Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.1 Understanding properties of electrolytes and non-electrolytes A student is able to: ‘+ state the meaning of electrolytes, + classify substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes * relate the presence of freely moving ions to electrical conductivity. 1. Definition of electrolysis is electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous states are broken down (or decomposed) into their constituent (semulajadinya) element by passing electric through them. A. ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES ‘An electrolyte can conduct electricity because of the presence of free moving ions, 1. Definition of an electrolyte is a substance that can conduct ...electricity in ..molten.,.state or ... aqueous... solution and undergo chemical changes. 2. Ionic compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution are electrolytes because these substances contain freely ...moving ion... 3. A non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot conduct ... electricity .... either in molten... state or ... aqueous..... solution, 4. Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes and these substances contain neutral ...molecule.... and no freely ... moving ion... However, certain covalent compounds such as hydrogen chloride , HCl, ammonia (Ammonium hydroxide, NH,OH) and ethanoic acid when dissolved in water are electrolytes. This is because these compounds react with water to produce freely ... moving ion. Page 140 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Activity 1: Classify the substances in the text box below into electrolyte and non-electrolyte Solid lead({1) chloride, molten aluminium oxide, lead(I1) nitrate solution, solid sodium chloride, sodium chloride solution, magnesium, silver, molten lead (M1) chloride, glucose solution, glacial ethanoic acid, dilute ethanoic acid, molten naphthalene, ethanol, tetrachloromethane, sodium hydroxide solution, aqueous ammonia Electrolyte Non-electrolyte 4, molten aluminium oxide 4. Solid lead({l) chloride 2. lead(|l) nitrate solution 2. solid sodium chloride 3. sodium chloride solution 3. magnesium 4, molten lead(Il) chloride 4, glucose solution 5. dilute ethanoic acid 5. glacial ethanoic acid 6. sodium hydroxide solution 6. molten naphthalene 7. aqueous ammonia 7. ethanol 8. silver 9. tetrachloromethane 6.2 Analysing electrolysis of molten compounds A student is able to: © describe electrolysis, © describe electrolytic cell, ‘© identify cations and anions in a molten compound, ‘© describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in molten + describe electrolysis of a molten compound, write half-equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode, predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds. Electrolysis of Molten Compounds 1. Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in ...molten.... oF ......2qUeOUS... states are broken down (or decomposed) into their constituent ...element... by through them. passing ....electricit Page 141 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis terminal of a 2, Anode is the electrode which is connected to the ...positive. battery. 3. Cathode is the electrode which is connected to the terminal of a battery. 4. Carbon or platinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or unreactive. 5. The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of electrolysis of molten lead (Il) bromide. Activity 2: Name the main apparatus and materials in the diagram. Dry cell switch ro] Hathode electrode —_| Anode electrode K electrolyte % NOTE: During electrolysis eations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed position and not freely moving. In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a lattice. Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting wires and movement of ions in the solution. If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease because there will be an increase in internal resistance. Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct electricity. Page 142 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Activity 3: Given below is a list of ionic compounds in molten state. Identify the cation and anion in each electrolyte. Electrolyte Cation Anion (Molten) Name Formula Name Formula Sodium chloride Sodium Na* Chloride cr Lead(Il) oxide Lead (II) Pb Oxide OF Potassium bromide Potassium K Bromide Br Activity 4: Given below is a list of electrolytes and products discharged at both electrodes. Based on the given substance discharged at the electrode, write a half equation to represent the reaction occurring at the electrode. Electrolyte Substance discharged at the electrodes (molten) and the half equation Anode Cathode (i) Aluminium Oxygen gas Aluminium oxide, Half equation: Half equation: AlLO3 1:20? 