,‬رمل‪,‬حصى)‬

‫الكمية الكلية‬ ‫الكمية الجزئية‬

‫الكمية‪m³/‬‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫الفقرة النوع‬
‫‪4.16 0.21‬‬ ‫‪19.82‬‬ ‫طن‬ ‫السمنت ‪01:03:06‬‬
‫‪19.4‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪64.83‬‬ ‫طن‬ ‫‪01:02:04‬‬
‫‪7.26‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪14.5236‬‬ ‫طن‬ ‫‪01:03‬‬
‫‪30.873‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪8.32 0.42‬‬ ‫‪19.82 m³‬‬ ‫‪01:03:06‬‬ ‫الرمل‬
‫‪29.2 0.45‬‬ ‫‪64.83 m³‬‬ ‫‪01:02:04‬‬
‫‪14.5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪14.5236 m³‬‬ ‫‪01:03‬‬
‫‪52.022‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪17.8‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪19.82 m³‬‬ ‫الحصى ‪01:03:06‬‬
‫‪55.1 0.85‬‬ ‫‪64.83 m³‬‬ ‫‪01:02:04‬‬
‫‪72.944‬‬

‫حساب عدد البلوك‪:‬‬

‫𝟒𝟗‪𝟐𝟓.‬‬
‫𝟔𝟏‪𝟎.𝟒𝟏∗𝟎.𝟐𝟏∗𝟎.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬بلوك صلد‪= 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟑:‬‬
‫𝟖𝟑‪𝟓𝟔.‬‬
‫‪.2‬مجوف‪= 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟒 =:‬‬
‫𝟏𝟐‪𝟎.𝟒𝟏∗𝟎.𝟐𝟏∗𝟎.‬‬

‫𝟐𝟎‪𝟒𝟑𝟖∗𝟎.‬‬
‫الجص‪= 𝟗. 𝟕:‬‬
‫𝟗‪𝟎.‬‬
‫𝟎𝟎𝟐‬
‫الشتايكر‪= 𝟑𝟏𝟏:‬‬
‫𝟐𝟎𝟖‪𝟎.𝟖𝟎𝟐∗𝟎.‬‬
‫𝟎‪𝟏𝟕𝟔.‬‬
‫الموزائيك‪= 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟗:‬‬
‫𝟐𝟎𝟒‪𝟎.𝟒𝟎𝟐∗𝟎.‬‬
‫𝟗𝟎𝟏‬
‫االزارة‪= 𝟐𝟕𝟏:‬‬
‫𝟐𝟎𝟒‪𝟎.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫حساب كمية حديد التسليح‬

‫الكمية الكلية‬ ‫الكمية الجزئية‬ ‫الوزن‪kg/m‬‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫الفقرة النوع‬

‫‪630.1‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الرئيسي االساس‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫التداخالت‬
‫‪630.1‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫الرباط‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫التداخالت‬
‫‪898.9‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫السقف‬
‫‪907.8‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬
‫‪22.25‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫الدرج‬
‫‪25.63‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪999.4‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬ ‫‪591‬‬ ‫الحلقات االساس‬
‫‪381.1‬‬ ‫‪0.62‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪591‬‬ ‫الرباط‬
‫‪4537.288‬‬

‫‪118∗6‬‬
‫عدد التداخالت=‪= 59‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫طول الحلقة=‪{0.2 + 2 ∗ (0.1 − 0.75) + 2 ∗ (0.1 − 0.3)} = 1.9‬‬

‫السقف‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪.1‬الطويل‪+ 1 = 101𝑚 =:‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫‪.9‬القصير‪+ 1 = 51m:‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬

‫االرتفاع‬ ‫العرض‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫النوع‬

‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪D1‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪W1‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪W2‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪W3‬‬

‫‪11‬‬