 Treat Lattice Energy as positive for comparisons.

 Isoelectric point for most amino acids is pH6

Melting and boiling points of alkenes:
 Melting point: Trans-alkene > Cis-alkene
 Boiling point: Cis-alkene > Trans-alkene
 Oxidise primary alcohols preferentially with acidified K2Cr2O7
 NO2 is able to oxidize SO2 in the atmosphere.

Identifying Alcohols:
Lucas reagent method:
Lucas reagent or conc HCl with ZnCl2 catalyst (1)
Very slow cloudiness (1) implies propan-1-ol (1)
Moderately rapid cloudiness (1) implies propan-2-ol (1)
Very rapid cloudiness (1) implies tertiary alcohol.

Describe 3 characteristic chemical properties of transition elements that are not

shown by Group II elements.
coloured ions/compounds (1)
variable oxidation states (1)
formation of complexes (1)
catalytic activity (4 max 3)

Explain why transition element complexes are often coloured whereas compounds of
s-block elements such as calcium and sodium are not. (any 4 points)

• (colour due to) absorption of light/photons/frequencies/wavelengths

• d-orbitals/d-subshell split (by ligand field)
• (when photon is absorbed), electron is promoted
• energy difference/gap or ∆E or splitting corresponds to photon/frequency/wavelength in
visible region
• in s-block elements the energy gap is too large (to be able to absorb visible light)

Suggest why transition elements show variable oxidation states in their compounds
whereas s-block elements like calcium do not. (1)

Many electrons of similar energy in the valence-shell s-orbital and valence d-orbital
or
successive ionisation energies rise steadily (no big jumps)
or
4s + 3d orbitals/shells/energy levels have similar / same energies

Explain why the complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+ is coloured and why the complex [Zn(H2O)6]2+
has no colour.
(a) Colour results from d-electrons absorbing energy as they move
from lower to higher energy levels (1)
d-orbitals are split due to repulsion/ligand field argument (1)
by ligands of electrons in d(x 2 -y 2 ) and d(z 2 ) orbitals (1)
[Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ has vacant d-orbitals allowing promotion (1)
[Zn(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ has no vacant orbitals

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 (a) Suggest explanations for the following colour changes, writing equations where
appropriate.

(i) The addition of KSCN(aq) to Fe3+(aq) produces a deep blood-red

colouration, which disappears when NaF(aq) is added.
(ii) The addition of SO2(aq) to an acidified solution of ammonium
vanadate(V), NH4VO3, produces a bright blue solution, which turns green
when Sn2+(aq) is added.
(a) colour due to absorption of visible light [1]
d-orbitals are split into two sets at different energies [1]
photon is absorbed when an electron is promoted to higher orbital [1] [3]
(b) (i) [Fe(SCN]2+ is formed - this is red [1]
F– is a stronger ligand than SCN– or ligand exchange occurs [1]
[FeF6]3– is colourless or energy gap between d-orbitals is large [1]
(ii) reduction occurs [1]
to VO 2+ at the top (which is blue) [1]
SO2 + 4H+ + 2VO3
– → SO4
2– + 2VO2+ + 2H2O [1]
(further reduction to) V3+ (which is green) [1]
Sn2+ + 4H+ + 2VO2+ → Sn4+ + 2V3+ + 2H2O [1]

In a free, gas-phase transition metal ion, the d-orbitals all have the same energy, but
when the ion is in a complex the orbitals are split into two energy levels.
(i) Explain why this happens.
............................................................................................................................. .......
........................................................................................................................... .........
(ii) How does this splitting help to explain why transition metal complexes are often
coloured?
............................................................................................................................. .......
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .......
....................................................................................................................................
(iii) Why does the colour of a transition metal complex depend on the nature of the
ligands surrounding the transition metal ion?
............................................................................................................................. ..
(b) (i) electron / orbitals near ligands are at a higher energy [1]
due to repulsion from ligand lone pairs [1]
(ii) when an electron is promoted [1]
it absorbs a photon or light (mention of light being emitted negates this mark) [1]
(iii) (different ligands produce) different (sizes of) energy gap or ∆E [1]

