Herod the Procurator

BY R ICH AR D CAR R IER / ON JAN UAR Y 6, 2012 / 113 COMMENTS

Herod the Great (you know, that guy in the Bible who killed all those babies, but didn’t really) was a procurator. (WTF is a
procurator? Don’t worry, I’ll get to that.) In fact, Herod wasn’t just any procurator. He was the chief procurator of the
entire Roman province of Syria. Holy crap! That’s amazing! Er…or totally, fantastically irrelevant and boring. One or the
other, I’m sure. (Right?)

The Backstory…
Who cares? Hardly anyone really. Why am I writing about this? Well, to be honest, because I had to at some point, and
now is as good a time as any (more on that later). But kind of, also, because it’s really interesting to ancient history geeks.
And, strangely, Christian apologists. Why? Because they can argue from “Herod was the procurator of Syria” to “Luke
and Matthew don’t contradict each other on the year of Christ’s birth, contrary to what all you mean atheist harpies keep
saying.” Yeah. It takes some twists and turns. But they make a good effort to get from A to B. Strangely, this point also
connects to the debate over the existence of Jesus. No shit. Lotta twists and cul-de-sacs, but A gets to B on that one, too.

Even given that context (“Ooo! Christian apologetics? Now it’s getting interesting!”), this is one of the most jaw-droppingly
uninteresting bits of trivia you’ve probably come across on FtB in months. Or ever. I mean, there are mighty battles being
fought elsewhere here over very important issues. Sexism, slander, dumbassery, political murder, bad science, the
Republican primaries, soda mice. (Among all of which you will learn that a new spell has been added to the Harry
Potter lexicon: wave your wand and utter the words Rebecca Watson and a hoard of nitwitted sexist trolls are summoned;
unfortunately they immediately attack the spellcaster so it’s kind of a shit spell really.)

But here’s the backstory. For my Master of Philosophy at Columbia University (aka M.Phil., agraduate degree between
M.A. and Ph.D., sort of like what everyone else callsABD) I completed a thesis in preparation for working up a
prospectus for my dissertation. That thesis was never published, mainly because, though it is more thorough and meticulous
than anything on its topic, someone I’d never heard of beat me to publication with their own paper arguing the same thesis
(albeit a lot less comprehensively and in a more wishy washy way, but nevertheless, journals won’t publish my work now
because “it’s already been done,” as one editor directly told me). It’s a mind-numbingly boring thesis. But I worked really
hard on it and I’m sure someone will find it useful someday. So I updated it (even citing and incorporating that other paper,
as well as all the revisions asked for by my peer reviewers) and published it on my website for anyone crazy enough to read
it: Herod the Procurator: Was Herod the Great a Roman Governor of Syria? (PDF)

It does have one interesting vibe to it. If you read it all through (you have to be kind of a little crazy to do that, but that can
be in a good way; why, hey, it’s “only” 36 pages long), one thing you will learn, especially if you are not a professional
historian, is how incredibly complicated doing history really is, and why expertise and training is so important for it. My
thesis details all the actual steps that are involved in coming to a conclusion on any question (even one so seemingly simple
as “Was Herod the Great really the procurator of Roman Syria?”), showing you all the sorts of things you have to know
about and research, the process of reasoning and analysis you have to go through, and all that jazz. Usually you just see the
end result, maybe a paragraph summary, and don’t see all the messy, crazy shit that went on to produce that paragraph.
Now you get to see Oz working the controls. Batshit crazy controls.

You’ll also learn (especially if you read the most boring part) how translations, even by total bona fide experts, can screw
up the original meaning of a text, and how beholden laymen are to what are really often very subjective translations hiding
all manner of assumptions and agendas of the translator. Not just the Bible has this problem; all ancient books do. You’ll
also learn a bit about how determining what the original text said from existing manuscripts is no simple matter, either. And
you’ll learn some stuff about various languages, Roman provincial administration, and how Herod the Great and Emperor
Augustus were such party buds I’d bet a sawbuck they high-fived over a shared a hooker or two. (Not literally, of course;
sure, everyone knows double-teaming hookers was invented in 1891 B.C., but the high-five is a 20th century invention;
so, whatever the ancient Roman equivalent was. Yeah, I’d risk a tenner on that. Stranger shit has supposedly happened.
Story is, emperor-to-be Titus banged two hookers over an open Torah scroll on the sacred sacrificial altar of the Jewish
Temple just to flip the bird at the nutty superstitious Jews he’d just wasted several years of his life putting down a rebellion
of. I remember the first thing I thought when I read that, “I hope those girls were paid well.” Probably. Everyone says Titus
was a real mensch. Anyway…)

