‘THE HARMONIC STRUCTURE " MOVEMENT, MUSIC, AND DANCE ~ ACCORDING TO RUDOLF LABAN Examination of His Unpublished Writings and Drawings Libeary ef Congress Cataloging a-Pa Moore, Clyne “Te harmon strstr of movement, mas, nd dance acoring to RosolF Labsn’ an examin oir upablhed writing ed dregs Cw mse Moot; tha preface by Set Lene ea Includes ibograpicletereces inde, i ISANC IO: OT7347TTS “ Wie, A ClP catalog record fr his book is avaible fom he rth Libra rig atvorks by RudoiLaban © Rudo Laban Archive, Ntons! Resource Carol-Lynne Moore (Centre fer Dance (9RCD). Use wt permission ‘with Prefice by Janet Lansdale Pon cover Figueira ase LO Cong © 2009. Caro-yae Moore Allg reseed, For information cont “The Edwin Mellen Press The Edwin Mein Press ‘Boes0 "nox? Lewiton, Now York ‘uonsan, Oxo USA 1a092.350 CANADA LOS 1L0, ‘Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales UNITED KINGDOM Saas 8-7 “The Edwin Mellen Press ‘Prine in th Unita tte of Aen ‘eson Querston LampeterCoreen iffort: The Inner Domain of Human Movement : Dancer Moves from Mood to Mood. carta in Chapter 4 Laban observed tat the danesr waves, not to pice fo lace, bu a0 fom a0 © mend." Tn 0 doing be Fred dun aspects of hasan ovement the physical andthe mental "These apes age not ofthe same nature, Physical movements Mongh space ewe Toughisand fecings, one ther hand yrcT ephemeral si frm mood tornood cnnct be observed Fc, butcan be neredby what perso doesn, more siiiant, by hoy onan is pesformed, rcs nw of movement is what Laban inital called "Bukineics” of inet uarad “effr.” In his view, voluntary human movement wigs fom an ancient tat sls in a observable ation, Te a at modiie the quay ofan action just as an adver mis re Consider a simple sequbnce of actions suchas ening TH, img a ag on the flo and siting down. One invioal storm Pitty no tw rors, hurling te bag athe fer, and planting here Tuy it dhe chal. Another person sibs slowly ito the room, ieypng tbe bag and loping passive inthe Tho series Baca ye same but he contarting manger of performance SHEEESS ace tener ode of hase two movers are diferent, While the atemal rss trough and feoting i inscrutable, ner impulses cast dynamic eratha color the way’ visible movements performed. This eptet rancor Laba's conceptual framework of movement dynamichy ting the inne implies hat bevome vile afr kes shepe Evolving a Theory of Movement Dynamics tir efor concep apeat to have been developed Ir than Inter sopects of bis theoretical work and, 88 woold be expected in is rowearch, 0 have been subject periodic revision. Gaps inus w “which knesis energy and spatial form are viewed as equally important uct elements of movement harmon. hr ehroniting the development of efor theory, Malet finns that sata’ fat investigations into the dynamic strate of movement jose on expressive quite in dance" Inthe 1920sand 1930s, Laban Feed to ths area as "Eki," relating to “harmon piniples gece" alts goes on to obverve hat Laban developed efor hoory Aaipe 1940s tas 2 complement to Fukineties.” This elaboration was onsen read Saiyan neta ne sere Soiisyre cect etn aetna cesmenrmmnttore aera tare teen eee ae nrteaeiatad See reece aime iE oni by vc sutolations and expression marks in thes ‘hese annotations indicate ¢; ‘aaa aoe Soot eerie peat re om aca mentite ener Soe amen ered ate eens tie tern ea cae eats pth et eee See ree Settlanat amermeastoueytnee Sean errs ee of work movement in British industry. These industrial ‘dren allowed Laban totes theoretical concep developed em ty of expressive” movement aginstobsorvations of “functions” tn. Moreover the examination of clerical and ranagsi! Labor in Sion oman! jobs led to the realzation that bodily effort could be served even in elaively sedentary occupations. As Laban explained, peerrecif wo ar wsching a personaesureoret work, when ding, aba oti in alos complete rest we wilalways be able read body behaviour and can arn 0 know to what forte he Fags On the basis of observations sachs this drawn fom bis ine everch, Laban nosed dean conceps and ermincley. Drawing on hee comparative analysis of Lake's German and ngsh ings about movement dynamics, Matic points cut thal “the wm of approaches to sore componeats is juxtaposed tos charge fs of wow others" Nevertheless, by 1926 Laban had ated on my dynamic elements ~weig, te, space, and flow: Difleent i for toes elements appear in Laban's German wetings a there srsatonel changes when Laban Inter reframed the concepts i tak: Despite these variations in technical terminology, theee of four key dynamic elements remind coneepusly sable wile the fourth Coose) wes revised, seemingly onthe basis of me data ind in the 1940s, This rugests