Making Use of Electricity Concept map) can flow through closed circuit canbe connected in i parallel electric |, secs current resistance involves concepts of has heating magnetic effect effect used in electrical appliance 168 transmitted from power stations to four homes is called enersy involved mains electricity | a electrical energy can be used safely by avoiding using short circuit unit I kilowat-hour energy transferred per unit time depends on + material * thickness * lengthUnit summary 8.1 Introducing electricity and simple circuits 1. Acclosed circuit with a source of electrical energy is required for electricity to flow. 2, Materials that allow electricity to flow through them are called electrical conductors. 3. Materials that do not allow electricity to flow through them are called electrical insulators. 4. Aswitch is used to open or close a circuit 8.2. Circuit diagrams 5. Circuit symbols are used to represent circuit components. ab AH -} oo — electie cel batery light bulb switch (closed) wich (open) connecting vite / connector ammeter voltmeter resistor theostat 6. Acircuit diagram is drawn to represent an actual circuit. 8.3 Electric current 7. An electric current in metal is a flow of free electrons 8. Ina closed circuit with an electric cell, the free electrons flow towards the positive pole of the cell 9. Electric current can be measured using an ammeter. 10. Electric current is measured in amperes (A). 11. When an electric current flows through a conductor, some electrical energy is converted into thermal energy. This is called the heating effect of electric current. 12. Acurrent-carrying wire can affect the direction of the needle of a compass. This shows the magnetic effect of electric current. 13. A current-carrying coil acts like a magnet. It is called an electromagnet. 169Making Use of Electricity 8.4 Voltage 14, The voltage of an electric cell is a measure of the amount of energy supplied to the free electrons by the cell 15. Voltage can be measured using a voltmeter. 16. Voltage is measured in volts (V}. 17. The higher the voltage, the larger the current. 8.5 Resistance 18. Resistance measures the opposition of a material to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Q). 19. When resistance increases, the electric current in a circuit decreases. 20. The thinner a wire, the higher its resistance. The longer a wire, the higher its resistance. 21. A resistor is a circuit component with a fixed resistance. [22. A rheostat is a circuit component whose resistance can be changed. 8.6 Series circuits and parallel circuits Two light bulbs connected in series Two light bulbs connected in parallel! main loop branch branch YL + Ifa gap appears in the circuit, there is | * If a gap appears in a branch of the circuit, no current flow in the circuit. there is still current flow in the other branch, ‘The current is the same at every point | © A larger current flows in the branch with in the circuit. lower resistance, +The current in the main loop is equal to the sum of the currents in the branches. + The voltage is not the same across | * The voltage is the same across every branch. different circuit components + The voltage across each branch is equal to the voltage across the electric cells. 17087 Our household electricity 24, Electrical energy is converted into thermal energy for use in the heating elements in electrical appliances. The moving parts of electrical appliances are driven by electric motors, which make use of the magnetic effect of electric current to work. 25. The mains voltage in Hong Kong is 220 V. 26. The pins of a three-pin plug are connected to the live ero) wire, neutral wire and earth wire 27. Domestic circuits are parallel circuits so that the [UsSiilad electrical appliances can operate independently. 8.8 Electrical safety with household electricity 28. Connecting too many electrical appliances to a mains socket causes overloading 29. Ina short circuit, the current is very large and the circuit is very hot. 30. A fuse will blow and break a circuit if the current is above its fuse rating. A circuit breaker will turn off by itself and break a circuit if the current is above its rating, 31. The earth wire is used to protect us from getting an electric shock. 18.9 Power, energy and the cost of electricity 32. Power is the amount of energy transferred to an elecirical appliance per second. It is measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), 33. The relationship between power, energy and time can be shown using the formula below. power (W) = ae or | energy (J) = power (W) x time (s) time (5 34, Electrical energy can be measured using a joulemeter or a kilowatt-hour meter. Electrical energy can be measured in kilowatt-hours (kW h). It can be calculated using the formula below. electrical energy (kW h) = power (kW) x time (h) 35. For the household electricity, 1 unit of electricity means 1 kilowatt-hour of electrical energy used. 36. The efficiency of an electrical appliance is the ratio of the useful power output to the power input of the appliance. useful power output efficiency = 100% power input 78 Making Use of Electricity 172 Key terms) ES, closed circuit (B28) p78 electric circuit (88) p76 electrical conductor (B88) p81 electrical insulator (A@AR48) pst open circuit (BF 38) p78 switch (5858) p.83 TEM circuit diagram (RSE) p.84 circuit symbol (BES879) p84 ee ammeter (24821) pot ampere (2288) pat electric current (289) p.89 electromagnet (Bie) p.98 electron (F) p88 free electron (th) p88 heating effect (388) p95 magnetic effect (SRE) p.98 nucleus (RFA) p.88 LS, volt (8) p-101 voltage (BR) p.100 voltmeter (Git) plot CH ohm (iRH8) p.108 resistance (fA) p.108 resistor (3308 #8) polis, rheostat (21828) pls rotary-type rheostat (ian Av 88) pls sliding heostat (RSH) p.115 oDictionary ESE] e-atisto lt! isedicte Bl parallel circuit (#38328) p.120 series circuit (52528) p.120 earth pin (248562) p.138 electric motor (Ebi) p.135 heating element (SEARTE() p.132 live pin (G84) p.138 mains electricity (75%) p.138 mains socket (i240) p.138 mains voltage (728%) p.138 neutral pin (2583238 p.138 three-pin plug (= 29480 p.138 TEM circuit breaker (88) p-153 earthing (28) p.is4 fuse (RRM) p-150 fuse rating (RBRAKEEIEMD p.152 overloading (88178) p.la7 short circuit (1828) p49 TET efficiency (38) p.164 joulemeter (fet) p-159 kilowau (FE) p.157 kilowatt-hour (H/)\8§) p.159 Kilowatt-hour meter (F: p.1s9 power (538) p.157 watt (HA) p.187Unit exercise A. True or false (1 mark each) Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement. 1 2. 3 a All non-metals are electrical insulators. In a series circuit, the current is the same at every point. ‘A fuse is used to prevent a dangerously large current flowing through a circuit, To produce light of certain brightness, a light bulb of a higher efficiency requires a smaller power input to work. 8. Multiple-choice 1 mak each) Choose the correct answer for each question 1 2 Rods made of different materials are connected between points P and Q in the circuit diagram below. Battery Q 40 Which rod would cause the bulb to light? A. Copper rod B. Wood rod C.. Glass rod D. Plastic rod A (TIMss 2011) Which of the following statements about the current in a closed circuit is correct? A. Free electrons flow from the positive pole of the electric cell towards the negative pole. B. Free electrons flow from the negative pole of the electric cell towards the positive pole. C. Nuclei flow from the positive pole of the electric cell towards the negative pole. D. Nuclei flow from the negative pole of the electric cell towards the positive pole. B 3. The All answers TE unrest v8) © onine rest photo below shows an ammeter connected in series with a light bulb. From the ammeter reading, poe> the current through the bulb is 0.3 A. the current through the bulb is 1.5 A. the voltage across the bulb is 0.3 A. the voltage across the bulb is 1.5 A. 173174 Making Use of Electric All answers Which of the following statements about an [7 electromagnet are correct? a @) 8) gne> It works by making use of the heating effect of current It can be ‘turned off’ by cutting off the current. Its strength increases with the current flowing through it. (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), @) and G) € The diagram shows an iron nail with an insulated wire coiled around it. The wire is connected to a dry cell Js. What will happen to the nail when an electric current flows through the wire? A. B. c D. The nail will melt Electric current will flow through the The nail will become 2 magnet. Nothing will happen to the nail. [ TIMSS 2007) Which of the following nichrome rods has the highest resistance? A A nichrome rod of length 10 cm and thickness 5 mm A nichrome rod of length 20 cm and thickness 5 mm A nichrome rod of length 10 cm and thickness 3 mm A nichrome rod of length 20 cm and thickness 3 mm D The diagram below shows a sliding rheostat. sliding contact terminal Y terminal Z The rheostat is connected in a circuit. Under which of the following settings will the rheostat have the lowest resistance? op> 9 Terminals of the Position of the rheostat connected sliding contact Xand ¥ P XandZ P Xand Y Q XandZ Q A Three identical light bulbs are connected to a battery as shown in the diagram. The arrow indicates the direction of the current flow. Direction semen ¥ tow | 2 Battory Bub 1 Bub2 Bub 3 Which statement is true? A The current in Bulb 1 is greater than the current in Bulb 2 The current in Bulb 1 is greater than the current in Bulb 3 The current in Bulb 2 is the same as the current in Bulb 3 The current in Bulb 2 is the same as the current in Bulb 1 D MSS 2011)9 C. 1 2. Which of the following statements about an 10. earth wire is correct? A. The colour of an earth wire is brown. B. Anearth wire is used to protect us from getting an electric shock. ©. An electrical appliance without an earth wire cannot function normally D. An earth wire carries the mains voltage. B Questions (12 marks) A circuit is shown below. Draw its circuit diagram in the space provided. In the circuit below, the current through each light bulb in normal operation is 0.5 A. Which of the following is the most suitable rating of the fuse in the circuit? A B. c D. Allanswers CD TE @ EB Z O5A 1A 2A 3A & (2 marks) x A a Ay o; o, Y iF (a) The current drawn from the electric cell is 1.2 A and the current through bulb ¥ is 0.4 A. What are the currents through bulbs X and Z? (Current through bulb X= 1.2 A~ 0.4 A (1m) = 0.8 A (1m) ‘Current through bulb Z= current through bulb Y= 0.4 A (1m) (3 marks) Jb) Ifa copper wire is connected in parallel with bulb X, what would happen to the current drawn from the electric cell? Explain your answer briefly. (2 marks) The current would become very large (1m) because the circuit becomes a short circuit. (1m) 175176 Making Use of Elect All answers ‘A 1500 W microwave oven works on the mains voltage of Hong Kong, (a) What is the mains voltage of Hong Kong? (1 mark) 220 V (1m) Fb) The microwave oven is turned on for 15 minutes. Calculate the electrical energy it uses (2 marks) Electrical energy used = power x time = 1500 W x 15 x 60 s (1m) = 1 350 000 J (1m) [A(c) The useful power output of the microwave oven is 960 W. Calculate its efficiency. (2 marks) “USetUl POW OUP 999, = 960 490% (1m) = 64% (1m) Efficiency = cae power input 1500 Score: /26