So Back to the Christian Thing…

Okay, quick summary:

Matthew says Jesus was born a year or so before Herod the Great died, which was 4 B.C.; Luke says Jesus was born
when the Roman senator Quirinius became governor of Syria and conducted the first ever Roman census of Judea, which
was 6 A.D.; the contradiction (a ten year miss, even) proves the New Testament is, uhem, errant (oh, and BTW, notice
that neither says it was 1 A.D.; and in fact that date is entirely impossible on either of their accounts…oops); “Oh, shit!”
Christians say to themselves (probably not out loud, because that might anger their storm god); Christian apologists
scramble for some way to fix this fiasco; they come up with a wild pile of bullshit; if you rummage around in that shit pile
(like I did), you’ll find this gem:

“Well, see, Quirinius must have been governor of Syria twice somehow (even though no one ever was a governor of the
same province twice and we have zero evidence Quirinius was or even could have been), and there must have been
some other, earlier census of Judea, conducted by Herod (even though that is illogical and impossible on every known
fact of the matter), and since the evidence says other guys were governing Syria at the time, not only was Quirinius twice
governor, but he must have been co-governor with someone else (even though no such thing as a co-governorship of a
province existed in the Roman administrative system and in fact it would have been illogical and absurd).”

When mean atheists like me point out the parenthetical points (put in italics above), Christians scramble for damage control,
generally by making shit up or pretending at being historians, doing some embarrassingly incompetent amateur hatchet job
with “facts” they tweeze out of modern translations of ancient books (unlike Muslims, who everywhere insist on Arabic
fluency and thus actually know how to read their scripture, most Christians never actually learn Greek and generally
couldn’t give a shit what the actual words in their inspired scriptures are) and/or antiquated, long-superseded scholarship
(because when Christians can’t find what they want in up-to-date scholarship they dig around for something written in the
19th century, back in those golden days before that Darwin dickwad ruined everything; because surely any history done
then must be superior and more reliable than any done now…and they’re, like, totally right).

Case in point: Josephus (and an occasional stone inscription) repeatedly says there were two governors of Syria. So there!
Except he doesn’t (nor do any inscriptions). Ah, those pesky translations. You see, what Josephus (and every other source
from then) says is that every Syrian governor had a lieutenant, and they often hung out and did shit together. “But that’s the
same thing, right?” Uh, no. Because ancient Roman society didn’t work like our modern American “classless” society.
Technically we do have classes (lower, middle, and upper) demarcated by access to wealth, but in classical times classes
were official matters of law, and one couldn’t cross from one to the other just by getting rich. You had to be officially
recognized as of that class; and it took some hoodow to make that happen. And in the meantime, your career options were
limited by what class you were in.

Intro to Roman Social History

It breaks down like this: the unwashed masses (actually, the Roman masses were often very well washed) were just
“ordinary people” and couldn’t hold any significant political or military office (didn’t even qualify; couldn’t even buy their
way in…unless they bought their way into a higher social order); next in rank were the equestrians (literally “horsemen,” so
sometimes called “knights”; the term originally designated someone rich enough to buy and keep a horse, although that was
an antiquated notion by then…even the poorest Roman equestrian could buy and keep a small shitload of horses), who
(unlike those below them) qualified for appointed administrative positions and could serve as something like NCOs in the
military (or perhaps more analogously, low ranking officers, depending on what point of comparison you start with), but
couldn’t run for elected office and couldn’t be a staff officer…unless they were at least 30 years old and met the multi-
million-dollar entry requirement for the next class: the senators. To enter the senatorial class you had to prove you had
millions of dollars in property and then (to be elligible to hold any office) you had to get elected to the entry-level position of
quaestor (“treasurer”; yep, the bottom-ranking gig even then), which got you permanently into the Roman Senate, and
from there you could run for higher offices (but always by ranks, i.e. you couldn’t skip straight to Lord of All I Survey,
you had to serve as quaestor, then praetor, then consul, and your social rank would always be based on how high you’d
gotten, e.g. a consular senator outranked a praetorian senator, big time). Of course, kids of senators were automatically of
the senatorial class, although they still had to get elected (or, if we set aside the Doublespeak, given the real nature of
politics under the emperors, appointed) to a quaestorship to enter the Senate itself (and yes, that meant daughters could be
of senatorial rank, but sadly, as they could never hold any office, they never became Senators).