that Eukinesos and effort ar to as of one txonomy that Laban aapled over tion fo account fr om of obvervational data, enhancing the general applicability of verge achome. Ashe wrote nan mmpublished mane fom EBON “the amcanieted range of eats ued in the modem art of“" 1st ons for is volitional and Laban applies te concept o volun orjun nvomasy, movements Thus each motion factor represents [a different sor of inner intent: flow isthe effort exerted to contol re tetera epi nhemcs are tome monet ea ps Wh ? ee aim movement accurately. ‘movement, and the possibility of recording the ryt bil up froma these efforts have created a kind of universal effort language.”” Male concurs with this view, noting that effort theory "eonsides the vai ‘qualtes of mind-body movernent involved i human exertion in general CConsequecly, the txonomay detailed inthis chapter draws om Labs later writings in Foglish To circumvent confusion, hon differing ‘ae usd in relation to a motion facto an effort quality, these te shouldbe viewed as being synonymous. ‘Through the 1940s and 1950s Labsn continued to slaborte eff ‘theory, primarily by drawing carelatios of we types. Fis, spt of his ongoing reach on movement harmony, Laban exaind telaionships beweeneXfort laments ad area of the pace around th body to ase ihre was ny pte of eataliy-ecarin ity aa Tene re tae ‘models had been fermlsied bared om hit work in dance, and th es atation tothe motion factors. Consequent!. Laban presumably received furthee verification from observation and a soc ln Ae ee experimentation with worker? Neverhsess, these afinites should ich bas A"Hing” charset Ne ‘viewed as hypothetcslconcetions rather than chclue givens. Secondly, through his comacts with psychotherapist inthe 1980s, Laban bcs ‘uiliar with the theories of Cari Gustav Jung, June's ideas provid Laban witha famework fr inking sboat fr in pychologieal rm ‘Sobsequently Laban postulated cortblations between dyna lees ‘ef movement andthe four states of mind thinking, fain, sensing, Jnuiting — tha Jung identified as “fonctions of consciousness” ‘connections seem to have played a role in how Laban systema ‘theorize complexly-nuanced effort expressions, While Laban cont conceives movement as psychophysical phenomenon, the # ‘oteations he draws becwcon efor and payehologca ats should be Viewed a hypothetical, © soifies the seal, physical, quantitative ovement withthe veal, peceivable, fies of movement and dane." Tranonsthaate subjctto honin vaion Laban discerns dynamic vifhar "enables us to choore betscen 8 resisting, conseicting qualitative, and classifiable feweoponte gi oe has ini” ae aa pcetfrtlemen of low vais between binding and resin. oss Latan, be ow eum" nasion capable of og oe ld ton afc at any moment daring Me Lettuce apes ned reverie al es oon apsite Tow tin. nconaste eng e ey Tawi ii dil fo wop the ovement rn ns arcs sing ane wi ees ee eet em com. Vrain in flow alo fr hid Se rsingdegeof control aed for rea move a . sigh Te fo clanent of weigh ves betwen nes et ee Renting Lateran eo ofa ment ate istnce® Such ‘Hlemenis of Ettort: The Four Motion Factors raion necessary (0 appl pressure and provie ressancs Laban wrote tat “movements are bound o evolve in space aswell svement wl apps foreflac i and present the ling aspect othe hand decreasing DTESUTE, ofthe weight continu. nthe cng pry be “eer otmsclr relation pee aa epercnced® Sach sos ope Hight and eis ey ee ech tint epost dng of he sin ime” and “in this evolution of movement the weight of the body brought into flow.” These four motion factors flow, weight ime, a spice ~ athe fundamental building bocks of Labaa's eff taxon ‘Laban serves these moti factors in both fenctional and express192 ‘weight cominum. Variation inthe effort element of weight allow the ‘mover to handle serial objecs of cifferet sorts with the appopiae mount of force. In expressive actions, weight variation manifests ifr degrees of suong or sight emphasis Time, The effor element of tine vis between acelrating aid decelerating. The effort to accelerate, Laban observes, “produces a special kindof energetic suddenness."” The sped of the motion increase and there isa sense of energetic hurry and api activity, representing the Fighting aspect ofthe vive continaum, Atematively, Laban notes tat the effort decelerate nesses “contingous msl function. ‘This sustained effor serves to slow the movement, drawing out and extending tho proces of he action ina indulgent manner Varying he effort element of tine makes dation pliable, allowing actions to be iy condensed onus xen depeig eet ‘Space, The effort element of space varios barwoun the quale of ivectng so indexing. In actions of