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Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference.
Edited by Michael Beer and Enrico Zio
Copyright c 2019 European Safety and Reliability Association.
Published by Research Publishing, Singapore.
ISBN: 978-981-11-2724-3; doi:10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3 0523-cd 232
Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference 233

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236 Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference

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238 Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference

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