Cereals, Legumes and Forage Terminologies

1. abdominal white rice/ white belly- head rice with the opaque portion at the ventral surface or
the same side of the embryo
2. Aftermath- Forage grown following a harvest.
3. Agroforestry- Land use system in which woody perennials are grown for wood production with
agricultural crops, with or without animal production.
4. Agro-silvo-pastoral- Land use system in which woody perennials are grown with agricultural
crops, forage crops, and livestock production.
5. aromatic rice/ fragrant rice/ scented rice- rice varieties containing a natural aromatic odour
different to other rice varieties which especially appears after cooking
6. baby corn- form of corn for human consumption whose young ears are harvested when silks
become visible
7. barley- fruit of the cereal crop Hordeum vulgare belonging to the Poaceae family
8. blending wheat- wheat with special characteristics, mixed in small quantities to others to
produce flour better suited for its intended purpose
9. Blight- fungus disease of cereals
10. bran- milling fraction obtained from removal of outer layer of cereals
11. bread wheat- bread-making wheat- common wheat which has the appropriate physical,
chemical, rheological and other properties for a bread product (such as leavened bread)
12. bread-making cereals- cereals that are suitable for making bread and other products
13. brown rice/ cargo rice/ hulled rice/ husked rice/ loonzain rice- paddy from which the husk only
has been removed
14. Browse- (n) Leaf and twig growth of shrubs, woody vines, trees, cacti, and other non-
herbaceous vegetation available for animal consumption (v) To browse. The consumption of
browse in situ by animals.
15. bulk store- large store in which grain is stored unpackaged in large quantities
16. bunted grain- grains filled with a fetid smelling dust comprising the spores of bunts
17. bunted grains- grains coloured on the outside by the presence of brown-black spores of bunt
(Tilletia spp.)
18. Carrying capacity- The maximum stocking rate that will achieve a target level of animal
performance, in a specified grazing method, that can be applied over a defined time period
without deterioration of the ecosystem. Carrying capacity is not static from season-to-season or
year-to-year and may be defined over fractional parts of years. The average carrying capacity
refers to the long-term carrying capacity averaged over years, whereas the annual carrying
capacity refers to a specific year. 
19. cereals- grains of plants, usually cultivated, belonging to the Poaceae family
20. chalky kernel- head rice (except waxy rice) whose whole surface has an opaque and floury
appearance
21. chip- part of kernel which passes through a test sieve complying with ISO 5223,[5] and having
round apertures of diameter 1,4 mm
22. consignment- physical quantity of grain on offer, dispatched or received at one time, and
covered by a particular contract or shipping document
23. corn/ maize- fruit cereal crop, usually cultivated, belonging to the Poaceae family, often tooth-
shaped, triangular and almost rounded, usually yellow or white in colour