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 Briefly describe how the pH of blood is controlled. W11/43
blood contain HCO 3 – (or in an equation) [1]
which absorbs H + or eqn H + + HCO 3 – → H 2 CO 3 (H 2 O + CO 2 )
or absorbs OH – or equn OH – + HCO 3 – → CO 3 2– + H 2 O [1]

Describe and explain the trend in the thermal stabilities of the nitrates of the Group II
elements.
(down the group) nitrates become more stable or require a higher temperature to
decompose [1]
as charge density of cation decreases [1]
so polarisation/distortion of anion/nitrate decreases
Describe and explain trend in decomposition temp of Group II carbonates
Trend: decomposition temperature increases. (1)
Explanation: charge density of metal cation decreases down the group. (1)
Metal cation becomes less polarising down the group. (1)
Smaller bond weakening effect on carbonate / carbonate ion more stable / more
energy
required to decompose carbonate. (1)

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Explain the pattern of first ionisation energies across Period 3, Na to Ar.
(Period 3) general increase due to increasing nuclear charge with (approx)
constant shielding (1)
Decrease between groups 2 and 3 due to increased shielding of full s-subshell
/ higher energy of p subshell (1)
Decrease between groups 5 and 6 due to repulsion from previous p-orbital
Electron (1)
Explain why the first ionisation energies of the elements Sc to Cu are relatively
constant with only a slight general increase
(Relative constancy across first transition series as) increasing shielding due
to filling of an inner shell
(Extra) shielding effect not (quite) enough to (completely) cancel effect of
increasing nuclear charge

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 Describe the bonding in graphite and explain the difference between the two bond
lengths shown in its structure.

 C–C covalent bond (1)

 attraction between layers due to delocalised electrons/van der Waal’s forces (1)
 covalent bonds stronger so carbons pulled closer together (1)

State how and explain why the hardness and electrical conductivity of diamond and
graphite differ.

 Diamond hard due to (equal strength of) covalent bonds in all directions
 But graphite soft due to weak (van der Waal’s) forces between
layers/allowing them to slide over each other (easily) (1)

 Diamond doesn’t conduct electricity as no mobile charge carriers (1),

 Graphite conducts due to mobile delocalised electrons between layers (1)
3 stages of heterogeneous catalysis
1. Adsorption 2. Reaction 3. Desorption
Explain why potassium has a greater first ionisation energy than rubidium.
The outer electron in K is closer to the nucleus than the outer electron
in Rb (1)
There is less shielding of the nucleus for the K outer electron than the Rb
outer electron. (1)
(Despite the extra nuclear charge in rubidium) there is a weaker attraction of
the electron to the nucleus (1)
Describe how the colours of the silver halides, and their relative solubilities in NH 3
(aq), can be used to distinguish between solutions of the halide ions Cl – , Br – and I –
AgCl white [1]
AgBr cream [1]
AgI yellow [1]
Solubility decreases down the group [1] [4]
Describe and explain the trend in the solubilities of the sulfates of the elements in
Group II.
solubility decreases down the group [1]
as M 2+ /ionic radius increases [1]
both lattice energy and hydration(solvation) energy to decrease [1]
enthalpy change of solution becomes more endothermic [1]

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HABER process conditions (200atm, 400deg cel, Fe catalyst)
Reaction: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) <-> 2NH 3 (g) (REVERSIBLE)
state symbols required (1)
(Conditions)
(ii) pressure (between 60 and 250 atm or
between 60 × 10 5 Pa and 250 × 10 5 Pa) (1)
temperature between 300 and 550 o C (1)
catalyst iron / iron oxide (1)
(Uses of Haber Process)
(iii) manufacture of HNO 3 / as a cleaning agent / refrigerant / fertiliser / manufacture of
fertilisers / explosives / to remove SO 2 from combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels

element Na Mg Al Si P S

P2O5/P4O10
oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 or SO2
P2O3/P4O6
yellow white
flame or white white white or blue
orange yellow

AlCl3 PCl3 SCl2

chloride NaCl MgCl2 or SiCl4 or or
Al2Cl6 PCl5 S2Cl2
6.5 to
pH 7 1 to 4
6.9

Explaining why straight-chained alkanes have higher b.p

 it has the greatest van der Waals’ forces (1)

 because unbranched molecules have greater area of contact/
can pack more closely together (1)