Okay. So? Well, because of the Roman constitution at the time, no one could govern a province who was not a consular
senator. This is because the provinces were officially governed by the emperor (who had consular rank) or the senatorial
consuls, and “governors” were just their stand-ins, but in an official government capacity, which meant they had to be of the
same rank. Thus a praetorian senator was not of sufficient rank to govern a province and thus could not act in any other
governor’s stead. You had to appoint a senator who had served as a consul at some prior time and thus achieved consular
rank. (There were a handful of weird provinces, called senatorial provinces, that didn’t precisely fall under this rule, but
Syria wasn’t one of them so they’re irrelevant for our purposes; one of the constitutionally relevant differences, BTW, was
that senatorial provinces usually never had legions in them.)

Notice that not even lower ranking senators could govern a province, much less lowly equestrians, who couldn’t even
hold a real political office at all, much less govern a province. They weren’t even senators. It would have been
scandalously offensive (and indeed risked outright assassination or civil war) if an emperor were to openly flout the
constitution and insult every upper class senatorial man in the empire by appointing a lowly equestrian to govern a province
(case in point: Caligula is said to have almost appointed his horse, and they promptly killed him…and tried to damn his
memory–literally: the senate proposed [and may have eventually passed] an official decree of damnatio memoriae; yeah,
they had those). And certainly such a remarkable curiosity would make every history book of the time, as the weirdest thing
to happen since someone discovered water could be turned into a white powder. Conversely, no senator (much less of
mighty consular rank) would disgrace himself or his whole family’s honor by ever deigning to lower himself to work in an
equestrian post. That would be more unbelievable than a U.S. President becoming a fry cook at McDonald’s.

Now, governors of imperial provinces, who were always consular senators, and officially were high-ranking military
officers, commanders of legions, obviously had a whole chain of command working under them, of lower ranking senatorial
line and staff officers, as well as equestrian field officers and NCOs and bureaucrats. Thus, a governor could divide up his
provincial command and appoint lower ranking officers to take care of business there, principally taking charge of any
troops and enforcing the law. These were typically equestrians (because Roman paranoia prevented entrusting major
provincial and troop commands to senators, who might have ambitions; whereas equestrians were generally locked in their
low status and thus no threat, and in fact for that reason typically more loyal). These officers were called “prefects,”
literally “guys placed in front,” in other words “dudes in charge.” Prefects were always equestrians; senatorial officers had
other ranks (namely, quaestor or praetor).

Now that you have all that background (and notice how there is no way a layman is likely to know any of this; there’s a
reason you need a Ph.D. to draw correct conclusions about the ancient world), you can get the punchline: Whenever we
see mentions of governors and their lieutenants (as in Josephus, for example), it’s always a consular senator and his
equestrian prefect. Men who are not even of the same social class. You might already see where this is going. Quirinius is
well established to have been a consular senator as of 12 B.C. We know all the consular governors of Syria from 12 to 3
B.C. He therefore cannot have been any of their “lieutenants,” because those lieutenants were always prefects of the
equestrian class, and he was way the hell higher ranking than an equestrian, in fact he held the highest possible social rank in
the whole Roman empire: a consular senator. So much for the co-governor idea.

Intro to Christian Logic

Okay. Now that you are as bored as you possibly can be, it gets even more boring. Enter Herod the Procurator. The
Christian’s logic goes like this (and I’ve had versions of this argument sent to me in email over the years by a half dozen D-
list Christian apologists). Pontius Pilate was the “governor” of Judea. Pontius Pilate was a procurator. Therefore a
“procurator” is a “governor.” Herod the Great was the Procurator of Syria. Therefore, Herod the Great (a foreigner) was
the “governor” of Syria. Therefore the Romans played fast and loose with their constitution when it came to provincial
government. Therefore they could well have had double governors or something. In fact when Herod was “governor” of
Syria, we know another consular senator was governor of Syria, so bingo, there we have it, there were two governors of
Syria!

