TURN TAKING, COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE, HEDGES, IMPLICATURES,

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE.

MINI PAPER

Submitted to fulfill the task of the discourse analysis

Lecturer: Rahmawansyah, M.Pd.

By:

Halik Rumbaru (017141008)

Nasbiyani Kilkoda (017141014)

Nilawati Dwiputri (017141016)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

TARBIYAH FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUT OF FATTAHUL MULUK PAPUA

2020
 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Language is a means of communication for humans to do social relations with
other humans, in humans daily life always have conversations with one another to
give or receive information, in a conversation there must be a turn taking, and rules
before starting a conversation, and also the lack of clarity when replying to a
conversation. In this writing the author will explain about turn taking, cooperative
principle, hedges, implicatures, and background knowledge. Which as these five
things have a close relationship in the use of language.

B. Problems
1. What is turn-taking?
2. What is the cooperative principle?
3. What is hedges?
4. What is implicatures?
5. What is background knowledge?

C. Purpose
1. To find out the turn-taking in everyday life.
2. To find out the use of the cooperative principle.
3. To find out the use of word hedges.
4. To find out the implicatures in a conversation.
5. To understand the background knowledge.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Turn-Taking
Turn-Taking is a time when the second speaker takes over the turn of speaking
from the previous speaker, and vice versa. And there is three strategy Interaktion of
turn-taking: (1) Taking the floor, which is the time when the first speaker or the next
speaker takes over his turn to speak. (2) Holding the floor, which is the time when the
speaker is uttering utterances, as well as how the speaker maintains his turn to speak.
(3) Yielding the floor is the time when the speaker gives his turn to speak to the next
speaker. The following is an example of turn-taking:
(dialogue in the car)
Mother :”honey, what do you want to eat for lunch?”
Son :”i want to eat fried duck, mom”
Mother :”Ok. I’ll eat seasoned fried tofu, it’s delicious too.”
(dialogue in the restaurant)
Waiter :”afternoon ma’am!”
Mother : ”afternoon sir!
Waiter : ”for how many people?”
Mother : ”just two. I’m the same child”
Waiter :”what message ma’am?
Son : ”crispy fried duck, and your mam?....”
Mother : ”I fried tofu japanese seasoning.”

B. The Cooperative Principle

In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative
principles describes how people achieve effective conversational communication in
common social situations tha is, how listeners and speakers act cooperatively and
mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way.
Grice explained that in the Principle of Cooperation the speaker must obey the
four maxims. Maksim is a principle that must be obeyed by the speech participants in
interacting in an effort to expedite the communication process. The principle of
cooperation expressed by Grice consists of four maxims, namely the quantity,
quantity, relevance, and manner. Four maxims of the cooperative principle as follows:
 (1) Maximum quantity, requires each participant in the speech to contribute as much
or as much as needed by the interlocutor. (2) Quality maxim, requires every
conversation participant to say something real and in accordance with the facts. (3)
Maximization relevance, requires that every participant in the speech can make a
relevant contribution / in accordance with something being spoken. (4) The
implementation maxim requires each participant to speak directly, not blurred, not
taxed, and not excessive, and coherent.

C. Hedges
According to lakoff (1972:175), hedges are words or phrases that make them
blurry or slightly blurred. Hedges are used to help writers avoid personil
responsibility for statement in order to protect their reputations and limit the damage
which may result from categorical commitments. There is 7 expression that explain
the use of hedges called strategic stereotypes by Salager Meyer as follows:
1. Modal auxiliary verb.
May, might, can, could, would, should
2. Modal lexical verbs.
To seem, to appear, to assume, to suggest, to estimate, to tend, to think, to argue,
propose, so speculate.
3. Aproxima of degree quantity and time.
Approximately, roughly, about, often, occasionally, generally, usually, somewhat,
somehow, a lot of.
4. Adjectival, adverbial and nominal modal phrases.
Possible, probable, unlikely (probability adjectives), assumption, claim, possibility,
estimate, suggestion (noun): perhaps, possibly, probably, practically, presumably,
virtually, apparently, likely (adverbs).
5. Introductory phrases.
I believe, to our knowledge. It is our view that: we feel that, which express the author’s
the author’s personal doubt and direct involvement.
6. “if” clauses.
If true, if anything
7. Compound hedges.
It would appear, it seems reasonable, it may suggest that, it seems reasonable to assume
that.
D. Implecatures
Implicatures is the attention contained in an utterance, but it is less or not stated
directly.
Example of conversation:
Kosuke : Are you still being bothered after i moved?

Mao : The situation has indeed become rather severe.

E. Background Knowledge
Background knowledge or prior knowledge is knowledge that has been obtained
by the previous writer. The initial knowledge is a prerequisite before writing
activities, writers who have high initial knowledge will find it easier to understand
concepts or ideas so that they will achieve better writing results.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
From the discussion above it can be concluded that turn-taking is a time when
the second speaker takes over the turn of speaking from the previous speaker, and
vice versa. The cooperative principles describes how people achieve effective
conversational communication in common social situations tha is, how listeners and
speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a
particular way. Hedges are words or phrases that make them blurry or slightly
blurred. Implicatures is the attention contained in an utterance, but it is less or not
stated directly. Background knowledge or prior knowledge is knowledge that has been
obtained by the previous writer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Juanda & Azis. 2018. Penanda turn-taking etnis Bugis dan Betawi dalam percakapan
bahasa Indonesia. Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Paramita. 2018. Perbandingan maksim cooperative principle dalam tuturan menjawab

pada dua versi terjemahan novel pride and prejudice serta dampaknya terhadap
kualitas terjemahan. Universitas sebelas maret Surakarta.

Mahanani & Dewi. 2014. Analisis hedges dalam kolom opini surat kabar “the Jakarta post”
terhadap kampanye pilpres 2014. Fakultas Bahasa dan Budaya Universitas.

Destiani & Arik. 2017. Background knowledge pada diksi siswa dalam antologi cerpen kajsa.
Prosiding seminar nasional bahasa dan sastra Indonesia.