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Homolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks, the two electrons in the bond
are shared between the two atoms (1)
A test for an alcohol (both alcohol and the product are alkenes)
e.g. sodium bubbles of gas
PCl5 - misty fumes
H+/Cr2O72- orange turned green
conc. H2SO4 + carboxylic acid - ester smell

***At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.

Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure

 Cu cations held in ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons (1)

 by strong metallic bonds (1)
 Ar van der Waals’ forces between molecules (1)
 which are weak (1)
Reaction rate (acyl chloride vs aryl chloride vs 1-chloro-2-methylbenzene) w04/qp4

 (acyl chloride fastest) highly δ + carbon atom joined to 2 electronegative atoms

 (aryl chloride slowest) delocalisation of lone pair over ring ⇒ stronger C-Cl bond
or impossibility of ‘backside’ attack on the C-Cl bond [1] 3
Adding aqueous ammonia to a solution of copper(II) sulphate produces first a pale
blue precipitate, then a deep blue solution.
NH 3 + H 2 O ¾ NH 4 + + OH –
(i.e. ammonia solution contains OH – ions) (1)
Cu 2+ + 2NH 3 + 2H 2 O → Cu(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 + (pale blue ppte) (1)
[Cu(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ + 4NH 3 → [Cu(H 2 O) 2 (NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ + 4H 2 O (deep blue solution) (1)
NH 3 is a stronger ligand than H 2 O and displaces it (1)

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s10/42
Describe primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary structures of proteins
(i) Primary – the amino acid sequence / order / chain
or diag. e.g. NH-C-CO-NH-C-CO
or amino acids bonded by covalent / amide / peptide bonds (1)
(ii) Tertiary – the coiling / folding of the protein / polypeptide chain due to
interactions between side-chains on the amino acids or the structure which
gives the protein its 3-D / globular shape
Secondary – formed by the folding of the polypeptide chain via hydrogen bonding that takes
places between the C=O and N-H groups of the peptide bonds
Quaternary – formed by more than one polypeptide chain interacting with each other via side
chain interactions
How does mercury disrupt tertiary structure?
(ii) Mercury breaks the disulphide bonds/linkages/ -CH 2 -S-S-CH 2 - (1)
-CH 2 -S-S-CH 2 - + 2Hg + → 2 –CH 2 -S-Hg (1)
OR Mercury forms salts with carboxylic acid groups (1)
-CO 2 H + Hg + → -CO 2 Hg + H +

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Describe bonding in the protein structures.
(a) primary: covalent (ignore amide, peptide etc) [1]
diagram showing peptide bond: (-CHR-)CONH(-CHR-) [1]
secondary: hydrogen bonds (NOT “..between side chains”) [1]
diagram showing N-H···O = C [1]
tertiary: two of the following:
• hydrogen bonds (diag. must show H-bonds other than those in α-helix or
β-pleated sheet – e.g. ser-ser)

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• electrostatic/ionic attraction,
• van der Waals’/hydrophobic forces/bonds,
• (covalent) disulphide (links/bridges) [1] + [1]
suitable diagram of one of the above [1]
(for disulphide: S-S not S=S or SH-SH) [7]
What happens when amino acids are interchanged.
candidates should describe TWO potential effects on tertiary or quaternary structures
caused
by amino acid sidechains...
these include: disruption of H-bonding
disruption of disulphide bridges
disruption of electrostatic/ionic attraction
disruption of van der Waals’ forces
(only allow effects on the secondary structure if proline is specifically mentioned)
2 x [1]
then award [1] mark each for two of the following bullet points:
• a description of the amino acids involved in the above, (or a labelled diagram)
(award [1] mark for each example)
a description of an effect of interchanging amino acids, such as the..
• unfolding of tertiary structure/different folding/different shape (NOT denatured)
• inactivity of an enzyme or changing the active site
• causing of a protein to become less soluble/coagulate (e.g. sickle cells)
2 x [1]
Effects of common pollutants w12/23

NOX unburned
CO SO2 H2O C C8H18
NO NO2
toxic toxic toxic toxic
global respiratory respiratory global respiratory respiratory
warming problems problems warming problems problems
photochemical
acid rain acid rain
smog