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 24. Cropland- Land devoted to the production of cultivated crops. May be used to produce forage
crops. Provides basis for land use mapping unit.
25. cultivar variety- unique and uniform member of a species of plant (except for hybrid species)
that retains its characteristics from generation to generation through its natural mode of
reproduction
26. damaged grain
27. damaged kernel- head rice showing evident deterioration due to moisture, pests, disease or
other causes.
28. dent corn- form of corn whose mature kernel has the shape of a horse's tooth with a depression
in the crown
29. durum wheat shrivelled grains- shrivelled (shrunken), light, thin whole grains, in which
accumulation of nutritive elements is finished owing to physiological and pathological
influences, and which pass through a specific sieve for each species of grain
30. ear cockle- nematode seed gall having a blackish brown colouration and containing a mass of
small dried-up nematode worms of the species Anguina tritici, which become active when
immersed in water
31. ergot- sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea which may infect wheat but mostly rye
32. Extensive grazing management- Grazing management that utilizes relatively large land areas
per animal and a relatively low level of labor, resources, or capital
33. extra well-milled rice- husked rice obtained by milling in such a way that all of the husk and
almost all of the embryo have been removed
34. extraneous matter- fraction consisting of inorganic extraneous matter and organic extraneous
matter
35. feed barley- barley whose grains are used for feeding animals
36. feed wheat- wheat whose grains are used for feeding animals
37. field corn- corn whose mature grains — the common commodity corn, mostly flint and dent
types — are mainly used for animal feed either directly or as part of a pre-processed feed
38. flint corn- form of corn whose mature kernel has a smooth, vitreuos, appearance and a rather
round shape
39. flour corn- kind of corn whose kernels are composed largely of soft starch instead of vitreous
starch
40. Forage- (n) Edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that can provide feed for grazing
animals, or that can be harvested for feeding. Includes browse, herbage, and mast. (v3) To
search for, or to consume forage.
41. Forage allowance- The relationship between the weight of forage dry matter per unit area and
the number of animal units or forage intake units at any one point in time; a forage-to-animal
relationship. The inverse of grazing pressure. May be expressed as forage mass per animal unit
or forage intake unit (forage mass/animal unit at a specific time). This definition can be
appropriately altered to be specific to herbage or browse by substituting these terms in place of
forage. 
42. Forage Crop -A crop of cultivated plants or plant parts, other than separated grain, produced to
be grazed or harvested for use as feed for animals.
43. Forb- Any herbaceous broadleaf plant that is not a grass and is not grass-like (see
also Legume; Grass; Grass-like).  

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 44. foreign grain- seeds, other than cereals, present in the sample or in the lot under consideration
45. Forest grazing- The combined use of forestland or woodland for both wood production and
animal production by grazing of the coexisting indigenous forage, or vegetation that is managed
like indigenous forage.
46. Forestland- Land on which the vegetation is dominated by forest or, if trees are lacking, the land
bears evidence of former forest and has not been converted to other vegetation. Provides basis
for land use mapping unit.
47. fracture- surface presented by the endosperm of a broken grain, which can be either mealy,
semi-vitreous or vitreous in appearance
48. fusarium-contaminated grain- grain of which the pericarp is contaminated by mycelia
of Fusarium spp
49. genetically modified corn/GMO- maize obtained by using recombinant DNA technology, able to
transfer specific genes from one organism (e.g., animals, plants, microorganisms) to another, in
order to give it one or several new characteristics
50. genetically modified rice- rice obtained by using recombinant DNA technology, able to transfer
specific genes from one organism (e.g. animals, plants, microorganisms) to another, in order to
give it one or several new characteristics
51. genetically modified wheat- wheat obtained by using recombinant DNA technology, able to
transfer specific genes from one organism (e.g. animals, plants, microorganisms) to another, in
order to give it one or several new characteristics
52. glutinous rice/ waxy rice- type of rice whose kernels have a white and opaque appearance
53. grain chalkiness- head rice whose a part of the endosperm is not translucent (except waxy rice)
54. grains attacked by pests- grains which show damage owing to attack by rodents, insects, mites
or other pests
55. Grass- Members of the plant family Poaceae. 
56. Grass-like- Vegetation that is similar to grass in appearance and is usually a member of the plant
family Cyperaceae (sedges) or Juncaceae (rushes). 
57. Grazable forestland- Forestland that produces, at least periodically, sufficient under story
vegetation that can be grazed. Forage is indigenous or, if introduced, it is managed as though it
were indigenous (Syn: grazable woodland, woodland range, forest range).
58. Grazing land- Any vegetated land that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed by
animals.
59. Grazing land management- The manipulation of the soil-plant-animal complex of the grazing
land in pursuit of a desired result. The definition may be applied to specific kinds of grazing land
by substituting the appropriate term, such as grassland in place of grazing land. 
60. Grazing management- The manipulation of animal grazing in pursuit of a defined objective. 
61. Grazing management unit- The grazing land area used to support a group of grazing animals for
a grazing season. It may be a single area or it may have a number of subdivisions.
62. Grazing method- A defined procedure or technique of grazing management designed to achieve
a specific objective (s).  One or more grazing methods can be utilized within a grazing system. 
63. Grazing pressure- The relationship between the number of animal units or forage intake units
and the weight of forage dry matter per unit area at any one point in time; an animal-to forage
relationship. May be expressed as animal units or forage intake units to forage mass (animal
units/forage mass at a specific time). 

