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ATS Paper New
ATS Paper New
• A transfer mechanism to move the Figure1 Block diagram showing the working
contacts from one source to another principle of the ATS
The Power Supply Unit (PSU): This stage Where; Vm = maximum voltage after
consist of a limiting resistor (440Ω) resistor rectification
connected in series with the half-wave
Vd.c= rectified d.c voltage
rectifying diode (IN4007), then the 220µF
capacitor helps to filter the rectified AC Where Vm measured from the DMM
voltage. Connected across this is two 12V circuit= 15.97V = 16V
Zener diode which gives 24V supply to the
MOSFET (IRF460 FET Buffer). The Vd.c = 16 × 0.318 = 5.088V
MOSFET provides a high input impedance,
high current and voltage for the voltage The selection of the 22KΩ was achieved
regulator. The series 78** regulators provide using five 110KΩ resistors in parallel:
fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V. An
unregulated input voltage (Vin) is filtered by =
the 2200µF capacitor and connected to the
IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s OUT terminal 110 KΩ
provides a regulated 12 V and 5V, which is RT = = 22 KΩ
5
filtered by the 470µF capacitor. Figure 2
shows the circuit diagram of the 12 V and SELECTION OF FILTER CAPACITOR
5V dc supply unit.
For an appropriate selection of the capacitor
as a filter, the peak value of the ripple
LIVE 1N4007
voltage must be known. This can be
1K2
22K
calculated as shown below:
IRF460
220µF 1 7805 3 1 3
7812 +12V
440V
12V
FET
BUFFER 2
+5V
2 = (1.3)
Zener
470µF
470µF
470µF 2200µF
12V
NEUTRAL
Zener Where V (p) = peak value of the
ripple voltage
POWER SUPPLY
Figure 2 Circuit diagram of the 12V and 5V dc power = (16 5) V = 11V
supply unit
Therefore, the filter capacitor value
In the circuit diagram above, the input C can be determined using the
supply to the DMM is 220Vac. The half equation below
wave rectification of the a.c voltage is done
by the rectifier diodes D1 (1N4007) converts
C = (1.4) program memory, 368 bytes of data memory
and 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory. It
has 16-bit wide instruction and 8- bit wide
Current Sensing Unit data path. Pins RA1 and RA0 acts as the
ADC converter for the current and voltage
This section of the circuit is made up of a
sent from the precision rectifier to the
current transformer (C.T) which actually
microcontroller and the voltage supply. The
steps down the current flowing through the
5V Zener diode around the PIC16F877
load so we can measure it the current
circuit ensures that the positive voltage
transformer is of nominal ratio 400:1.
supplied to the microcontroller does not
exceed 5Vdc. The microcontroller then
Precision rectifier (IC4558)
converts and measure this current and
This is an IC which consists of two bipolar
voltage values flowing through the load and
operation amplifiers (A and B). It gives a
send its output via the LCD display.
full rectification of the AC supply giving a
precise output voltage and current, it is this
4. Results
rectified output that is filtered by the 47µF
Various tests were carried out on this project
capacitor to remove noise. The variable
which include relay switching test (this is
resistors help in calibration and the Zener
done to be sure the relays can switch back to
diode connected in parallel before
generator when the power is out and vice-
connection to the microcontroller helps to
versa), generator starting test and voltage
chip the voltage to exactly 5V. Figure 3
variation test (this is done to be sure that the
shows the circuitry of the current sensor and
output voltage is within permissible limit
the precision rectifier used in amplifying the
which is between 195V and 245V) and the
measured analogue current signal before
testing of the entire ATS.
conversion to digital signal by the ADC
However, the timer relays provide delay of
ports of the microcontroller.
5 seconds during the starting of the
110K
generator and transfer of the connected load
2
and vice versa.
-
110K 1 1K
B 1K
+
1N4148
3 8
110K 10K 5V
110K +12V 47µF Zener
10K 110K
Current
transformer
1N4148
1N4148
0.47µF
-12V
6 4
- 7
A
+
5
4558
E
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D 1 D0 RS
110K 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 4 6
PRECISION RECTIFIER
2 1K
- 1 1K
110K
+B 1K
3 8 10K 5V
110K 110K +12V 47µF
1N4148
Zener 27pF
30 29 28 27 22 21 20 19 8 9
10K 110K
RD7
RD6
Figure 4
RD4
RD3
RD1
RE0
RE1
RD2
RD0
RD5
Current 3 13
transformer RA1 XTAL1
1N4148
2 PIC 16F877 16MHZ
RA0
0.47µF 55K 10K 100 1 14
MCLR XTAL2
1N4148
-12V
RB4
4 RB3
RB2
RB1
RB0
1K
VSS
VSS
VDD
VDD
27pF
RA4
6
- 7
A 5V 1N4148 30 31 32 6 37 36 35 34 33
+ 10µF
Zener
5
4558
1µF 1µF
33K
5V
1µF
1µF
Zener 10µF
1N4007
12V
470µF
Zener
440R 1N4007
LINE
1K2
22K
IRF460
220µF 1 3 1 3
7805 7812 +12V
440V FET +5V
12V BUFFER 2 2
Zener
470µF 2200µF
12V
470µF
470µF
Zener
NEUTRAL
POWER SUPPLY