Le Chatelier Principle
if the conditions of a system in equilibrium are changed (1)
the position of equilibrium moves so as to reduce that change (1)

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Melting points of S>P>Cl
the molecules are S 8 , P 4 , Cl 2 (1)
larger molecules have more electrons (1)
and hence greater van der Waals' forces (1)

(c) Many transition metal compounds, such as copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate, are
coloured,
yet not all copper compounds are coloured.
(i) Explain why Cu2+ compounds are generally coloured whereas Cu+ compounds are
not.
(ii) Suggest why copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate is coloured, but the anhydrous salt
is
not.
(i) Cu 2+ has a vacant d-orbital (1)
Allows promotion of electrons using energy in visible region (1)
(ii) Anhydrous Cu 2+ has no ligands, hence d-orbitals are not split (1)
Hydrating the ion attaches water ligands splitting the orbitals (1)
When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of Cu 2+ (aq), the colour
changes to yellow-green. On adding water, the colour returns to pale blue.
Suggest an explanation for these changes
CuCl 4 2- is produced [1]
the equilibrium is reversible or ⇌ in equation [1]
Cl - ligands replace/exchange with H 2 O ligands (in words) [1]
(the following equation is worth the first two marks)
[Cu(H 2 O)6] 2+ + 4Cl - ⇌ [CuCl 4 ] 2- + 6H 2 O

(b) from Na to Ar,

electrons are added to the same shell/have same shielding (1)
electrons are subject to increasing nuclear charge/proton number (1)
electrons are closer to the nucleus or atom gets smaller (1) [3]
(c) (i) Mg and Al
in Mg outermost electron is in 3s and
in Al outermost electron is in 3p (1)

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3p electron is at higher energy or
is further away from the nucleus or
is more shielded from the nucleus (1)
(ii) S and P
for S one 3p orbital has paired electrons and
for P 3p sub-shell is singly filled (1)
paired electrons repel
Why do ethene and benzene differ in their reaction with bromine?
Delocalised ring of electrons in benzene is stable

general shape of curve (1)

for Na → Ar
nuclear charge increases (1)
electrons are added to same shell (1)

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general shape of curve (1)
Na, Mg and Al have metallic bonding (1)
Si is giant molecular (1)
P, S, and Cl are simple molecular (1)

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general shape of curve (1)
Na, Mg and Al have increasing no. of outer shell electrons (1)
Si is a semi-conductor (1)
P, S and Cl are covalent/simple molecular (1)

i)describe how proteins are hydrolysed

(i) Reflux for a long period (6+ hours) with 6M HCl (1)
Use specified enzymes e.g. trypsin (1)
What is meant by the term standard electrode potential, SEP? (2m)
the EMF of a cell composed of the test electrode and the SHE [1]
all measurement concentrations of 1 mol dm –3 and 298 K / 1 atm pressure [1]

By using iron and its compounds as examples, outline the different modes of action
of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Choose one example of each type, and for each example you should
● state what the catalyst is, and whether it is acting as a homogeneous or a
heterogeneous catalyst,
● write a balanced equation for the reaction,
● outline how the catalyst you have chosen works to decrease the activation
energy.
the correct allocation of the terms heterogeneous and homogeneous to common
catalysts [1]
example of heterogeneous, e.g. Fe (in the Haber process) linked to correct system [1]
equation, e.g. N 2 + 3H 2 → 2NH 3 [1]

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how catalyst works, adsorption (onto the surface) [1]
ecf for non-iron catalyst
example of homogeneous, e.g. Fe 3+ or Fe 2+ (in S 2 O 8 2– + I – ) linked to correct system
[1]
equation, e.g. S 2 O 8 2– + 2I – → 2SO 4 2– + I 2 [1]
how catalyst works, e.g. Fe 3+ + I – → Fe 2+ + ½I 2 [1]
ecf for non-iron catalyst

Polydentate ligands – can form more than one (dative) bond per molecule of
ligand (1)

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Explain briefly how enzymes work.
Enzymes consist of biological catalysts (1)
They have an active site, into which the substrate fits (1)
Idea of ‘lock and key’ mechanism (1)
Bond(s) in substrate are weakened (1)
They are specific for a substrate (1)
E + S → ES → E + products (1)

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