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 64. Grazing system- A defined, integrated combination of animal, plant, soil, and other
environmental components and the grazing method (s) by which the system is managed to
achieve specific results or goals. Descriptive common names may be used; however, the first
usage of a grazing system name in a publication should be followed by a description using a
standard format. This format should include at least the following information: number, size,
kind, slope, erosion status, and soil classification of land units; number, kind, sex, size, and age
of livestock; duration of use and non-use periods for each unit in the system; grazing method (s);
type (s) of forage; and geographic location and elevation; type of climate, mean annual and
seasonal temperatures, and precipitation. 
65. hard wheat- wheat with kernels having a high hardness criterion
66. harmful seed/ toxic seed- seeds which, if present in quantities above a certain limit, may have a
toxic, harmful, damaging or dangerous effect on health, organoleptic properties or technological
performance
67. head rice- whole kernel or portion of kernel with a length greater than or equal to three-
quarters of the average length of the test sample kernels
68. heat damaged grain- resulting from the effect of heat, grain with a chestnut to black
colouration, and of which a section of the endosperm is yellowish-grey or brownish black
69. Herbaceous- Nonwoody. 
70. Herbage- The biomass of herbaceous plants, other than separated grain, generally above
ground but including edible roots and tubers.
71. hidden infestation- those insects which are present within individual grains because either they
are at juvenile stages and have developed from eggs laid inside the grains or they have entered
the interior of individual grains through cracks or other damage, usually to feed
72. highland barley/ hulless barley/ naked barley- mutant caryopsis of cultivated barley belonging
to the Poaceae family which easily separates from the glume
73. hull/ husk- envelope, flowering glumes and glumes, which encloses the whole kernel
74. immature rice kernel- head rice which is unripe and badly developed
75. impurities- damaged grains and all organic and inorganic materials other than cereals grains
76. impurity of animal origin- matter of animal origin (eggs, larvae, nymphs or adults of insects and
their fragments, rodent hairs and their fragments, mites and their fragments) separated from
the product under specified conditions
77. initial observed infestation- those free-living insects that are immediately apparent to the eye
when the sample is first examined
78. Intensive grazing management- Grazing management that attempts to increase production or
utilization per unit area or production per animal through a relative increase in stocking rates,
forage utilization, labor, resources, or Intensive grazing management is not synonymous with
rotational grazing. Grazing management can be intensified by substituting any one of a number
of grazing methods that utilize a relatively greater amount of labor or capital resources. 
79. large broken kernel- part of kernel with a length less than three-quarters but greater than one-
half of the average length of the test sample kernels
80. Legume- Members of the plant family Fabaceae. 
81. long-grain glutinous rice- fruits of long-grain and glutinous paddy rice, which generally is oval or
long and thin in shape and whose kernels have a white and opaque appearance