grt directness, Laban wits, “wel-iced ptr having no plasticity produce." The movement basa singslr focus ad progreses line, as i homing ona age, representing the Figing aspect ofthe space continuum, In contrast indirect or flexible efor, according to Laban, brings about “continous changes of he direction of the movemea." Motions became pliant nd roundabou taking ina mulpicity of points of orienttion nan indulgent ‘manner. Varying the eff element of space facilites precise execution snd flexible ajastoent in how the movement ised in relation toa objeto the envionment ‘The four motion factors of flow, weight tme and space and ‘ight contesting effort qualities are the basic elements frm wick Laban'stuxonomy of movement moods developed. These basic lent) ae shown in Figur 1, j Given the imited cumber of elements, efor theory pears to ‘extremely parsimonious, and one wonders how such simple system possibly capture the init variety and dynamic nuance of hu ‘movement. Theansweris tht in nauraly-ocezrng movements, the ements ae combined and sequenced in an amos infinite varity Motion Factors | “Fighting” atitude] “indulging” atu Flow Freeing Weight Deereesing Pressur Tie ‘Docaerating| ‘Space Insiresting Figure 5-1. Metion factors and efort qualities. nays At the theoretical level, Laban Worked through the combinatie of hese elements methocally, This e what hes come tobe known histteoryofeort sates (combinations of wo qulites), effort ave: (combinations of tee quilts), and “complete efor (cembinaior of four qualities), Laban characterizes the last by noting that "eps indulging inal motion factors willbe abl deal wthll tasks demand fee flow of motion, fine touch, flexibility and sustsinment." In eoniras “xpeeson habitually fghng against al the far motion Factors wl de: th work exacting conuoled or tound flow of motioa, goat srengt te ofthe shortest and moet iret way’iall hs movement andan bit fancton with quick impulses." He goes onto peint cu that “one wi ara finda normal individual” who exclusively indulges in or fight aginst these motion factors, because “ihe richness of people's efor consist just inthe fect that their effort characterises ae an ineredib ‘bile mixure of many depres of autudes towards several moto ‘actors Laban dovelopod symbols capture base sue combination of kinto energy ‘Nation Basis. A simple, eraphsike notation is used record th “oof weight in time and spce. This graphs shown in Figure 5-2. teri2antl line presents low; the vera ine, weighs the right ange Space andthe broken line, re. By combining pars of these lies wit sto diagonal stoke alleight effort qualities canbe recorded in ak of shorthand. Theresa logic to this notation. fhe diagonal tok i154 uss extended, ll the line sgments to the It represent “indulging” effort {usites, wil ll he segments to right sand forthe “ighting” efor. quale. ‘Combinations of efor quaities (states and drives) canbe recorded fea graph, Sequences of mood change Figure 5-2. The effort graph _ycamtiig aaa rain arin te imple at shown i ie 53 (rad frome ong. 1 4 5 2 ope enh ige ier eo unmibiseuigtimos Figure 5-3 Noted otf of effort chance ‘The “Dynamosphere “The movement "rom mood to mood” begins inward in wht might te ermal “psychological pace” Laban conceptualized this psychologic! lomain asthe inner werld in which impulses coninally surge and seck fan outlet i ding esting and dancing." He called this inner word the “yeamespbere” and defined ita the "spice in which our dynamic actions tate place" While the éyanmosphere sa virtual ater than an aul Sspece, it can be thought of 28 ¢ model struciare that paras the [Hbeophere. As Laban write, “ii the similarity of concentration and Tispersion in ober space and creation and desructon in inwer space, ‘which allows a relatively exact determination and contol of these Appeal so diferent domning °° Thus ithe kinesphere has a physical eosraphy of changing forms, then the dyramosphere may be sai {0 ave & psychological landscape of shifting moods. Laben applied rmbiatonal analysis to enumerate these moods, establishing landazks | place nas fr the shifting landscapes of the dynamosphere. In ion, he stemped to comelite dynamic stwes with psychological tion, reinforcing his view of effort a avsible expression of the wor of thought and feeling156 1s? _, Mt andConsloanes Aste, stan nl perceives ‘two fundamental psychological attitudes: one of resisting or fighting the, thsi condone infsencing movement, he ether of yeking ad Acceping tes conditions, These ads were ed in the constrcticn of ipl gules fo esc of he four mation facts. nl ean, ata hypthesize corelationstetveen these four motion factor and the foorhnctons of oconses