9 On + 4e.. . AIS 43e 3 AL- (i) Potassium Todine Potassium iodide, KI Half equation: Half equation: 21-9 b+ Qe... aK +e 9K. (ii) Sodium Chlorine gas Sodium chloride, NaCl Half equation: Half equation: 1.2 Cl-> Ch + 2¢. ..Nat +e Na... (iv) Zinc bromide, | Bromine gas Zinc ZnBr2 Half equation: Half equation: ..2Br-> Bry + 2e.. Zn 2e > Zn... Page 143 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Activity 5: The flow chart below is used to predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2. (lons that are present) Molten lead({!) bromide Pl? Pb®+2e > Pb ¥ Lead metal Try This! Pb, Br (Movement of ions) Toanode ———>! Br (Half equation) 2 Br > Bre + 26 At Anode (Products formed) ¥ stanode ———*|__BfOmine gas 1. In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten lead(I!) chloride, PbCl. (lons that are present) Molten Lead{{) chloride Pb, Cr a Lead metal (Movement of ions) To anode ———! cl (Half equation) AtAnode 2Ch> Chk+2e (Products formed) + ‘At Anode ———* Chlorine gasModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 2. Predict the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis of molten Zinc Chloride, ZnCl. (lons that are present) Molten Zinc Chloride Zn, Ch { Movement of ions) Ine cI Toanode ———* a (Half equation) a Int+2e >in — 2Ch>Ch+2e — At Anode ¥ (Products formed) ‘ i : Zinc Meta peanede ———*| Chlorine gas Try This! In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the products formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten Aluminium oxide, Al2Os, (lons that are present) | Consists of ‘Al, O2 a ({ Movement of ions) AR oP Toanode ———* —* (Half equation) —* A+ 36> Al —— 20% >O2+ 4e AtAnode ———*! ¥ (Products formed) ‘ ‘Aluminium Metal sunede —| Oxygengas— LModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.3 Analysing the electrolysis of aqueous solutions A student is able to: identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution, describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution, explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution, write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode, predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions. (i). Aqueous Solutions 1, Molten contains only solute. That means 2 ions exist. The positive ion and the negative ion, from a solute. 2. But an aqueous, contain solute that have two ions and solution ~ water, also have two ions, Molten (solute only) Aqueous Solute 1 +ve ion 1 -ve ion Solute 1+veion | 1-veion |~Solation - Twve fon, (Water)_| 1 te fon, H ae 3. That mean, the aqueous solution contains 4 ions present in it. Two positive ions and two negative ions. 4. When the switch is on, (i) The two positive ions will attract to cathode (ii) the two negative ions will attract to anode. 5. Based on the situation, the factor affecting electrolysis are: (a). The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series (b). The concentration of electrode (solution used) (c). The type of electrode Page 146 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (ii). Electrochemical Series 1. The list used to determine the ions will be selected and discharge at anode and cathode. ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Cation Anion Formula Name Memorize | Formula Name Memorize K Potassium Kambing F Fluoride Foto Na* Sodium Nak SOx? Sulphate Seorang Ca Calcium Khawin NOs- Nitrate Nona Mee Magnesium Macam Cl Chloride Cum ABY ‘Aluminium Ayam Br Bromide Beruk Zn Zine Ziratah FT Todide Tu Fe= Tron Fius OH Hydroxide On ‘Sn Tin Supaya Pb Lead Pakaian HW Hydrogen Harimau Cu Copper Cakup Ag’ Silver ‘Anggun (a). The affect of the position of ions in the Electrochemical Series 1. Based on the Electrochemical Series, arrange the ions in aqueous solution according the position. The ions that will be selected at anode and cathode will be choosing in the LOWER position in the Electrochemical Series. Example 1: The lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr2 (Solution mean aqueous ~ contains solute and solution) Ions present in solution Pb, Br, H*, OH anode Cathode Ton that move to Br, OH Pb, HY Ion that choose OH He Reason Less electronegative Less electropositive Page 147 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura. wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example 2: The lead(II) chloride solution, PbCh Ions present in solution Pb, Cl, H*, OH Anode Cathode Ion that move to Cl, OH Pb**, He Ton that choose | OH He Reason Less electronegative Less electropositive Example 3: The Copper(II) Sulphate solution, CuSO, Ions present in solution Cu, SO.*, Ht, OH anode Cathode Ion that move to S$0.*, OH Cus, Ht Ion that choose OH Cu Reason Less electronegative Example 4: The Silver bromide solution, AgBr Less electropositive Ions present in solution Ag’, Br, H’, OF Anode Cathode Ton that move to Br, OH Ag’, H Ion that choose OH Ag Reason. | Less electronegative Less electropositive Example 5: Hydrochloric acid (Hydrogen chloride}, HCI Tons present in solution Cl, H’, OF Anode Cathode Ion that move to Cr, OF HY Ton that choose OH He Reason Less electronegative Less electropositive Page 148 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (b). The affect of the concentration of electrode (solution used) 1, Concentration means the solution contains more solute than water. The indicator to show concentration is MOLDM* and CONCENTRATED. 