Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABNORMAL UTERINE
BLEEDING
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Normal cycle:
-Menstruation (day 1-5) - follicular growth in
ovary; sloughing off of endometrial lining
-Follicular phase (day 5-13) - proliferative
endometrium
-ovulation (day 13; usually day 14) - uterine
lining starts to grow itself; blood vessels
become tortuous getting ready for another
menstruation
-secretory endometrium (endometrial lining
thickens) & blood vessels become tortuous
(filled with blood) → MENSTRUATION
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-These are terms USED BEFORE
-do not use these terms in your
diagnosis
-in menopausal women, you do
not menstruate for 12 months
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-terms menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea,
metrorrhagia, and menometrorrhagia
are no longer used today. We now use
HMB for all of them
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-don’t use the term dysfunctional
uterine bleeding (not accepted now).
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-non-gestational acute AUB - non
pregnant; require immediate
intervention
-non-gestational chronic AUB -
present for the last 6 months
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-not used now
-used for research studies
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-as long as the bleeding
interferes with the woman’s life,
it is considered HMB
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-just remember that normal
duration is 24-38 days
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- FIGO system 1 - definition of
AUB
-FIGO system 2 - categorize AUB
(PALM-COEIN)
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-difference: not yet classified in
2011 became not otherwise
classified in 2018 (minor change
only)
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- THIS WAS THE 2011!
- does not include the myoma
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-THIS IS THE LATEST FIGO
-included number 8 (cervical
myoma)
-submucous - most important
type of leiomyoma; responsible
for HMB or any kind of AUB
-any myoma with contact with
endometrium or has submucous
part leads to AUB
-cervical myoma (8) - also called
hybrid;
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-endometrial polyps - inside the
endometrium
-cervical polyps - in the cervix
only
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-cervical polyp is not seen with
ultrasound
-endometrial polyp is seen with
ultrasound
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-new diagnostic criteria in
adenomyosis (usually in TVUS)
-included in new FIGO (2019);
absent in FIGO 2011
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-some called myoma/leiomyoma
as fibroid
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-Parasitic: with broad ligament
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-old classification
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-submucosal: usual cause of
abnormal menstrual bleeding
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-Myomas that usually cause
bleeding
● inside the cavity
● have contact with
endometrial lining
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● <6mm for premenopausal
● 4-9 mm: normal endometrial
thickness (in some, 5-10 mm)
● Thickened endometrium in
postmenopausal woman: think
of endometrial cancer
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-Completion curettage: done
due to miscarriage/ abortion
-Fractional curettage: done
usually on operating room
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-Transvaginal ultrasonography:
most readily available
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-To avoid anxiety for patients,
you can write in home meds
instructions as diagnosis: AUB
secondary to endometrial
hyperplasia
-AUB-M in chart of patient
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-”trashcan/ waste diagnosis”:
diagnosed by exclusion
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-estrogen: follicular
-progesterone: secretory
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-Blood thinner: Heparin
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-Women taking blood thinners:
may present with AUB
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-If you cannot find any other
problem or etiology
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-Menstruation in newborn:
physiologic; caused by estrogen
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-PE: include weight
-Obesity and PCOS: can cause
AUB
-Pap smear: not done when the
patient is bleeding
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-Do not forget to do pregnancy
test
-Talk with adolescent patient
without the parent
-Chlamydia: intermenstrual
bleeding or post coital bleeding
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-Transvaginal US: very
important; better than pelvic US
-Transrectal US
-Saline infusion sonography
(SIS): visualize intra-uterine
abnormalities
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-Hysteroscope: can visualize the
entire endometrium
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-Complete history taking
-Thorough PE
-Do an IE and speculum exam to
look for polyps
-Ancillary investigations:
transvaginal US, CBC, thyroid
function tests
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-Y: yes
-N: No
-?: need further investigation
-Lo: leiomyoma is very small;
intramural
-E: monthly heavy menstrual
bleeding
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-Hypertensive: levonorgestrel
-Tranexamic acid: acute bleeding
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-Xenoestrogens: in plastic, toys,
building materials, air
fresheners etc
-Bind to estrogen receptors
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QUESTIONS
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-Answer: E. None of the above
-All are structural.
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-answer: D. Endometriosis
-Endometriosis- structural
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-answer: A. AUB-P
-polyp
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-answer: B. Polypectomy
Since polyp is structural
If TVS is abnormal (>5 mm), need
for fractional curettage.
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-Answer: A. Submucous
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-Answer: E. Hysteroscopy +
Myomectomy
If short of hysteroscopy,
myomectomy is done but not
done abdominally. Completion
curettage with myomectomy.
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-Answer: B. A & C
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-Answer: D. Post-menopausal
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-Answer: All of the above
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-Answer: B. Ultrasonography
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-Answer: A. True