theorize by Jang: ers, nig elaine tesco develop ade bea) 0 pertonalty type in whch each funtion i oid by many Ober Dryctolgial fers sch sede of exrvenion or inroversog, oicoc decopment rues ers andeoon Po iy, itowever, ung exlaied the fxr functions allows: Seneion sue perception el you tagrehing ex king alls ou what icing tls you eter ares of ad non vel ‘you whence it comes and where it is going.”” “Toelaort te nto of sensing hasta do wt perepin of ate angbe and palpable Te fae envious abun ‘stile porepve uncon vid he motion cto of weight and then apply pressure lye dlcay Ax loon ple, weight “eas tothe piiabemory worl, he sal atrial subwace of the Body andthe ene of tuck ‘Thetintion of hinting hao do with raonl judgment ese opm heals aad laaleaton of enry data neato to ideas and ene: Laban aod ths function wh he ton facto of pace andthe effet exerted fo orent oneself dety or ey in he covirnetAccortng Blom pie rites “o's pont a iow nthe outside worl. implies apace for election and hoa is therefore elated othe mid the mena aspect of expos” “The fncin of etn lows one fo xa wb one ios ad atone dikes ons judgment cen expesonced as a ico ‘eaton of ataction of repasion pleasure o ui. Laban associ Feting wth the moto fatrof ow nd the effet to mve with id send orto od meton in check Bloom sesh conto or eka of temson a enlogns to "the contol rene of eins” and raat Mow to "he eerience of emotion nthe Body catenin ee stra catenntan a ved tenga tae a tes oar ete ier ts yea Shee gil i gaan in ne eo Pea i at i accra cae eaten ince el ne nein Pa ea an cara tan iSeries ae et pnenmtn eer soot ety st ca sce geen saa rea rao noe te cai nana ar15s Obviously, actual movement experience provides anther inroat ol ‘derstanding. Asef thoory is discussed frst schematically and thot | ‘leseipivey fa this hap, ta wor remembering Laban’ acroniton “although in analyse we Took at ovement fom the standpoint of outside observes, we sould try ofa it sympathetically trom wit “Kinesthetic experience deepens understanding, fr “thoagh the bly perspective itis posible to eveal the connection between emotion wi furselves and movement ouide ourselves." ‘Combinational Analysis in Effort Theory. Luban enumerated | movement moods ty sytematiealy analyzing al posible combinations Uf mon fictors an effor qualities With the four motion factors (Co ‘weight ie, and spe) and he eight efor qualities (reeing binding, Increasing pressce-decreaingpresure,accelerating-dceleting, and tlectinginirecting), its possible to delinete a variety of mover ‘moods, Jstas the primary hes of ed, be, and yellowan be combined {o create orange, geen and purple and more subtle shades such ase ‘rang, bie-presh, and ed-voe, so tod ean efor elements combined In pits tie, and even quarts, vividly coloring os ston ‘Combinations of two motion factors uo refereto as efor states “There we six posible combination: 1) How and weight, 2) ow and lime, 3) flow and space, 4) space and time, 5) space and weight and 6) weight and tie. Sino two different qualities maybe discerned for ‘metion face, here are eo posible combinations of efor qualities 19 ‘Alla all Laban entitied 72 distinctive movement moods Thus, Die he efor axonomy is quite parsimonious in terms ofthe number orfandamental ements, unfolds alidoscopcally asthe ight uals ow, weight time, and space er combined i varios ways.As Laban vedi human efor icband varegedinexpeession “Amann tot appearing singly involvesan inne regulating fonction (of tink, ing nting, or sening) 8 corbiation of two mation processes evel kin of gooerl eat; and threefold combination reveals an {reomalizeddrve"*Consequealy tbe ime worid ofthe dynamosphere amipesses many dreaatie al contrating landscapes scapes ofthe Dynamospbere eff Staes. A slate occurs when only two motion factors “sive vig to amovence" States lack panic intensity and for this reason sha fered io them a “incomploteflorts."® As Barteneff observes, Ip everyday behavior, in work stions and in dance and drama hese vo-lement combinations often appear seeing transitions > Sates ‘serve as preparation for mote dynamically-loaded ations, oF a8 poration fom mejor exertions. "he noted inthe preveing seo, the Fur motion factors ean be red aerate six contrasting states, soven in Figve 4, The fling tina asl nua! movement moods adil to capture adequately ‘ach ofthese six slates, making 24 configurations in ‘Combinations oftiree matic eters are referred 95 efor dive.” “There are four posible combination: 3) weight + spree time, 7) weight ‘espace + flow, 2) space + ime + flo 4 weight + time + flow. Sines two diferent qualities may be iscemed for ench motion fect, ther are ‘ish possiblecombinaions