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 82. long-grain non-glutinous rice- fruit of non-glutinous paddy rice, generally is oval or long and thin
in shape, and has relative low stickiness and high expansibility
83. maize hardness- amount of vitreous endosperm in the kernel relative to the amount of floury
endosperm present in the maize kernel
84. malting barley= barley having certain characteristics (physical, chemical, germinative and
others) which enable it to be converted to malt
85. Mast- Fruits and seed of shrubs, woody vines, trees, cacti, and other non-herbaceous vegetation
available for animal consumption. 
86. mealy fracture- fracture surface of endosperm that is completely loose in texture and starchy in
appearance
87. medium broken kernel- part of kernel with a length less than or equal to one-half but greater
than one-quarter of the average length of the test sample kernels
88. medium hard wheat- wheat with medium gluten content, and a medium hard texture
89. medium to short-grain non-glutinous rice- fruit of medium to short-grain non-glutinous paddy
rice, which kernel generally is oval or round type in shape
90. milled rice/ white rice- husked rice from which almost all of the bran and embryo have been
removed by milling
91. millet in husk- caryopsis of cultivated cereal crop that belongs to the Poaceae family
92. moth- species of the order Lepidoptera (Heterocera), which are less brightly coloured than
butterflies and fly mainly at night
93. mottled grains/ sick grains/ sick wheats- grains which show, at places other than on the germ
itself, colourations between brown and brownish-black, including in the crease
94. mouldy grains- grains with moulds visible to the naked eye on 50 % of the surface and/or inside
the kernel
95. non-glutinous rice/ non-waxy rice- type of rice having a translucent endosperm whose starch
contains amylopectin and amylose
96. non-wholly-vitreous grain/ partly vitreous grain- grain which is partially vitreous
97. Note 1 to entry: Sick wheat is not considered to be an impurity except for durum wheat.
98. Note 1 to entry: Such grain has a slightly scalded, shrivelled appearance and shows diffuse spots,
with badly delimitated contours, of pink and/or white colouration.
99. Note 1 to entry: The impurities comprise four main categories as follows: damaged grains; other
cereals; extraneous matter; harmful and/or toxic seeds, bunted grains and ergot.
100. Note 1 to entry: The starch of waxy rice consists almost entirely of amylopectin. After
cooking, the kernels tend to stick together.
101. Note 1 to entry: The starch of waxy rice consists almost entirely of amylopectin. The
kernels have a tendency to stick together after cooking.
102. packed unit- quantity of grain or milled product packed in a bag or a retail pack
103. Paddock- A grazing area that is a subdivision of a grazing management unit, and is
enclosed and separated from other areas by a fence or barrier.
104. paddy rice/ rough rice- fruits of cultivated paddy rice, including its husk and caryopsis,
as harvested
105. parboiled rice- husked or milled rice processed from paddy or husked rice that has been
soaked in water and subjected to a heat treatment so that the starch is fully gelatinized followed
by a drying process

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 106. partly gelatinized kernel- parboiled rice which is not fully gelatinized and shows an
endosperm white and opaque areas
107. Pasture- (i) A type of grazing management unit enclosed and separated from other
areas by fencing or other barriers and devoted to the production of forage for harvest primarily
by grazing
108. Pastureland- Land devoted to the production of indigenous or introduced forage for
harvest primarily by grazing. Pastureland generally must be managed to arrest success ional
processes. Provides basis for land use mapping unit. Pastureland can include some grassland.
109. peck/ pecky kernel- head rice or broken kernel of parboiled rice of which more than one
quarter of the surface is dark brown or black in colour due to the parboiling process or rice
which has brown/black colouration due to bacterial or fungal diseases
110. pericarp damage- primary type of damage that causes kernel to be non-whole,
consisting of cracks, cuts, abrasions, and chips or pieces of missing endosperm
111. pest species- live insect and mite species which, during some stage(s) of their life cycle,
are capable of causing damage to the grain
112. popcorn- form of corn whose mature kernels have the ability to pop during rapid
cooking because of the build-up of internal pressure during rapid heating
113. Range- Land supporting indigenous vegetation that is grazed or that has the potential to
be grazed, and is managed as a natural ecosystem. Range includes grazable forestland and
rangeland.
114. Rangeland- Land on which the indigenous vegetation (climax or natural potential) is
predominantly grasses grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs and is managed as a natural ecosystem.
If plants are introduced, they are managed as indigenous species. Provides basis for land use
mapping unit. Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas, shrublands, many deserts,
tundras, alpine communities, marshes and meadows.
115. red kernel- head rice having red bran
116. red streaked rice- head rice or broken kernel rice with red streaks of length greater than
or equal to half of the kernel length
117. Residue- Forage remaining on the land as a consequence of harvest. 
118. Rest- To leave an area of grazing land ungrazed or unharvested for a specific time, such
as a year, a growing season, or a specified period required within a particular management
practice.
119. rice- fruits of Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima, of the family Poaceae
120. seed grain- grain intended for sowing
121. semi-vitreous fracture- fracture surface of endosperm that is partly mealy and partly
vitreous in appearance
122. short-grain glutinous rice- fruits of short-grain and glutinous paddy, which generally is
oval in shape, varieties of rice whose kernels have a white and opaque appearance
123. shrivelled grain/ shrunken grains- grains which are poorly filled, light and thin, whose
build-up of reserves has been halted due to physiological or pathological factors
124. Silvo-pastoral- Preferred term is Forest grazing.
125. small broken kernel- part of kernel with a length less than a quarter of the average
length of the test sample kernels