This is all so fucked up it makes me want to cry. Okay. First. Judea was not a province. Thus Pilate was not “the
[provincial] governor” of Judea. The governor of Syria was. Judea was then a district of the Roman province of Syria.
Pilate was just the prefect assigned to govern that district. By the governor of Syria. And as you’d expect, Pilate was of
equestrian rank. Thus no argument can proceed by analogy from the government of Judea to the government of Syria.
Second. A procurator is not a prefect. To identify Pilate as “governor of Judea” is to identify him as a prefect, not a
procurator. A procurator is not an administrative or military office. It’s a private occupation. It means “business manager”
(literally, “one given care of stuff,” e.g. an agent, a manager, etc.). Thus in no sense does procurator ever mean “governor.”
Thus in no sense at all was Herod the Greatever “the governor of Syria.” So, no playing fast and loose here. The Romans
stuck to their constitution, or as near as could pass as plausible (in an Orwellian sense, if one examines how the emperors
invented the entire office of emperor without actually, literally changing the constitution, which never mentioned any such
office per se, by cleverly exploiting various loopholes in that constitution, but that’s a whole other story, not relevant here).

So despite trying to rescue the big gaping historical error in the Gospels, the attempt to get from “Herod the Great was
Procurator of Syria” to “the Bible is inerrant” is built on a pile of the hack mistakes of presumptuous Christian apologists
who don’t know their Roman social history for shit. What does any of this long boring digression have to do with my thesis
paper on Herod the Procurator? Well, among other things (like analyzing the evidence for Herod being a procurator of
Syria at all), I document in it all the evidence and scholarship laying out the distinction between prefects and procurators.
Which has another use, for those following the “did Jesus really exist?” debate…

So Was Pontius Pilate a Prefect or a Procurator?

A prominent defender of the thesis that Jesus is a mythical person (more now in the agnostic camp, but still) is G.A. Wells.
And one argument he made, against the authenticity of a passage attesting to the existence of Jesus in the Roman historian
Tacitus (writing around 117 A.D.), is that Tacitus there calls Pilate a “procurator” when in fact we know, from logic (given
the above) and an actual stone inscription cut at Pilate’s own direction, that Pilate was a prefect, not a procurator, which
isn’t even a government office. “Surely” Tacitus would not make that mistake (so the passage is a forgery) or “surely”
Tacitus would not make that mistake if he was working from government documents (so he must be relying on an unreliable
source, like a Gospel-reading Christian informant). Therefore the information is bogus. Therefore (given various other
conclusions) Jesus didn’t exist. Now, like many an unsound argument, the primary conclusion is true (Tacitus is almost
certainly relying on a Gospel-reading Christian informant, and not any kind of government records), but the argument for it
is not.

Tacitus almost certainly got this information from his good friend Pliny the Younger, who would have gotten it from his
strong-arm interrogation of a Christian deaconess in 110 A.D. (when Tacitus and Pliny were governing adjacent provinces
in what is now Turkey, and carrying on a regular correspondence in which Tacitus evinces asking Pliny for information to
include in the history books he was then writing). And she would certainly have gotten the information from the Gospels,
many of which were being read in the churches of the time. So yes, Tacitus is in fact giving us useless evidence, since it is
not independent of the Gospels (that’s why his account contains nothing not in them, yet that would have been in an official
government record, like Jesus’ full name and crime). But Wells’ argument to that same conclusion is incorrect, due to
another oddity about the ancient Roman system that non-experts don’t know about (and that even many experts don’t
know about, not having specifically studied the matter of imperial administration and economics).

In actual fact, Pilate was both a prefect and a procurator. An imperial procurator, to be precise. In fact this was true of all
the prefects of Judea, and many other regional prefects, such as the prefect of Egypt who governed that whole province
directly for the emperor (Egypt never had a senatorial governor, its governorship was always officially held by the emperor
himself, who never shared it, because Egypt was the breadbasket of the empire at the time and thus any senator allowed to
govern it would be tempted to do the obvious…and they wouldn’t have that uppity, smartypants Cleopatra gumming up
their game, either). It was actually commonplace for prefects to also be procurators. Why? Well, I explain in my thesis (for
those who only care about this topic, you can skip directly to the section on “The Procurator in the Time of Augustus,”
starting on page 29, but also hyperlinked in the table of contents on page 2 of Was Herod the Great a Roman
Governor of Syria?).