of effort ques fr eachof these four dives resting in 32 configuration inal. ‘Combinations of four motion fators ae referred to as “complet efforts” These moods ae extreme in their intensity, and eonseque farely seen in normal behavior. Thete are 16 posible configurations of iNoton Factor] Flow | Weight | Time | Spa2e Mobte xX x _| LSet x xX f 5 | Avate x | x Blom | X | X ramos |X X | ess (yen) x | xX complete efor FA Movin fctra combined ns efor aesjn words, but the names Laban chose provide some insight into th dynamic character of each sate. Fer example, the mobile quality ‘ongeing progression tine and flow) contrasts astale mood of ground tnd watcha presence (weight and space). The quality of being wal {space and time) contrasts with boing ina moody dreams (weight a flow). A sate of remote detachment (pace ul flow) contrasts being rhythmic synehrony wih activity ner at band (weigh antic), "Pther definition of hese moods is established when the aia configurations ofeach sat are worked out Since each state combi ‘wo motion fctrs, and each factor varies between two effort qult ‘here ar four dynamic configurations for ech sae. Possible blending fof space and ie inthe mobile stat ar show in Figure 5S. Flow Beara (2) | Peeks (7) receteraing | toomaqucy | Crean (2) = —_ Deceleraing | (Gouncsustained) |_((retsustsined) C7) = enact orm or seni receptive It jeately pinpointing ™* Laban's 161 nay also be solid and power oF description captures some of the ing forms tht saiiy may ake. In tis sense, Laba's use of ination logic provides an innova moran ab wel as a systematic framework for observation and ripion ovement progresses own the motion acto fe it ifort Drives, Labaaeler ves" The four tferent drives ae ou red an demanding to perform both haf these drives, on ofthe motion fenent moods ae intensely eal ely and peyehologzall. Ine ecto is lent has it does no pear ald ecrntoinvave the flow of weight cra be “effi ierust be dyoamic.® One must be abo observe in inthe degree of conto, PES, 8 motion factor, ssid to be let. For exam ive secure for movement sred\o combinations of three motion fairs ein Figure 5-6, These ange, Wii all movement intime and space foramotion pace or aim, When there ‘fs Trseady poco, neither rpeding up aor oti sv be tot. Weights latent when a dacernibtechahge in pressure, spice i lle ifthe movers andeviatin, and flow i latent when a sea degree of contro Ss ainsined. "The nature ofeach drive, consequent, is based not only upon the é eet ease cam rans] Few wore] Tw [Sa oe ee ae ey ae wate, || x [x | x stato uenniencaeg ingore ream E ramey | X | X |X |< Serrierana tems cy eccng MMM LE atti | X_|-~ | X| X ee erie eety | X | X |] X ‘Similarly, Laban posits tke combiaation of weight and space a able sate manifesting in “steadfastness which may be reso and “Figure 5-6. Motion factors efor dvs.10 thats ising or nto. Tis is seemingly paradoxical Yet al of ha bn’ facalin — thinking, fein. sensing, and initing —~are sl brought to bear ina concerted action. este difereniatd involves faculties that sombodied nthe drives, giving exch auniqn chara ‘Thecion Drive. The Action Drive ours when qualities of wei time, and space ae sinalaneously crstalied in a movement. Laka tried the Action Drive “when bo observed puters of worker ‘movements for wartime industrial studies." The prevalence in work Ich ime, space combinations makes sense. In occompilishing practi tasks, ii eceesary to focus onthe Jb (variations in space eife), ‘contol the sped of work (variations in time effort), and to apo the tpprepinte arson of force fm handing mteiks and tots aration in weight effort) In the mist of prevoctive labor how one fel the tsk is often subsumed by the simple desce to get the job done ‘wif and effectively as posible. Thus flow, which Laban su 3s the ‘motional element in movement remains Inlnt inthe mae ‘embodiment of Acton Drive, “There are eight posible combinations of the Aston Drive. Laban found tat common verbs caprare the dynsmic qualities ofthese basi ctons adequately: These names are Usted, along with the eff, ‘sompenens ofeach combination in Figure 5-7. Combinations have been ‘ranged in contrasting pairs (2.2, float vs, pune, lick vs. press). ‘common ak in whish each combination might appear i included in the ‘hart as an example. ‘The Passion Drive. While the Action rive vel the impulse secomplish practical tasks without unde emotional, te Passion Dive bods the fll range of intense oman feoling sit is exywesed in ‘motion. Pasion Drive combines qualities of wight, ime, and flow (et Figure 5-6), Passion can be thought of asa aasformation of Astin Drive in which flow aks the place of spice. Space effort, which