NAME: HAFIZ ABDUL WASAY

SEAT #: EBP2001051
CLASS: 1st YEAR EVE(A)
ASSIGNMENT ON: JOINT
DISORDERS
SUBMITTED TO: DR.NUZHAT
JOINT:
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between
bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They
are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some
joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost
frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads
while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as
sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only
during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs. The
connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is
described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:

DISORDERS OF JOINT:
Any of the diseases or injuries that affect human joints. Arthritis is no doubt
the best-known joint disease, but there are also many others. Diseases of the
joints may be variously short-lived or exceedingly chronic, agonizingly painful
or merely nagging and uncomfortable; they may be confined to one joint or
may affect many parts of the skeleton.
Rheumatism and Arthritis:
Rheumatism is defined as any painful disorder of the body's supporting
structures (bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles) that is not caused by
infection or injury. Arthritis is a type of rheumatism that causes swollen, stiff,
and painful joints. It affects roughly 45 million people in the United States and
is the leading cause of physical disability in people over 65.

1. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS:
It's a type of auto immune disorder in which the
body's immune system attacks its own tissues. Its
own cartilage and joint lining in this case.
Inflammation pain and loss of function are hallmarks
of RA. It usually happens on both sides.
CAUSES:
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which means it's caused by
the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it's not yet known
what triggers this.

Signs and symptoms of RA include:

• Pain or aching in more than one joint.
• Stiffness in more than one joint.
• Tenderness and swelling in more than one joint.
• The same symptoms on both sides of the body (such as in both hands
or both knees)
• Weight loss.
• Fever.
• Fatigue or tiredness.
• Weakness

TREATMENT:
There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. But clinical studies indicate that
remission of symptoms is more likely when treatment begins early with
medications known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
Medications
• NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can relieve
pain and reduce inflammation
 • Steroids. Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, reduce
inflammation and pain and slow joint damage
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These drugs
can slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and save the joints and
other tissues from permanent damage.

Surgery
If medications fail to prevent or slow joint damage, you and your doctor
may consider surgery to repair damaged joints. Surgery may help restore
your ability to use your joint. It can also reduce pain and improve function.

2. OSTEOARTHRITIS:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease
in which joint cartilage is gradually lost. It results
from a combination of aging, obesity, irritation of
the joints, muscle weakness, and wear and
abrasion. Commonly known as “wear and - tear
"arthritis, osteoarthritis is the most common type of
arthritis.
CAUSES:
Factors that can increase your risk of osteoarthritis include:
• Older age. The risk of osteoarthritis increases with age.
• Sex. Women are more likely to have this disorder
• Obesity.
• Joint injuries.
• Repeated stress on the joint.
• Genetics.
• Bone deformities.
• Certain metabolic diseases. These include diabetes and a condition in
which your body has too much iron (hemochromatosis).

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

The main symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain and stiffness in your joints,
which can make it difficult to move the affected joints and do certain activities.
Other symptoms you or your doctor may notice include:
• joint tenderness
 • increased pain and stiffness when you have not moved your joints for a
while
• joints appearing slightly larger or more "knobbly" than usual
• a grating or crackling sound or sensation in your joints
• limited range of movement in your joints
• weakness and muscle wasting (loss of muscle bulk)
• Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but the most common
areas affected are the knees, hips and small joints in the hands. Often,
you'll only experience symptoms in 1 joint, or a few joints at any 1 time.

TREATMENT:
There's no cure for osteoarthritis, but the condition does not necessarily get
any worse over time. There are a number of treatments to help relieve the
symptoms.
Exercise: It is one of the most important treatments for people with
osteoarthritis
Pain relief medicines: such as; Paracetamol, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), Opioids, Steroid injections may be given.
Surgery: Surgery for osteoarthritis is only needed in a small number of cases
where other treatments haven't been effective or where one of your joints is
severely damaged.