Procurators were private agents. So, for example, if you were some rich guy and owned lands in several provinces, you
obviously couldn’t personally oversee their management, so you would hire someone as your procurator to go act as
landlord for you. Pretty much any business, or property, or account of money that you had somewhere needed someone to
manage it on your behalf. That someone was a procurator. The wealthy elite had armies of them in their employ. And the
emperor was the wealthiest man in the Western hemisphere. Another little known fact is that the emperors often compelled
their vanquished opponents to sign treaties not with the Roman people (SPQR) but with the emperor himself and his
private family estate. Annual tribute was then owed not to the Roman government, but directly to the Roman emperor’s
family estate. And in such cases lands seized were not the public property of Rome, but the private property of the
emperor, taken as spoils (or as bribes, or simply bought outright, and just as often inherited, from people wanting to get
their surviving family on the emperor’s good side). This meant the emperor had tons of lands he needed to manage privately
(not officially as a Roman statesman) and tons of cash that had to be collected every year and held in his name and
managed at a profit, or delivered to him across regions and seas. And that meant the emperor had to employ thousands of
procurators to act as his business managers for all this.

Well, who would make the best procurator? Or rather, the best chief procurator, who would look over and keep in line all
the other procurators who were actually managing the individual landholdings, and collections, and stashes of banked cash?
Why, who best to hire for that job than the chief of police? The very guy who governs the district and has charge of the
courts and the law and cohorts of infantry and cavalry to enforce his will. Brilliant, eh? And so it was. Every prefect of
Judea was also the emperor’s privately hired business manager, who ensured all the imperial procurators in their district
behaved and did their jobs, and everyone who owed the emperor money (or had the temerity to sue him) was dealt with. In
our modern democracy this would be perfectly appalling. It would be obvious corruption if the President hired the
Secretary of the Interior to manage all of his private lands, and the Secretary of Commerce to run all of his private
companies and businesses, and hired Superior Court Judges to manage the very private estates they passed judgments on
in court (imagine suing someone and finding out that the judge deciding the case is the property manager of the very estate
you are suing!). But the Roman empire had no such moral notions, and no laws on the books against it. To them it was just
convenient.

But there were complaints. Although not necessarily of the kind you’d expect. One of the persistent drums Tacitus beats
throughout his entire Annals is that it was shocking (why, just shocking!) that lowly equestrians were being given the official
powers of senators. As business managers, procurators were only ever equestrians, or often even commoners or slaves; no
senator would disgrace himself by taking such a servile job (again, imagine the President of the United States taking a job
as a “common” real estate agent). But Tacitus was annoyed even by the idea of prefects running things. Procurators were
just an even bigger insult. Since an imperial procurator was the legal agent of the emperor, he literally had power of attorney
to represent the emperor in court and contracts. Which meant that in practice, lowly procurators could tell mighty consular
senators what for. It’s not like a senatorial governor is going to cross the emperor. Thus procurators often wielded in effect
imperial scale power. And that pissed off consular senators like Tacitus. His Annals is full of morality tales illustrating how
so really disastrous and awful this was.

Which gets us back to that passage in the Annals where Tacitus says Christ was executed by Pontius Pilate “the
procurator.” Tacitus was a consular senator who had held many imperial provincial governorships and nearly every other
office in the land. He knew full well that Pilate was a prefect. He would not have had to check any records to know that.
He also knew full well that Pilate, like all district prefects, was the private business manager of the emperor, a lowly money
collector and landlord, a filthy procurator. He clearly chose to call Pilate a procurator and not a prefect in this passage as a
double insult: on the one hand, his aim was to paint the Christians as pathetically as possible, and having their leader
executed by a petty business manager was about as low as you could get (and Tacitus would never turn down a good juicy
snipe like that); and on the other hand, he was always keen to remind the reader of his persistent protest against granting
equestrians real powers, and thus calling Pilate here a procurator does that, by reminding the reader that the chief of police
who executes criminals in Judea is a “fucking business manager” (“and what the hell is he doing with judicial powers?”). The
fact that Pilate was also a prefect and thus had real constitutional authority is the sort of honest detail that would screw up
Tacitus’ point. So he doesn’t take the trouble to mention it.