Laban read thinking, becomes att. This gives aio t the “unreasonable tafe of tae Passion Drive, Caught ina powerfl low of feeling, the ‘mover lot his other orotation and momentarily slips rom tho bonds ‘of rational thought. When oe i blind wih cage, intoxicated with oy or ‘overcome with re, there iss momentary loss of focus. One ceases to psy attention 1 one's argng of powerful ime emotion, "assin Drive wil most often be outburst, such pssionate embrace. AS withthe Act efiguratons of Passion Drive. These combinations refiect gamt of {Gains in mai, from swconing with pleasure to straining i #80ny nes to these nuanced expressions of fl One peston’s anger is cold and etrlied while another person's anger bursts forth vehemently is fost however, 0 sib0dy alight Passion Drive combinations and Fesugh ihe resonance of boll experience, srvey Ue landmark in his en ofthe dypamosphere fr cneselt, “The Vision Drive. Yo anor vss pres ‘poses of space, time, and flow (Fguce 5-6) 12 thi tansformation-of the Action Dive, flow replaces weigh. Weight ifort, which Laban related o visceral sensation, becomes hich combines the Fiost (Y) Ighustanedtindroct ‘oe sng wieped cream Glide ligheustanodisroet (oe amechng fabric Dab 6 LUphvovsdeniarect ox ping Flick Lignveusdonnatact ‘oe brushing crumbs of obo “Laan didnot emp to give ne feeling, foe this is highly individ 18 punch ©) songhaoenirect seeRphe woos Slash ence Sx towing coal wih a shovel Wring srongfeutainedindract fx lng @ rk S207 pass 6) ronglaustanadrect fx pushing a heavy crt igure 5:7. hesion Brive combinations suroundings,a¢ ule reaiy pales before the served in moments of emotional sa chil’ tearful tantrum, a heated argument, 3 sion Drive, there ar eight possible ented by he Vision Deve, tent. Weighus 16 petting States to Drives. Alto eort ives rue concentnted sre mental exertion, Drives are sense and onky manifest pie iy im seams of movement bebuvor, Comequenty, most a ct cami ofleainese combinations of fo hat Ses rearans for ad oceans rm he eer encetaion pete. Theres relationship, then, beeen the es itense staos ese Sa) and be more dynamic drives (Figue 5-6), Stats can sadn co dives, oraerve as recaperaive deees: esos re tes rapport the Action Driv. The awake sate (pace and Go) nen 2 ood of ale. aentveess 0 what x oocarig i he re ment, The atable snc (weight and space) creates sense of sa rrceptve presence and is often employed in holding end sya arts ate ing Worked upon, The ear state (wee {ying meets a down-tovarth tine and factates a rhythic ring of toot and tasks ng a relate 1 the Passo Drive. These are dhe nea stat ent andi), the mobile state (lw anime) and he dra it ro ei. The eight and time combinations of the nar sia oa nad vnc. The ow un tine combinations of the mobile etna errs as feling ill The flow and WB Ba no the dream tate anspor the mover ino alightbeared sapere rng te vein aniptarish nos of scone” rete tne stacsasoiated withthe Vision Drive, The mobile na io and in) ciliates id and insite pteepton. The rake se pce and ine) procs « eighened slernss Or usta) fon The remote state (space and flo¥) eerie aimeesscncenation thal nerends the move'simmesiate routing. alls tere x ne tts a ae conned othe pel! Dee sn trcvoat ts pce an ow), be giving tensor but 20, saa Trmedine envconat instead one is preccupied o: G27) eon carte, Te dream ate (weight ae low) reals those senting on sratimes experiences when dreaming ~ sensations of wind see nasi suring, fling of agonized reas. an en ret he unless (weighted) isto aking eles affot ste movers sposive dialog wth pay, gay big ‘recast es stort, When weight fo = et mr momenta sis rom ris rap i 0 on cerca te arappeiconally with paca ras one xO Soar ly on wing of tow and inition Trance Vion Dive roused" cete he sion comply overcoming boy weigh a ethereal bale ei Movement diplines that empha akeving a form witha ii were ov main, such as Ta Chi, may aso ote Vision Dov ‘etinnlon Relive sede ies tht requir const ceasing, wen, or esging, can tanapon he mover ake Duce capi ceatlone widow shopeng il ows seaeth marines oe sring the mera —may ao ndace vison aare atic dawntocarh concern ansaid isin there avo eight aneamed configu ong saaiatng stage of moot, om the mos adage peulaie themow erent concen The Spall Drive Th fut ive tat Lato ienifedis own the Spl rive Te Spel vive combiesqanties of week oo imi fow gare 8.) is tansormatian of he Aton Det, ‘laces tie Tine efor, which Laban elt inion be saa Tne longer nerany be decsvely energie Bom sty eo wendy nfo become inperepe or ete 0 see oat Situ timeless bs an cay a ype quality that ab {void with easing spel or becoming spell ound ‘Spell Drive ean occur in moments of