2. Example: Concentrated Copper(li) sulphate | 1.0 moldm- Copper(ll) sulphate Example 1: 1.0 moldm® of lead(II) bromide solution, PbBr2 Tons present in solution Pb*, Br, H*, OH anode Cathode Ion that move to Br, OH” Pb *, Ht Ton that choose | Br | Pb? Reason More concentrated More concentrated Example 2: Concentrated of lead(II) chloride solution, PbClz Tons present in solution Pb**, Cl, H*, OH ‘Anode Cathode Jon that move to Cr, OH Pb >, H* Ion that choose ca Pb? Reason More concentrated More concentrated Example 3: 1.0 moldm® of Silver bromide solution, AgBr Tons present in solution Ag’, Br, H*, OH Anode Cathode Ion that move to i Br, OH ‘Ag’, H Ton that choose Br Ag’ Reason More concentrated More concentrated Conclusion for cathode: We always choose the ion based on the position of ion (Choose the lowest one) Page 149 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example 4: Concentrated of hydrochloric acid, HCl Ions present in solution Ch, HY, OH Anode Cathode Ion that move to Cl, OH” Ht Ton that choose | cr | He Reason More concentrated More concentrated Note! If the aqueous contains ion Positive ions : Fe to K* The ions will be NOT selected. The Negative ions: NOs", SO; and F- | other ion will be chosen. Example 5: 1.0 moldm- of Copper(tl} Sulphate solution, CuSOx Tons present in solution Cur, S01, HY, OF anode Cathode Ton that move to 80,7, OF Cur, A Ton that choose OH Cu Reason Less electronegative More concentrated Example 6: 1.0 moldm* of Sulphuric acid, H2SO1 Tons present in solution S01, H*, OF anode Cathode Ion that move to | S0.*, OF | He Ton that choose On H Reason, Less electronegative More concentrated (c}. The affect of type of electrode 1. In the discussion before, the electrode used is carbon or platinum. This unreactive electrode. 2. If used electrode other than carbon or platinum, the electrode will react. Page 150 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Anode © The electrode will dis solution * The electrode become * The electrode produce ions solve into the | « Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Cathode ‘The electrode act as “middle person” * Choose the concentrated ions or the thinner . lower position of ions in the solution ‘The electrode will be coated or thicker Example 1: Copper(ll) sulphate solution with (i) carbon electrode (ii) copper electrode Reason Less electropositive Carbgn pea 3) Copper a ‘opper(t) julphate 7 q r Tons present Cu, SO#, HY, OH Cu®, SO, H, OF Tons attract to SO”, OF SO#, OF anode OFF NOT the ion BUT Copper eeeren Electrode Reason Less electronegative Less electronegative Tons attract to Cum, Cum, Cathode Ton chosen Cur Cur Less electropositive Page 151 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example 2: Silver nitrate solution with (i) carbon electrode (ii) silver electrode Diagram Silver nitrate Tons present Ag, NOs, HY, OF ‘Ags, NOs, He, OF Tons attract to NOs,OH- NOs,OH anode Ton chosen OH NOT the ion BUT Silver Electrode Reason Less electronegative Less electronegative Tons attract to Ag’, HY ‘Ag’, He Cathode Ton chosen Age Reason Less electropositive Less electropositive Example 3: Silver nitrate solution with silver electrode and spoon tE—-® Silver Silver nitrate Diagram Tons present ‘Ag’, NOx, He, OH Ion attract to anode NOs, OH” Jon chosen NOT the ion BUT Silver Electrode Jon attract to cathode Ag He Jon chosen. ‘Ag* Page 152 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Try This! 1 Gasx Dilute magnesionn —_| chloride solution letra letrode P a ‘The apparatus above is used to electrolyse dilute magnesium chloride solution. 1. (aJName electrode (i) P:cathode [1M] (ii) Q :anode [1 M] (b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] Mg2+, H+, OH-, Cl- (c) (i) Name the product X. {1 M] Hydrogen Gas (ii)State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M] Method: place the burning splinter near the mouth of test tube. Result : pop sound produce (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M] 2H+ + 2e -- > He (a) (i) Name the product Y. [1 MJ Oxygen (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (dj (i) above. [1 M] Method : put glowing splinter into the test tube Result : glowing splinter will be ignite/ burn (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q. [1 M] 40H - --> 02 +2H20 + 4e Page 153 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 2. Concentrated sodium chloride —} solution Hlewrode Electrode P a ‘The apparatus above is used to electrolyse concentrated sodium chloride solution. (a) Name electrode () P:anode [1M] (ii) Qs cathode [1 M] (b) Write formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] Na+, Cl-, H+, OH- (c) (i) Name the product X. {1 M] Chlorine gas (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c) (i) above. [1 M] Put the moist blue litmus paper into the test tube Blue -- > red , then bleach (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode P. [1 M] 2Cl- -- > Ch + 2e (d) (i) Name the product Y. [1 M] Hydrogen gas (ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (dj (i) above.