Computer Operating System

What is an operating system?

A program that acts as an intermediate between a user of a
computer system and the hardware resources. It acts as the
resources manager and resources locator and reduces the
complexity of the computer system.
Operating system goals:
1. Execute users program & make solving user problems
easier.
2. Make computer system convenient to use.
3. Use the
computer system resources i.e. hardware and software
in an efficient manner.
Abstract view of system components:-
User 1 User 2 User 3

Compile text editing database

System or application software

Operating system

HARDWARE

Note: - Kernel is the program that runs all the time and
supervises the applications running on the system. It is one
of the main components operating system but it is not the
application software.
Mainframe System
Reducing the setup time by batching similar jobs.
Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfer control
from one job to another first rudimentary operating system
Resident monitor – initial control in monitor, control
transfers to job, when job completes control transfers pack
to monitor.
Memory layout for simple batch system.

Memory layout for the multi program batch system.

O/S features required for the multiprogramming.
1. I/O routine supplied by the systems.
2. Memory management – the system must allocate the
memory to several jobs.
3. CPU scheduling – the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run.
4. Allocation of devices.

Time – sharing operating system

The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in
memory and on the disk. The CPU is allocated a job only if
the jobs is available in memory.
A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
Online communication between the user and the system is
provided; when the o/s finishes execution of one command
it seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s
keyboard.
Online system must be available for the users to access the
data and code.
DESKTOP SYSTEMS
Computer system dedicated for the single user.
I/O devices: - Keyboard, mouse, display screen, printers
and others.
User’s convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger O/S. often
individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization and protection features.
May run several different types of O/S.

Parallel System
Many processors are joined together via different
communication channels working together on different
programs.
Tightly coupled systems as the processors shares the
memory and a clock; communication usually takes place
through the shared memory.
Advantages……..
1. Increased speed
2. Economical
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation, fail-soft
system.
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
1. Each processor runs an identical copy of o/s.
2. Many processors can run at once without performance
degradation.
3. Most modern o/s supports SMP.
Asymmetric multiprocessing:
Each processor is assigned a specific task, master processor
schedules and allocate work to share processor. It is more
common in extremely large systems.
 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM
This type of system distribute the computation of among
several physical processors.
Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicates with each other through
various communication lines such as high speed buses or
telephone lines.
Advantages:-
1. Resource sharing
2. Computation speed up – load sharing
3. Reliability
4. Communications
Requirements:-
1. Network infrastructure
2. LAN OR WAN
3. Client-server or peer-peer

Types of operating system…

1. Serial processing : - These types of operating system
perform all the instructions in a sequential manner or
the instruction given by the user, will be executed in
FIFO manner . All the instructions those entered first in
system will be executed first and latters will be executed
later. For running the instructions, 0rogram counter is
used which is used for executing all the instructions.
PC determines which is going to get executed and the
 next to be executed.
Punch cards used for this provision. In punch cards all
the jobs are firstly prepared and stored and after that
cards are inserted in the system where all instructions
get executed one by one. Main problem with the punch
cards is that users don’t interact with the system while
he is working on the system means the user can’t enter
the data for execution.
2. Batch operating system: - The user don’t interact with
the computer directly. Each user prepared his job on an
off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator, to speed up the processing, jobs
with similar need are batched together and run as a
group, the programmers leave their programs with the
operator and the operator then sorts the similar
programs into batches.