being $0 engrossed that ont iets cone ote, Mate peston teu steady tet weSconol san asta hyooticandspeltike mechan fe Te tetytnie gual Moline hat "when we wath a ore soe in sometimes gsplibound"* Nonassersthat icles iiay be expend in exer fear oF te: Spell rive ean be iesisby fascinating and many sreunde, attrac, of seduce, Apsn, there ave eight names 2erpgectons aging om morerent mond hae delat axing tothe tat we powetly mesmerizing6 166 16 enduring. sin being oot Finny an finely or revaling wthadsia row MIsION exit between motion factor dives and states can be fond in unpub SPELL fseAce sdocumentsin the RudoifLaban Archive. lo this gometris model Lab lies comers, edges, and oblique surface lines aerots the faces of cube to create an ingenious representation of evkinetic thor. Laban arayed elements of his effort taxonomy in the fllsting way. The fl ‘notin factors are matched with four of the eight comers of tho cut The four chives ace matched withthe other four comers and sit ‘ppsitethe moron factor they lack. For example, Vision Drives plac atthe right forward high comer af the cube, while the motion factor ‘weiaht is placed opposite, tthe left hack low comer. This arenes of motion factors and ves is shown In Figure 5-8 159, Remote tte in elation to drivestmotion factors Alogether, the sx tats are placed on oblique surface lines across Dosis faces ofthe cera shown in Figucs 5-10 and S-I1. These surface lines connec the comers where the four driver are placed. The state that shunted on given surface line willbe common fo the two drives that ine connect Contrasting sites are positioned opposite one another (see Figures $10 and $-11, Tous, the remote state (spaclflow combinations s 62 fc top ofthe cube, while is opposite, the near state (weighttime Cmbinaion, spliced on the botom ofthe cube, The mobile state effiow) ie othe font suraco of the cube, while the stable sate igh/spce) is situated cn the back wallThe awa sate imerspace) Bs placed on he right face ofthe cube, while the drean tate (igh How) is opposite, on the let face ofthe cube. inaction to being represented as connecting links between drives effort tate lines surround a corner where one af he motion factors sited. For example, in Figure 5-10, Laban has positioned the remote low), stable (apacelweigh?), and awake (spacetime) states on three faces tha intersect tthe right back high comer ofthe cube, ere the mation factor of space has been placed. pce isthe motion or thats common to thede thes states (Se Figure 5-). FLM Figure 5-8 Motion factors and efort drives. "Now Laban connect the Vision Drive inthe ight forward hghco with the Spl Drive in the left back high comer. Tha diagonal line the top surface corespends tothe remore sate (see Figure $9). No ‘hat the two other comers ofthe top ssc, flow and spe, are the ‘motion factors tht are combined inthe remote wate iat.1 plyhedron vary. a consistency f approach canbe detected. I is notable aban favors thee-dimensional geometrical schemes a ways of delng not nly te choreti domain of hs movement axonomy, but iyo the eukinetic domain. “Complete Effort Combinations. The ful effort combinations, in ich flow, wsight, space and time qualities ave all simoltaneously iene, represent exieme states of mind. In these moods, the ow Gf inene fling is added tthe weigh, space, andtime of tion Drive auions. According to Barene, ats peak the ation becomes oluntary” Through the addition fio it appears asi "he mover's Jl has ben aarp by the tlalty ofthe for involvement.” Fall fot combinations involving fighting quale ae like “destructive pofrontations” wile those combinations involving indslging qaliis come avoidance of conontaton, escaping.” Bath “can be iterpreted xem survival responses" Fortanaey, ese movement rods re reaively uncommon. Less energetic mood, ranging from tates 0 Gives, predominate in humag moveren behave i visio on wl Figure 5.10, Cubic model of tesa drives (2 ns of Bort Change ‘fort moods ae ephemeral Tosa hough and felings come and othe effort sates and drives change conta, There i an ebb en win hunan movement tha ishealhy, forte unchanging embodiment Botany one mood becomes a visible sig of pathology. Laban recognized jaami changein movement behaviors wily neessry and highly vival, bute alo looked fr patterns laws tat could be conceived “p gover movement aration, In his investigations ofkinesphericaee= i Laban found thet pateras of "stability and moby aerate ndlnly™ Meanwhile, examination of dynaaospberc Hstustions Fevealed a different sort of underlying thythm, one that Laban fonceptualzed broadly as pte of exertion and recuperation. ‘ection obviously requires ff. Tis of interest not that Laban found that the st of rcovery cannot ake place without effort. He ‘not conelat exertion with activity and recuperation with passive Rather exerion and recuperation ore both active phases in a ‘ETON Figure $1, Cubic model of staes an driver (2), tn Fg 51, he tts inert inte lower rcs ‘his he ene hae Laban pnd the Poon ive. The suaesthat nets isomer mooi) ear (night) sel deve (keto) ~ are all reinted to this drive. 