[1 M] Method: place the burning splinter near the mouth of test tube. Result : pop sound produce (iii) Write a half ionic equation for the reaction occurring at electrode Q.[1 M] 2H+ + 2e -- > He Page 154 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 3. Copper electrodes Copper(Il) sulphate solution The apparatus above is used in electrolysis of copper(I) sulphate solution using copper electrodes. (a)Write the formula of all ions present in the solution. [2 M] Cu2+, S04 2-, H+, OH- (b) Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the: (i) anode: Cu -- > Cu2* + 2e {1 MI) (iijcathode : Cut +2e -> Cu fi M] (c) Explain why the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution does not change as electrolysis proceeds. [2 M] Because rate to produce copper(II) ions at anode is equal to rate to discharge Copper(Il) ions at cathode. [1] The no. Of copper(II) ions in solution unchanged [2] (d) If the experiment is repeated but with the copper electrodes being replaced with carbon electrodes, name the products formed at the: (i) anode (iijcathode oxygen [1 M] copper [1 M] (e) Write half ionic equation for the reaction at the: (i) anode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M] 40H- -- > 2H20 + O2 + de (ii) cathode when the carbon electrodes are used. [1 M] Cu2+ +2e -- > Cu Page 155 | update: Jan 2011 [eikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Exercise 1: 1. Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of molten Lead (II) bromide. a) Carbon electrode X Carbon electrode ¥ Cruciblek —— ‘Molten lead(I!) bromide Bunsen burner DIAGRAM 1.1 (a) Based on Diagram 6.1, identify : [1M] (a) Based on Diagram 6.1, identify : [1M] anode vay cathode an (b) Write the formulae for the ions present in molten lead (II) bromide. [1M] .-Pb?* Br... (c) State the ion that is attracted to : [1M] () Xs... Pb. Bis (ii) Ys... (d) In Diagram 1.2 below, draw arrows (—) to show the movement of ions in (c). [2M] 7 . [| {| Molten lead(I!) bromide © ® @® Positiveion © Necativeion Diagram 1.2 Page 156 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (e) Write the half equations of the reaction at electrodes: [2M] ..2Br- --> Bro + 2e... (i) Xs... Pb?! #2e --> Pb... (i) Y: (g) What would you observe at electrodes? [2M] (i) X : ...grey solid deposited... (ii) Y: ...brown gas released fika ada air, brown solution] 2. Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of a dilute aqueous sodium chloride solution using carbon electrodes. Electrode Q Electrode P +] pitute sodium chloride solution Ye 1 A Diagram 2 (a) What is meant by cation? [1M] ..-positive charge ions (b) What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolysis process? [1M] ...clectrical energy --> chemical energy (c) (i) State all the ions present in the electrolyte. [2M] ..Na* , Cl, H*, OH-... (ii) In the table below, write the formulae of the ions in (c) (i) which moved to electrodes P and Q. [2M] Electrode P Electrode Q Nat, H Cl, OH (d) Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrodes P and Q. [2M] Electrode P Electrode Q Hydrogen oxygen Page 157 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (e) If a concentrated sodium chloride solution is used in the above electrolysis, name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode Q. Explain why.[2M] ...chlorine gas. Because chloride ions more concentrated (than hydroxide ions) 3. Diagram 3 show the set-up of apparatus to electrolysis copper (II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes. Gas V Carbon electrode U Carbon electrode T Copper(ll)sulphate solution 1.0 mol (a) What is meant by electrolysis? [1M] ......the process whereby compound in molten or aqueous state change back to their elements (constituent) by passing the electricity through them.. (b) State which electrode acts as the anode. [1M] U (c)Name all the anions present in the solution. [1M] Sulphate and hydroxide (d)(i) What would you observe at electrode T? [1M] brown solid deposited (/ thicker) (ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the electrode T. [1M] Cur #2e -- > Cu (e) (i) Name gas V. [1M] Oxygen (ii) Describe a chemical test to identify the gas V.[2M] [method] Put the glowing wooden splinter into test tube. [Result |Glowing wooden splinter -- > Ignite / burn / rekindles (f) What is the process occurring at electrode carbon T? Explain your answer.