3. GOUTTY ARTHRITIS:
Gout is a common and complex form of arthritis
that can affect anyone. It's characterized by
sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling,
redness and tenderness in one or more joints,
most often in the big toe. An attack of gout can
occur suddenly, often waking you up in the
middle of the night with the sensation that your
big toe is on fire. The affected joint is hot,
swollen and so tender that even the weight of
the bedsheet on it may seem intolerable.
CAUSES:
The following make it more likely that you will develop hyperuricemia, which
causes gout:
• Being male
• Being obese
 • Having certain health conditions, including: Congestive heart failure,
Hypertension (high blood pressure), Insulin resistance, Metabolic
syndrome i.e. Diabetes
• Poor kidney function
• Using certain medications, such as diuretics (water pills).
• Drinking alcohol. The risk of gout is greater as alcohol intake goes up.
• Eating or drinking food and drinks high in fructose (a type of sugar).
• Having a diet high in purines, which the body breaks down into uric
acid. Purine-rich foods include red meat, organ meat, and some kinds of
seafood, such as anchovies, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout, and
tuna.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

The signs and symptoms of gout almost always occur suddenly, and often at
night. They include:
• Intense joint pain. Gout usually affects the big toe, but it can occur in
any joint. Other commonly affected joints include the ankles, knees,
elbows, wrists and fingers. The pain is likely to be most severe within
the first four to 12 hours after it begins.
• Lingering discomfort. After the most severe pain subsides, some joint
discomfort may last from a few days to a few weeks. Later attacks are
likely to last longer and affect more joints.
• Inflammation and redness. The affected joint or joints become
swollen, tender, warm and red.
• Limited range of motion. As gout progresses, you may not be able to
move your joints normally.

TREATMENT:
Gout can be effectively treated and managed with medical treatment and self-
management strategies.
Drugs used to treat gout flares and prevent future attacks include:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs include
over-the-counter options such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others)
• Colchicine. This is recommended colchicine (Colcrys, Gloperba,
Mitigare), an anti-inflammatory drug that effectively reduces gout pain.
 • Corticosteroids. Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, may
control gout inflammation and pain. Corticosteroids may be in pill form,
or they can be injected into your joint.

4. SPRAIN AND STRAIN:

A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. The
tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect two bones
together in your joints. The most common location for a
sprain is in your ankle.
The difference between a sprain and a strain is that a
sprain injures the bands of tissue that connect two
bones together, while a strain involves an injury to a
muscle or to the band of tissue that attaches a muscle
to a bone.
CAUSES:
• A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely
stressing a joint. Sprains often occur in the following circumstances:
• Ankle — Walking or exercising on an uneven surface, landing
awkwardly from a jump
• Knee — Pivoting during an athletic activity
• Wrist — Landing on an outstretched hand during a fall
• Thumb — Skiing injury or overextension when playing racquet sports,
such as tennis
• Children have areas of softer tissue, called growth plates, near the ends
of their bones. The ligaments around a joint are often stronger than
these growth plates, so children are more likely to experience a fracture
than a sprain.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

Signs and symptoms will vary, depending on the severity of the injury, and
may include:
• Pain
• Swelling
• Bruising
• Limited ability to move the affected joint
• Hearing or feeling a "pop" in your joint at the time of injury
TREATMENT:
For immediate self-care of a sprain, try the R.I.C.E. approach — rest, ice,
compression, elevation:
• Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. But don't
avoid all physical activity.
• Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately. Use
an ice pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes each
time and repeat every two to three hours while you're awake for the first
few days after the injury.
• Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic
bandage until the swelling stops. Don't wrap it too tightly or you may
hinder circulation. Begin wrapping at the end farthest from your heart.
Loosen the wrap if the pain increases, the area becomes numb or
swelling is occurring below the wrapped area.
• Elevation. Elevate the injured area above the level of your heart,
especially at night, which allows gravity to help reduce swelling.

Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,

others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) also can be helpful.