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 126. small grains- sound grains of small size which pass through a sieve of a particular
aperture size
127. smutty grains- grains coloured on the outside by the presence of spores of
smuts (Ustilago spp.)
128. soft wheat- wheat with low gluten content, and a soft, floury endosperm ratio of not
less than 70 % mass fraction; in general, it is suitable for cake, biscuit, and low-volume breads
129. spring cereals- varieties (cultivars) of cereals which are planted in the spring and which
flower in the same spring
130. sprouted grain- grains in which the radicle or plumule is clearly visible to the naked eye
131. Stocking density - The relationship between the number of animals and the specific unit
of land being grazed at any one point in time. May be expressed as animal units or forage intake
units per unit of land area (animal units at a specific time/area of land). 
132. Stocking rate- The relationship between the number of animals and the grazing
management unit utilized over a specified time period. May be expressed as animal units or
forage intake units per unit of land area (animal units over a described time period/area of
land). 
133. Stockpiling forage- (v) To allow forage to accumulate for grazing at a later period.
Forage is often stockpiled for autumn and winter grazing, after or during dormancy or semi-
dormancy, but stockpiling may occur at any time during the year as a part of a management
plan. Stockpiling can be described in terms of deferment, and forage accumulation. 
134. stress crack- tiny fissure inside a kernel starting near the centre and extending outward
through the vitreous endosperm but which does not extend all the way outward to the pericarp
135. Sward- A population of herbaceous plants, characterized by a relatively short habit of
growth and relatively continuous ground cover, including both above and below-ground parts
(Hodgson, 1979). 
136. sweet corn- form of corn whose kernels have so much sugar and so little starch that
they are wrinkled and translucent when dried
137. total damaged kernels- kernels and pieces of grain kernels that are badly ground
damaged, weather damaged, damaged by fungi, insect bored, frost damaged, germ damaged,
sprout damaged, or otherwise materially damaged
138. Ungrazed- (i) The status of grazing land that is not grazed by animals. (ii) The status of
plants or plant parts that are not grazed by animals.
139. Vegetation- (n) Plant life in general (Webster s, 1988). 
140. Vegetative- Non-reproductive plant parts, i.e., leaf and stem; in contrast to reproductive
plant parts, i.e., flower and seed, in developmental stages of plant growth. The non-
reproductive stage in plant development.
141. vitreous fracture- fracture surface of endosperm that is completely compact and
translucent in appearance
142. vitreous grain- whole sound grain having a natural translucent appearance
143. waxy cereals- <wheat, barley, maize, rice, sorghum> cereal with starch composed
almost entirely of amylopectine
144. waxy corn/ glutinous corn- type of corn which contains less than 5 % mass fraction
amylose on dry matter, the rest being amylopectin
145. weevily grain- grain attacked by grain weevil (Sytophilus granarius)

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 146. well milled rice- husked rice with most of the husk and the embryo removed by milling
147. wheat broken grains- grains in which part of the endosperm is exposed, or grains
without germ
148. wheat- straw cereal crop sown in winter or spring
149. white back rice- husked rice whose dorsal surface located on the opposite side of the
embryo is partially chalky
150. white core rice- husked rice partially chalky at the centre part of the endosperm whole
kernel which is distinctly discoloured or damaged by water, insects, heat or any other causes
151. whole kernels- grains without any broken part or piece of grains having a length greater
than or equal to nine-tenths of the average length of test sample kernels
152. winter cereals- varieties (cultivars) of cereals which are planted in the autumn and
which flower in the next spring

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