[2M] ...fform 5 redox - reduction, because Cu’* gain electron // oxidation number decrease (+2 to 0)...... Page 158 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguachra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 4. The diagram 4 below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell containing concentrated copper (Il) sulphate solution. Two test tubes filled with copper (II) sulphate solution were placed over the electrodes J and K to collect any gas evolved. The switch is then turned on so that electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution can occur. Carbon electrode Carbon electrode EL Copper(It) sulphate solution Ya KY i {a) Identify the cations and the anions present in the aqueous solution. Cations: Cu?" , H* Anions: SO,” , OH (b) Identify which electrode (J or K) is the anode and the cathode: Cathode Anode .. () (i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the anode? . ...hydroxide, OH- (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (c} (i). .. because OH- is less electronegative (lower in Electro chemical series) (iii) What do you observe at the anode? ...bubbles gas released ... (iv) Give one test to confirm the gas released at K. [method] Put the glowing wooden splinter into test tube. [Result |Glowing wooden splinter -- > Ignite / burn / rekindles (v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at anode. 40H: --> 2H20 + O2 + 4e -Copper ions, Cu?* (d) (i) Which ion is selectively discharge at the cathode? (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) Copper ions is less electropositive (lower in Electro chemical series) (iii]Which do you observe at the cathode? ...brown solid deposited... (iv) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at the cathode, Cu’ +2e --> Cu (e) What do you observe about the copper (II) sulphate solution? Blue ~ decolourised / turn to colourless Page 159 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.4 Evaluating electrolysis in industry A student is able to: state uses of electrolysis in industries, explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries, justily uses of electrolysis in industries, + write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries, + Gescribe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry. Electrolysis in Industries 1. The application of electrolysis in industries are ...plating , extraction of metal (from ore}... and ...purification.. 2.1n the extraction of aluminium from its ore, ...carbon... electrodes are used and ..cryolite . is added to aluminium oxide to lower its melting point. 3. In purification of metals, the pure metal is made the ... cathode .... and the impure metal is made the ... anode. . The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution of the metal ions. 4, In electroplating of metals, the ... electroplating metal... is made the anode and the ...object ... to be ..clectroplated.. is made the cathode. The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution of the electroplating metal. 5. The purposes of electroplating metals are to make the electroplated object more ... attractive... and resistant to corrosion. 6. Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the blanks. Extraction of Purification of Electroplating of aluminium from | copper from impure | iron spoon with bauxites mined copper silver 1. Substance used | Cathode: Carbon Cathode: Pure copper | Cathode: iron spoon as cathode and Anode: carbon Anode: impure Anode: silver anode copper 2. electrolyte | Aluminium oxide and | Copper(il) sulphate __| Silver nitrate solution cryolite solution used 3. Half equation | Cathode: | Cathode: Cathode: representing | Al* + 3e > Al Cur +2e > Cu Agr +e Ag the proce: Anode: Anode: Anode: 20% > 02 + 4e Cu > Cu +2e Ag— Ag*te Page 160 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.5 Analysing voltaic cell A student is able to: describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell, explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell, explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of Various voltaic cells, describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells. Voltaic Cells 1. A simple voltaic cell can be constructed by immersing two ...different. metals in an ...electrolyte... connected by ...wired... 2. Ina voltaic cell, ...chemical... energy is converted to ...electrical.... energy. 3. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. Complete the table below. Cation formed and number of electron(s) Electrochemical series of metals released during the process Potassium, K KK +e Sodium, Na Na Na’+e Calcium, Ca Ca> Ca” +2e Magnesium, Mg Mg > Mg* + 2e Tendency of ‘Aluminium, Al metal Al Al + 3e atomsto |S Zine, Zn as Zn> Zn +2e Iron, Fe electrons to [Fe > Fe™+2e form ions Tin, Sn . ‘Sn > Sn” + 2e Lead, Pb Pb > Pb” +2e Hydrogen, HS Wee Copper, Cu Cu > Cu” +2e Silver, Ag Ag> Ag +e * Note: Hydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical Series. Page 161 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 4. The diagram below shows an example of a simple voltaic cell. Voltmeter Blectron flow Electron flow Magnesia Magnesium ribbon. Sas Sodium chloride, NaClaoluion Explanation: * An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium strip and a copper strip immersed in dilute sodium chloride solution. * The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate through the wire and this results in the flow of electrical current. * Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a copper atom and the magnesium act as the negative terminal of the cell. + The overall equation for the reaction is given as follows, Mg(s) + 2H*{aq) --> Mg*(aq) + Ho(g) * Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the electrochemical series. * At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons and the Mg’ formed moved into the solution. Mg(s) --> Mg?