1 ht exerting hs dexiion fo he poi of team, it tice ome tht be rep Stent oa OF efor thor in one mote Laban abo developed cabal Ietbeda mdel ht regal fective prsnatiens Ali theres in which moto ato sae, and ees eet+10 m tange beoween eff and recovery were a simple ythmical change sccting at wel-dgcernibl regular intervals, i ould bo rogurded as 2 Iwate of time to sratinize the rltianship of these two functions." Spontaneous movement behavior is mach more complicsld. Ths is because, ae Barnet points ut amoverent sequence canbe perceived jn many levels for insance, "asa body action, a spatial action, andor sniction wit varying degree of Effr qualies. Imeach cas, the wtion _snbe simple, «moving one body pain oe direction with one Eff ominay, o, compan, ivelviag more body pars in mare directions tith more Eon elements. The complexity ofthe phrasing is increased the body space, and Effort factrs of the actions include more 11 wll be recalled that Laban conceptualized efor a bipola ‘aration in quality, expressing aa inneattude of resisting or accepting the physical conditions ifueacing movement" ts tempting, then 2 sso that the resisting of ghtng” effort qualities comprise extn fd that the accepting o “indulging” gualies are recupeaive. Yee this) ianot what Laban found, Instead, he discovered that "the effort wed witha nonfighting indulgence doesnot always involve alow degree of ‘nero. I uses rather a different kind of effort, clearly istingwishbl ftom the fighting effort.” Thus exertion ned ote vigorous or laborious for it can ls tke "a calm ad almost striniess form" Silay Tata's view “it would be wrong to consider un energetic nner at tf fighting aginst something n+ imcompaibie with covery S| points out, many sports have a fighting character yet servo os fecuperative pastimes, “Exsron, then, does not necessarily involve ony fighting ef qualities, nor does recovery utilize only indulging one. The mat tore complex, The types of elfort qualities excreiod in exertion in recovery “must alma wih on another ina definite shythn ccodng to Laban,® He applied histhytic concept in is consulate ininusty. Inropettve labor, th same configurations of satesand secting Mood and Place ‘Laan wrote, “man lives in wo worlds. The word ofthe space and pe of his extemal surroundings an the world of tha sengt and flow fis inner center of eff Thase wo worlds meg in man's action if ‘extemal surroundings: and in roan’s uv if oroned nse, towards the immer center ofeffor.™Laban’s onomy mirrors this diferentiation, with Chorewtcs dealing with the sr physical domain of human movement end Eakinetis aldessing inner psychologice domain, While te dsrete separtion of inner outer domains is useful for analytcal purposes every bodily ned involves sail locations andthe we ofkinetic energy Thus, kinespher andthe yamoephere should tbe thought of as separate ves, but as interpenetrating ons. As Laban sisted, "the experience interdependence of dyeainospheric and kinspheric sequenceshas 0 thi the conventional ida of space as a phenomenon which fe separated from time ad foree and fom expression is completely cour" Nevertheless, having established separate txonomis for sndspace, Laban had to grapple with the problema how the shiting apes of the dynamorphere covld be conceived to relate to the pete geographies of he kinesphere Taban's preliminary solution othisconundrum was straightforward ‘tablished vious geographis of the kinesphere by using ‘ull and tring, i alo estes a persistent mood ‘normal pattems of movement variation. Merely mandating peiodic fats cvstion of all effort — does litle to estore blanc i ti ‘ynamosphere. In Labaa’s view, cecuperation is active, and ‘moverentsinrepaitie lbor need tobe “choreographer achie aly alternation of fore qualities. As Preston Dunlop dseibor the job requized a downward pressure then he (Laban) into somewhere in he ovement pas, an upward movement and clea pressure Thus through the thymic alternation of Fighting Fedalging effor qualities, Laban sought to maintain dynamic via 1 balanced expretsion of éynamospheri impulses. "The alteration ofighing ad indulging eons sa simple theo model of efor patterning, But Laban himself admit hs what i imple in theory becomes mech more complex in practice —