(iii) When 9 = 120° (At point '2’) 3 From Fig. 1.3, = ld? + 0s)? + 2101)-05) Cos60" = 1.54, Hence ¢, = 1.5 dp but has further rotated clockwise through an angle of 60° or 120° from the start When 9 = 180° (At point 3") = 9, 2 = Ym From Fig. 1.3tiv) 6, = lon)? + (0a)? + 26)(-03) Cos60° = 156, 8 2 Hence ¢, = 1.5 6, but has rotated clockwise through an additional angle of 60° or 180° from the start. From the above, it is clear that (@) The resultant flux is of constant magnitude and having value 1.5 $m, Le, &, (ii) The resultant flux rotates at the Synchronous speed, N, given by yy, - 208 ls = po pm Where f = supply frequency and P = No. of poles of the stator winding, When 39 supply is fed to 36 stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude rotating at synchronous speed is produced, M0 1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Justas there in no constructional difference between de generator and de motor, similarly there is no difference between the construction of synchronous motor and synchronous generator (altemator) The synchronous motor construction is basically similar to rotating field type alternator, {t consists of two main parts, Stator and Rotor, The schematic representation is shown in Fig. 1.4.aephase supply stator Winding Field winding Salient pole rotor FIG 1.4: Schematic Representation of Three Phase Synchronous Motor 1, Stator: «itis a stationary part of a machine (Fig. 1.5) «The armature winding is placed on the stator and so it is called stator winding. Suaor Winding Stator Ventilating Duct Stator Slots Stator Frame FIG 1.5: Stator ae peo of a cast iron frame, which supplies the stator core having slots on its inner periphery for housing the ai we ee ature conductors. The stator core is build up to sheet steel laminations to redi redlu ee ce the eddy current Ventilating ducts are provided i in the frame for cox ling the machi ine. The stator winding is a 3 distributed winding excited bya3o 239 AC suppl ly.STRORRONOUS WOTORS—— 2. Roto ‘© Itis a rotating part of a machine. «Rotor carties a field winding which is, supplied with direct current through two sliprings Rotors are two types namely : — Salient pole type (or) projecting pole type — Non-salient pole type (or) smooth cylindrical type. Practically most of the synchronous motors are used salient pole type construction. Salient Pole Type Rotor (Fig. 1.6 (a) & (b) : (a) It have a large diameter and short axial length. (b) Poles are projecting out of rotor surface, (c) Air gap is non uniform. (d) The poles are laminated and carry the field winding. (e) The individual field pole windings are connected in series. The field winding is excited by a separate D.C. supply through slip rings. (f) The pole faces are usually provided with slots for damper winding (or) squirrel cage winding. The damper bars are short circuited at both ends by copper rings. The function of damper winding is to develop starting torque and prevents hunting in a synchronous motor. Bars of Damper Winding Field Winding GG Field Pote Winding Slip RingsIf now one of the two magnets is rotated, the other also rotates in the same direction, with the same speed due to the force of attraction ie, due to magnetic locking condition. The principle is shown schematically in the Fig. 1.7, So to have the magnetic locking condition, there must exists two unlike poles and magnetic axes of two must be brought very close to each other. (N14 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR When 36 supply is fed to the 3 stator winding, a resultant magnetic field of constant magnitude rotating at synchronous speed, N, is produced in the stator. Let the stator have two poles N; and S; rotating clockwise in synchronous speed Consider an instant when two stator poles are at positions A and B as shown in the Fig. 1.8 (a). The arbitrarily position of the rotor poles Nz and Sp is as shown ‘At this instant, rotor is stationary and like poles will try to repel each other and unlike poles will try to attract each other. Due to this rotor will be subjected to a torque in anti clockwise direction as shown in the Fig. 1.8 (a). But after half a period of cycle, the stator poles interchange their positions, During this period because of inertia, rotor hardly moves from its initial position. This is shown in Fig. 1.8 (b). At this instant, due to the unlike poles trying to attract each other, the rotor will be subjected to a torque in clockwise direction. eerie Stator Pole Direction of Rotating Magnetic Field Salient Pole Rotor (Arbitrary Axis of Stator Magnetic Field ( ) FIG 1.8 : Principle of Operation This continuous and rapid rotation of stator poles, the rotor gets subjected to quickly reversing torques, Due to inertia of the rotor, it will not respond to such torques and it will remain stationary. Therefore synchronous motor is not a self starting motor.owOUS M mR AT A SYNCHRONOUS moro! aaa nal means at @ speed very near or equal to ¢ its poles, ch other such that between the two, Suppose the rotor is rotated by some exter synchronous speed. And then the rotor is éxcited to produc fl ea ‘Ata certain instant now, the stator and rotor unlike poles will face their magnetic axes are near each other. Then the force of attraction pulls both of them into the magnetic locking condition. ‘Once magnetic locking is established, rotor continuously experiences @ unidirectional torque in the direction of the rotating magnetic field (rm,f). Hence rotor rotates at synchronous speed and said to be in synchronism with r.m-f. . Then the external device used to rotate the rotor can be removed. But rotor will continuous to rotate at synchronous speed due to magnetic locking. This is the reason why synchronous motor runs only at synchronous speed. This operation is shown in the Fig. 1.9. Siaor FIG 1.9: Unidirectional Torque Experienced by Rotor 1.5 SOME CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF SYNCHRON 1, The synchronous motor runs only at s speed other than the synchronous. l0US MOTORS vnchronous speed and does not rotate at any 2. It is not inherently self starting, When the load is increased on de motor, speed o 1en the load i 5 f the motor redi luces,Povseren | Ina die motor, Armature develops an em/ which opposes the supply voltage V called as back emf Ey, The resultant voltage across the armature circuit as (V — E) and it causes an armature current given by the expression Vv-5, oR Where, Rj is the armature resistance oNzP and Back emf, Ey = “@Ae Therefore the back emf in a d.c motor is depends on the armature speed. Similarly, in a synchronous motor, a back emf{is set up in the stator (armature) by the rotor flux which opposes the supply voltage. This back emf depends on the excitation given to the field winding i.e., rotor excitation and not on the speed. When the synchronous motor is loaded, its speed cannot decrease as synchronous motor operates at only one speed known as synchronous speed. Similar to the dc motor, armature current for a synchronous motor is voltage acro: armature divided by impedance of armature circuit. But now voltage difference is the vector difference of V and Ey, .. Armature Current/phase, Where, synchronous impedance, Ra +)Xe Qiphase Stator winding resistance/phase = Synchronous reactance of stator/phase Supply voltage/phase = Back emfiphase SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ON NO, LOAD (AND NO LOSSES) When the motor running on No, load with field excitation, It is assumed that no losses are present under this condition, the magnetic locking between stator and rotor is such a way that the magnetic axes of both, coincide with each other as shown in the Fig. 1.10 (a). The back e.m.f. Ep is equal and opposite to the supply voltage V as shown in vectorially in Fig, 1.10 (b). - V-E, Now Armature current, T, = —5—->