Problem Set 2

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LEVEL 1
1. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false:
(i) 2 ∈ {2}
(ii) 5∈∅
(iii) ∅ ∈ {1, 2}
(iv) 𝑎 ∈ {𝑏, {𝑎}}
(v) ∅ ⊆ {1, 2}
(vi) {Δ} ⊆ {𝛿, Δ}
(vii) {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} ⊆ {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
(viii) {1, 𝑎, {2, 𝑏}} ⊆ {1, 𝑎, 2, 𝑏}

2. Determine the cardinality of each of the following sets:

(i) {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓}
(ii) {1, 2, 3, 2, 1}
(iii) {1, 2, … , 53}
(iv) {5, 6, 7, … , 2076, 2077}

3. Let 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, Δ, 𝛿} and 𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝛿, 𝛾}. Determine each of the following:

(i) 𝐴∪𝐵
(ii) 𝐴∩𝐵

LEVEL 2
4. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false:
(i) ∅∈∅
(ii) ∅ ∈ {∅}
(iii) {∅} ∈ ∅
(iv) {∅} ∈ {∅}
(v) ∅⊆∅
(vi) ∅ ⊆ {∅}
(vii) {∅} ⊆ ∅
(viii) {∅} ⊆ {∅}
 5. Determine the cardinality of each of the following sets:
(i) {∅, {1, 2, 3}}

(ii) {{{∅, {∅}}}}

(iii) {{1,2}, ∅, {∅}, {∅, {∅, 1, 2}}}

(iv) {∅, {∅}, {{∅}}, {∅, {∅}, {{∅}}}}

6. Let 𝑃 = {∅, {∅}} and 𝐵 = {{∅}, {∅, {∅}}}. Determine each of the following:
(i) 𝐴∪𝐵
(ii) 𝐴∩𝐵

LEVEL 3
7. How many subsets does {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} have? Draw a tree diagram for the subsets of {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}.

8. A set 𝐴 is transitive if ∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴) (in words, every element of 𝐴 is also a subset of 𝐴).
Determine if each of the following sets is transitive:
(i) ∅
(ii) {∅}
(iii) {{∅}}

(iv) {∅, {∅}, {{∅}}}

LEVEL 4
9. A relation 𝑅 is reflexive if ∀𝑥(𝑥𝑅𝑥) and symmetric if ∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝑥𝑅𝑦 → 𝑦𝑅𝑥). Show that ⊆ is
reflexive, but ∈ is not. Then decide if each of ⊆ and ∈ is symmetric.

10. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, and 𝐸 be sets such that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐶, 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐷, and 𝐷 ⊆ 𝐸. Prove that 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐸.

11. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets. Prove that 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴.

LEVEL 5
12. Let 𝑃(𝑥) be the property 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥. Prove that {𝑥|𝑃(𝑥)} cannot be a set.

13. Prove that 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 if and only if 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐵.

14. Let 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}, 𝐵 = {𝑋 | 𝑋 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑑 ∉ 𝑋}, and 𝐶 = {𝑋 | 𝑋 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑑 ∈ 𝑋}. Show that there is
a natural one-to-one correspondence between the elements of 𝐵 and the elements of 𝐶. Then
generalize this result to a set with 𝑛 + 1 elements for 𝑛 > 0.