Okay. Right. Here we are now. Anyone who has actually read this blog post all the way to this point (I commend you, sir
and/or ma’am!) will now be able to guess the conclusion of my thesis: Herod the Great was appointed by his good buddy
Augustus to be his principal business manager in Syria. Wow. Amazing, right? That conclusion is going to haunt you for
days. Life changing stuff. Just simply life changing. And so that you will have it with you always, I have now posted my old
M.Phil. thesis on Herod the Syrian procurator, which has sections on all this stuff (so if you want to cite evidence and
scholarship at anyone in defense of these points, like about Pilate being both procurator and prefect, that’s the paper for
you), and other stuff besides (as I babbled on about in the earlier half of this blog).

Enjoy. Or not. Anyway, it’s there now if you need it.

L’Chayim!

Share
this:

   

SIC SEM PER REGULA TIONES OB A M A THE OM INOUS TYRA NT ( OR NOT)

113 comments
C JO • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 9 :59 AM

I’m getting a 404 error on the link to the PDF

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:1 0 AM

Thanks. Fixed. (Remember to refresh your screen so it loads the revision.)

R E P LY

D EA N B U C H A N A N • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:1 5 AM

Error 404 – Page Not Found

You had me going there for a minute. I was going to rethink everything, EVERYTHING, I tell ya.
Now back to finding someone to manage my extensive real estate holdings…

R E P LY

JA SO N GO ER T Z EN • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:1 5 AM

Fascinating!

R E P LY

D EA N B U C H A N A N • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:1 6 AM

…or maybe I should find someone to type faster for me…

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:29 AM

Most instructive.

Is it correct that, at some point of the Roman Empire, the consulship was so meaningless (as a post, not as a
Title) that Rome had 10 consuls in a single month ?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 1 :1 5 AM

Arthur: Is it correct that, at some point of the Roman Empire, the consulship was so
meaningless (as a post, not as a Title) that Rome had 10 consuls in a single month?

Yes, sort of. Because the empire had so many provinces, and it was policy not to have the
same guy govern the same province more than once, nor (usually) for more than three years,
the empire needed a buttload of consular senators all the time, and with two made every year
(the ordinary constitutional count) that wasn’t enough. So a new kind of consul, called a
suffect consul, was “invented” (not really, but sort of: the constitution already allowed for
additional consuls in the event of the death or incapacity of the two primaries, and “being
busy” could sort of be interpreted as qualifying; this is one of those “loopholes” I was talking
about). So the prestigious “eponymous consuls” (the two real ones after whom the year
would be named; often one of these was the emperor) were supplemented with a number
(sometimes a dozen) of “suffect consuls” in order to pad out the ranks of the consular class.
I’m not sure if there was a “ten in one month” occasion, but it’s not implausible (I could
check, but it’s not important; likewise it’s possible, whether we have evidence of it or not,
that the senate properly passed legislation making this not just a loophole but straight up law).

However, ironically, this didn’t mean the consulship was meaningless, but kind of the
opposite: it had become so important and in demand that they needed tons more of them (in
fact, it was the proconsulship that became more important: governing provinces, as an ex-
consul, on behalf of the reigning consul). However, in a sense, yes, this dilutes the significance
of being a consul, but the Romans kept the prestige of the original two every year with the
eponymous consulship.

However, in a more important sense, the consulship had been greatly diminished by the
imperial power structure. Under the Republic the highest post there was was consul, and the
two there always were had equal rank and could sometimes veto each other’s decisions, thus
creating a kind of check and balance, and of course consuls were elected by the people and
thus a democratic office. But starting with Augustus, consuls were no longer “in charge.”
The emperor was. How he swung that without rewriting the constitution requires a bit of
explaining, but in short it was brilliant.