* (aq) + 2e * At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are accepted by the H* ions in sodium chloride solution 2H* + 2e --> Hb (g) Page 162 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Exercise 2: 1. Diagram 1 shows a chemical cell with iron and aluminium metals acting as electrodes which are immersed in the iron(II) sulphate solution and aluminium, nitrate solution respectively. v Salt bridge L Iron Aluminium Iron (1) sulphate solution: oa eee | ———— aluminium nitrate solution (a) State the energy change in the cell above. [1M] chemical energy to electrical energy (b) State the negative terminal. Explain your answer. [2M] Aluminium because more electropositive in electrochemical series (c) (i) State one observation at the aluminium electrode. [1M] thinner [becoz aluminium form ion, donate electron] (ii) Write the half equation for the reaction in c (i). [1M] (metal to ions) Al -- > Al’ +3e (d) Mark the direction of the flow of electrons in the diagram above. [1M] (e) (i) What is the function of the salt bridge? [1M] allow ions throught it, to complete the circuit (ii) Suggest a suitable chemical substance to be used as salt bridge. [1M] Dilute sulphuric acid / nitric acid / any soluble salt (NaCl, KCl) (f} Voltage value of the cell is 0.8 V. If the iron is replaced by copper , predict the voltage value produced. Explain your answer. [2M] Increases. the distance between Al and Cu is further than the distance between Al and Fe {reject answer : copper is further than iron} Page 163 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 2. Diagram 2 represents a Daniell cell where strips of copper and zinc are used. Copper strip Zinc strip Copperitl) = }—Porous pot sulphate solution inc sulphate solution Diagram 2 (a) State the metal which acts as [1M] positive terminal : ...Cu...... and negative terminal : ..Zinc.. (b) In Diagram, draw arrows (— ) to show the direction of the flow of electrons. [1M] (c) What is the energy change that occurs in the cell? [1M] Chemical energy to electrical energy (d) What is the function of the porous pot? [1M] 1. prevent 2 solution / electrolyte mixing 2. allow ions throught it, to complete the circuit (c) Write the half equations of the reaction take place at: [2M] (i) positive terminal Cu +2e -- > Cu (ii) negative terminal biaZn => Zn? 20... (f\After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(tl) sulphate solution? Explain why. Blue to colourless /decolorized / blue intensity turns pale Copper ions in solution was select and discharge to formed copper metal [2 marks| (g) The voltage of the cell in Diagram 8 is 1.1 volts. If the zine strip is replaced by magnesium ribbon and dipped in magnesium sulphate solution, predict the voltage of the cell formed. Explain why. [2M] Increases. the distance between Mg and Cu is further than the distance between Zn and Cu Page 164 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Act 7: The table below listed are five types of voltaic cells commonly used in our daily lives, Each voltaic cell has its advantages and disadvantages. Complete the table by stating the advantages and disadvantages of each voltaic cell. Voltaic cell ‘Advantages Disadvantages * Recharges * Hear 1. Lead-acid . 7 ‘*can be made to have higher | * Expensive accumulator voltage * Spilled easily '* Portable * Not rechargeable 2. Dry cell * Cheap # Stable voltage of 1.5 V * Portable * Not rechargeable * Produces voltage of 1.3 V 3. Mercury cell only * Poisonous * Portable * Not rechargeable 4, Alkaline cell * Voltage of 1.5 V * More long-lasting * May leak 5. Nickel- cadmium cell Portable + Rechargeable up to hundreds of times * Produces low voltage of 1.25 V * Expensive * Heavy 6.6 Synthesising electrochemical series A student is able to: describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series, construct the electrochemical series, explain the importance of electrochemical series, predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution, write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions. Page 165 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis The Electrochemical Series 1, THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES is an arrangement of metals bas tendency of each metal atom to donate electrons. d on the 2. The higher the position of a metal in the Electrochemical Series, the greater the tendency of metal atoms to donate electrons. 