5. LYME DISEASE:
Lyme arthritis is caused by Lyme disease. Lyme disease
occurs when deer ticks in parts of North America and
Europe that carry Borrelia burgdorferibacteria infect
humans. Once the bacteria have invaded, they can
spread around and infect other parts of the body —
including the joints
CAUSE:
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia
mayonii, carried primarily by black-legged or deer ticks. Young brown ticks
often are no bigger than a poppy seed, which can make them nearly
impossible to spot.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease vary. They usually appear in
stages, but the stages can overlap.
Early signs and symptoms
A small, red bump, similar to the bump of a mosquito bite, often appears at the
site of a tick bite or tick removal and resolves over a few days. This normal
occurrence doesn't indicate Lyme disease.
However, these signs and symptoms can occur within a month after you've
been infected:
Rash. From three to 30 days after an infected tick bite, an expanding red area
might appear that sometimes clears in the center, forming a bull's-eye pattern.
Erythema migrans is one of the hallmarks of Lyme disease.
Other symptoms. Fever, chills, fatigue, body aches, headache, neck stiffness
and swollen lymph nodes can accompany the rash.
Later signs and symptoms:
If untreated, new signs and symptoms of Lyme infection might appear in the
following weeks to months. These include:
Erythema migrans. The rash may appear on other areas of your body.
Joint pain. Bouts of severe joint pain and swelling are especially likely to
affect your knees, but the pain can shift from one joint to another.

TREATMENT:
Oral antibiotics. These are the standard treatment for Lyme disease. These
usually include doxycycline for adults and children older than 8, or amoxicillin
or cefuroxime for adults, younger children, and pregnant or breast-feeding
women.

6. TENOSYNOVITIS:
Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendons,
tendon sheaths, and synovial membranes
surrounding certain joints. The tendons most often
affected are at the wrists, shoulders, elbows
(resulting in tennis elbow) s, finger joints (resulting
in trigger finger), ankles, and feet. The affected
sheaths sometimes become visibly swollen
because of fluid accumulation.
CAUSE:
the cause of tendonitis and tenosynovitis is often not known. They may be
caused by strain, overuse, injury, or too much exercise. They may also be
linked to a disease such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or infection.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms may include:
• Pain in the tendon when moved
• Swelling from fluid and inflammation
• A grating feeling when moving the joint

TREATMENT:
Treatment include following approaches:
• Icing the area to reduce inflammation and pain. To make a cold pack,
put ice cubes in a plastic bag that seals at the top. Wrap the bag in a
clean, thin towel or cloth.
• Putting a splint on the area to limit movement
• Steroid injections to reduce inflammation and pain
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (called NSAIDs) to reduce
inflammation and pain
• Antibiotics if due to infection
• Surgery if other treatments don't work

7. DISLOCATED MANDIBLE:
A dislocation or luxation is the displacement of a
bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments,
tendons, and articular capsules. A dislocated
mandible can occur in several ways. Anterior
displacements are the most common and occur
when the condylar processes of the mandible
pass anterior to the articular tubercles
CAUSE:
• Extreme mouth opening, such as yawning or taking a large bite, dental
procedures, or general anaesthesia are all common causes.
• A direct blow to the chin can cause posterior displacement.
• A direct blow to a partially opened mouth is the most common cause of
superior displacements.
 • Mandibular fractures are commonly associated with lateral dislocations.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

These sign and symptoms may occur:
• pain
• swelling, including facial swelling
• bleeding, including bleeding from the mouth
• breathing difficulties
• discomfort when chewing
• jaw stiffness
• numbness and bruising in the face
• dental-related discomfort, such as numbness in the gums or loosened
teeth

TREATMENT:
A doctor must manipulate a dislocated jaw back into the correct position.
Sometimes your doctor can do this manually. You’ll receive local anesthetics
and muscle relaxants to minimize the pain and to help your jaw muscles
loosen up enough to allow the manipulation. In some cases, surgery may be
necessary to set the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) back into the normal
position.