Basically it worked like this: also under the constitution was an elected office called “Tribune
of the Plebs” (I’ll go all British and call it the TP) and that person could veto the action of
any magistrate (including the consuls). Checks and balances again. Technically there was a
biological limitation: tribunes had to come from plebeian stock rather than patrician stock, and
certain magistracies had to be filled by the latter, a distinction of biological inheritance that
had once divided the rich from the poor and the aristocracy from the peasantry, but the
whole distinction had become increasingly irrelevant and obviously pedantic even before the
fall of the Republic, and the senate effectively eliminated it by various legislation. Thus
Augustus got himself elected TP (technically, elected to the powers of TP). Thus he could tell
the consuls what to do by threatening to veto anything they did otherwise. Added to this, the
emperor would start his reign by also getting elected eponymous consul (if he had not been
once already), and then the Senate passed legislation granting him imperium proconsulare
maius (greater proconsular power), after which the title “emperor” comes (imperator,
holder of imperium) ever after, which gave him the effective authority of a permanent consul
(whether he was literally appointed consul in any subsequent year or not; technically he had
power to act only on behalf of the eponymous consuls, whoever those actually were in any
given year, which is what proconsul means, “for the consul,” but because he was also tribune,
the consuls couldn’t actually tell him what to do; nice Catch-22 that), and in particular, the
Senate made him consul over all the provinces that were of military importance (as had been
the practice under the Republic, each consul was assigned an imperium over a specific
geographical area; one of the significances of Caesar crossing the Rubicon was that he was
crossing the geographical border out of his imperium as assigned by the Senate), which was
practically all of them. In other words, basically, the whole Roman Empire (the total
Imperium Romanum). With those two constitutional offices (TP and proconsul over the
whole imperium of Rome) you get an emperor. They accumulated other powers and dinked
over time with the laws and what they could get away with regardless of the laws, but these
two were the main ones.

Clever, eh? All perfectly constitutional. But totally not at all what the Founding Fathers
intended.:-)

R E P LY
 C H R IS H ALLQUIS T • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 0:58 AM

Wow. That was genuinely awesome. I may not ever use this information in my life, ever, but I still enjoyed
reading it.

One question: my understanding is that most Muslim’s can’t read the Quran, because even those that speak
Arabic generally speak a different kind of Arabic than the Quran is written in. Kind of like me trying to read
Beowulf.

So when you say that Muslims are actually able to read their holy book, were you just assuming, or is that what
you have been told by someone actually knowledgeable?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 1 :24 AM

Chris Hallquist: Regarding the problem of Arabic dialects, you’re right, I don’t know
enough about that. I know Muslims require converts to be able to read and recite the Koran
in Arabic, but whether they preserve (or care to preserve) the original sense, I don’t know. I
doubt they are totally negligent in this. If you were required to read and memorize and base
your life and civilization on reading Beowulf as-is, and all your family and ancestors and
whole society likewise, since the beginning, it’s very unlikely you would have a hard time
understanding it. The analogy thus doesn’t hold. “You trying to read Beowulf” is just not
comparable.

However, it’s entirely plausible that what modern Muslims say the original meant is not in fact
what it meant, i.e. I doubt Muslims in general are such erudite scholars that they fully grasp
the original context and nuances of classical Arabic. They don’t even seem to have any
interest in studying that, at least objectively the way we study classical philology. So in that
sense you would be right. Assuming my suspicion about this is correct.

R E P LY

F L O R I A N B L A S C H K E • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 9 : 4 8 A M

I’m nowhere near an expert on Arabic or Koran studies (though one of my profs is an
Arabist), but as far as I know, the main problem with Koran studies is actually different. The
Arabic dialects aren’t the problem. Standard Arabic, which is based on Classical Arabic, is
the normal written language, and it is also spoken on TV and the like, comparable to a
scenario in which Latin had remained the standard (written and spoken) language of the
Romance world, but in a Neo-Latin form enriched with various neologisms for modern
concepts, and slightly modified and modernised otherwise as well, partly under the influence
of the Romance dialects. (In particular, Standard Modern Arabic, as it is properly called, has
many regional pronunciation variants, influenced by the respective regional dialects. None of
which, of course, reflecting the original pronunciation. This is all very familiar from the Latin
regional pronunciation traditions in Europe.) So at least in theory, everybody in the Muslim-
 majority Arabic world is able to understand the Koran, or at least the language seems
intelligible enough, if more or less old-fashioned (though probably less so than the King James
Version or Shakespeare). The real problem is that the oldest available versions of the text
lack vocalisation (indications of short vowels, especially), and – if I remember correctly – the
dots on the consonant symbols which distinguish many of them from each other, too, which
means the Koran is a tangle of ambiguity. And that’s the main point of serious Koran studies.
There is a traditional vocalisation, a kind of Textus Receptus, which is generally held to reflect
the original text by the vast majority of the population, including fundamentalists, but the
scholars know better than to trust this tradition. And that’s why no Koran quotation is ever to
be trusted, even in the original Arabic (much less a translation, of course): it’s always
ultimately an interpretation of an incredibly ambiguous text. (Of course, don’t trust me too
much either, at least no more than Wikipedia; I may have misconceptions here, or simply
misremember stuff!)