3. The Electrochemical Series can be constructed based on (i) The potential difference between two metals (ii) The ability of a metal to displace another metal ~ Displacement reaction (i) The potential difference between two metals 1. The voltaic cell, two different metals are used to create a potential difference, which is shown by the reading on the voltmeter, 2. The further the two metals are in the electrochemical series, the greater the voltage produced by the cell. 3. The metal which is higher in the electrochemical series will be the negative terminal 4, The electrons are released and flow through the external circuit to the other electrode, which is the positive terminal. (ii). The ability of a metal to displace another metal - Displacement reaction 1. The higher metal in Electrochemical Series can displace metal below in electrochemical cries from its salt solution. [Other word- Metal on the top, can displace the metal solution below it in ECS] Page 166 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Example: Reaction between Magnesium and Copper(li) sulphate Metal Metal solution Substance Magnesium Copper) Sulphate Position in Higher Lower Electrochemical series Can React? Yes Activity 8: Solve the question below a. Reaction between Copper and Silver nitrate Metal Metal solution ‘Substance Copper Silver nitrate Position in Higher Lower Electrochemical series Can React? Yes b. Reaction between Zinc and Magnesium sulphate Metal Metal solution ‘Substance Zinc Magnesium sulphate Position in Lower Higher Electrochemical series Can React? No c. Reaction between Silver and Copper(ll) sulphate Metal Metal solution Substance Silver Copper(il) sulphate Position in Lower Higher Electrochemical series Can React? No Page 167 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis Activity 9: Three experiments were conducted to investigate the potential differences between three pairs of metals in a voltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four metals P, Q, S and T is then constructed based on the potential difference obtained. Three pair of metals used as electrodes in different voltaic cells are: P and Q, Q and Sand S and T. All the metals are cleaned with sandpaper before used. 50 cm® of 1.0 mol dm sodium nitrate solution is poured into a beaker as electrolyte. Experiment I The electrodes P and Q are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wires. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. ‘The voltmeter reading is recorded. Experiment II The electrodes Q and S are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded. Experiment III The electrodes S and T are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode T is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is recorded. Based on Experiment I, II and III, answer the questions below. (a) Record the voltmeter reading of each experiment in the spaces provided. Experiment 1 Experiment II Experiment II Voltmeter reading: ...1.6 V. Voltmeter reading: ...0.8 V...._ Voltmeter reading: ...3.2 V.. Page 168 | update: Jan 2011 Jcikguadhra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (b) Construct a table to record the data from the above experiments. Experiment | Pair of metal ] Metal act as positive terminal | Voltmeter reading/V Seti Pand Q Q 16 Set [QandS Q 08 Seti [SandT T 3.2 (c) List the apparatus and materials that you will need to carry out thi is experiment. Apparatus: sandpaper, 200 cm? beaker, crocodile clips with wired, voltmeter, Materials: metal P,Q, S, 7, 1.0 mol dm* sodium nitrate solution electrolyte State all the variables: Manipulated variable : Pair of metal Responding variable : potential different// voltage produce Controlled variable : Solution used — sodium nitrate solution (d) State the hypothesis: the further of the distance between two metals in electrochemical series, the higher the different potential (c) Based on the information obtained in Experiment I, what can you infer about metal P and Q? P more electropositive than Q in electrochemical se s because P acts as negative terminal and Q is less electropositive, because Q acts as positive terminal () Write a half equation for the reaction occurring in negative of Experiment I, assuming the cation has a +2 charge. PSP» +2¢ (2) Arrange the metals P, Q, S and T in descending order of their tendency to donate electrons. P,S,Q,T (h) Another voltaic cell is set-up using metals T and Q as electrodes. Predict the potential difference produced in the cell, (ST - SQ) = 3.2-0.8=2.4V Page 169 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis (i) Given that metal X is placed between metal $ and metal Q in the electrochemical seri 's, can metal X displace metal $ from its salt solution? Give an explanation for your answer No. Because Metal S is more electropositive than metal X in the Electrochemical Series. (j) Given that copper is more electropositive than metal T, a displacement reaction will occur when copper is immersed into a salt solution of metal T, TNOs. Write the chemical equation for this reaction. Cu +2. TNOs -- > Cu(NO)2 +2T (k) State three important uses of the electrochemical series 1. To determine the terminal of voltaic cell 2. To determine value of voltage produce 3. To predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution Objective Question: 1. The table shows information about three simple cells. Pair of metals | Potential difference/ V_| Metal at negative terminal X and copper 0.45 x Y and copper 1.30 Y Zand copper 0.56 cu What is the potential difference of the pair of metals Y and Z? 0.85 1.01 1.86 2.31 vou> 2. The table shows the results of an experiment on chemical cell using different pairs of metal electrodes immersed in a copper (II) sulphate solution. Electrodes Voltmeter reading/ V Positive | Negative | P Q P Ss Q | R R Ss The ascending arrangement according to the tendency of releasing electrons is Page 170 | update: Jan 2011 Jeikguachra wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis S,R, P,Q, P,R, P,Q, 2 , P. »R ,S s vow> ROn 3. Table 1 shows the potential difference of two cells. W, X and Y are metal. The relative position the metals in electrochemical series with the most electropositive metal first, is .... Cell | Electrodes | Positive terminal | Negative terminal | Potential difference T_| Wand x W x 1.1 volt mt | WandY W ¥ 0.8 volt Table 1 A W,X%Y B Y,W,X Cc Y,X,W D X,W,Y E X,Y,W 4. Table 3 shows the results of an experiment from four chemical cells. Arrangement of the metals in decreasing order of the tendency to release electron Chemical cell Cell1 [ Cell2 | Cell3 | Cell 4 Metal J Q Q Metal Q R M Potential difference/ V L7 11 0.6 Positive terminal Q R M Table 3 A J,Q,R,M B J,Q,M,R Cc RQ,MJ D RM,Q,d 5. The table shows the voltmeter readings when a pair of different metal electrodes are dipped into the copper(ll) nitrate solution. Metal electrode Voltmeter Reading/ V Positive terminal Negative terminal P s 28 P Q 0.8 R Ss 1 Q R What is the value of Y? vou> ioe ScaOom Page 171 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 6.Table 3 shows the results of an experiment for three chemical cells. Chemical cell | Metal pairs | Negative terminal_| Cell voltage/V x PandR R 1.9 Y Rands | s I 0.8 Zz. QandR R 0.3 Table 3 Which the following can be deduced from table 3? the cell voltage is 1.6 V when P and Q are used as electrodes the cell voltage is 1.1 V when P and S are used as electrode electrons flows from terminal Q to terminal S in the metal pair Q and S P functions as a positive terminal when it is paired with Q, R or S in a cell Land IV only I and Ill only 1, Iand Ill only 1, Il, Hl and IV Exercise 3: The diagram below shows a simple chemical cell that was set up to investigate the arrangement of metals P, Q, R and S. — Electrodes Electrolyte The table below shows the pair of metals used for each experiment. Exsperiment | Pairs of Negative Voltmeter metals electrodes readings (V) I RandQ Q 0.6 bt SandR Ss 10 Bite PandS P 1.6 Vv Sand Q 3 a The voltmeter readings for each experiment are shown in the diagram below. Page 172 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis 7 7 aS aS fo we My 6 eile Experiment | Experiment Il win o wei Wy fo oS “Ny, Experiment Ill Experiment IV (a) Read and record the voltmeter readings in the table above. [3M] (b) State the variables for this experiment. [3M] (i) The manipulated variable : pair of metal (ii) The responding variable : voltage produce // the different potential (ii) The fixed variable : electrolyte (c) State the hypothesis for this experiment. [3M] The higher the distance between of two metal in Electrochemical Series, the higher potential difference produce (d) Predict the negative terminal in experiment IV. [3M] s (c)Based on the voltmeter reading, arrange the metals of P,Q, R, and S according to ascending order of electropositivity. [3M] R,Q, 8, P ( What is the inference that can be made for the mass of the negative electrode and the positive electrode in each experiment after a certain time interval? [3M] Page 173 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 06 ~ Electrolysis ‘The mass of negative electrode will be decreased because the negative terminal donate electron to form metal ions and the mass of positive terminal will be increased because ion that selected in the solution will gain electrons to form metal and deposited at positive electrode. (g) Why is the voltmeter reading for experiment II bigger than experiment IV? [3M] The distance between metal S and metal R is further than the distance metal S and metal Q in Electrochemical Series (h) In experiment |, if Q is copper metal, R is silver metal, and sulphuric acid is used as the electrolyte, (i) state two observations that can be made in the experiment. [3M] 1, Metal copper/ R will be thinner 2. Brown metal deposited at metal R/Silver {because copper ion is the lower ion in solution} (ii) write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the copper metal. [3M] Cu > Cur+ 2e (i) Classify the metals that can displace and cannot displace metal Q from the salt solution of Q. [3M] Metals that can displace metal Q | Metals that cannot displace metal Q from salt solution of Q. from salt solution of Q. PandS R Page 174 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadhra wordpress.com