R E P LY

F ELI C I S • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 1 :21 AM

Very interesting – I (long ago) took a semester course in Roman history, and have always been fascinated by the
subject. I did read all the way through to the end, and will probably read your link as well.

R E P LY

C JO • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 2:33 P M

Clever, eh? All perfectly constitutional.

Too clever by half. Since it was all a cynical manipulation propped up initially by the personal qualities of
Augustus and the precarious situation (for the republic) in which he took supreme power without making
provision for it, no formal process for succession was ever established. Also, it totally fucked up elite social
relations, in ways that Tacitus’s sniping only begins to articulate. The combination of the two (no formal
succession; the resentment and envy –the dreaded invidia— of the traditional aristocracy) is what, as I have
come to understand it, set the stage for the constant civil strife of later centuries.

Thanks for the rundown on this. I appreciate the brief on social history, a lot of which I did know, despite being
a layman, but it’s always nice to see it articulated by an expert for greater confidence in the fruits of my own
learning. What I hadn’t gotten until now was the essentially private role of procurators and how that could be
combined with or added to the public role of prefect. Good stuff, and not boring at all –you shouldn’t disclaim
so much.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 3:24 P M

CJO: Too clever by half. … no formal process for succession was ever established. …
 [and that and the rest] set the stage for the constant civil strife of later centuries.

You’re spot on.

This is exactly what doomed the empire to fall (eventually). I’m sure it all seemed like a good
idea at the time. But failing to map out the actual consequences over the ensuing two
centuries was the biggest mistake he made. There just wasn’t any reliable system of peaceful
succession, and by stretching the constitution into a mockery of itself, it, too, became
increasingly meaningless (and thus powerless to remedy any of the risks attending the
inevitable crises of power and justice that always arise).

The Senate came close to remedying this failure, several times (after Nero, then Domitian,
then Commodus, then sometime in the third century), but failure of nerve got the better of
them every time. It made the empire so volatile it’s failure was a statistical inevitability.
Eventually someone was going to roll snake eyes and bring the whole thing down (and that
finally happened in the third century: I discuss that, and cite the scholarship on it, in Not the
Impossible Faith, pp. 435-40). A better plan would not have had them rolling dice every
time to begin with. But this is the usual error of fascists: it was assumed (given what had
happened the previous century) that “the people” couldn’t be counted on to vote wisely,
therefore they needed someone to “decide for them” who would rule, and in such a way that
they would go along with this. But that’s always a doomed plan. The chaos of democracy is
(ironically, perhaps) always more stable. But this can only be seen in the long view. Up close
it often doesn’t seem that way. And so it didn’t to Augustus and his supporters.

R E P LY

LAN D ON H ED R IC K • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 :1 8 P M

Richard,

Out of curiosity, how much weight to historicists tend to put on the Tacitus passage? I take it that they focus
primarily on what we can glean from the epistles and Gospels, and then secondarily to Tacitus and Josephus,
and then lastly to the other extra-Biblical references.

If you’re right about the Tacitus passage here (and if you’re right about the two Josephus passages in what you
write elsewhere), then that looks like it would be quite a blow to your opposition in the historical Jesus debate.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 3:1 1 P M

Landon Hedrick: How much weight to historicists tend to put on the Tacitus passage?

Without any way to poll them, I can’t say. My general impression is that most don’t really
think about it, and haven’t spent any time actually reading or studying the passage. So even if
they had an opinion, it would be badly formed and thus not reliable.
 All that matters to me is that the standard principle in history is that if dependence is a
reasonable possibility and there is no evidence for independence, we cannot treat an item of
evidence as independent; and evidence that is not independent adds zero weight to a case.
And here we not only have that, but an obvious, reasonable, and highly probable transmission
history from Christian deaconess, to Pliny, to Tacitus. We can’t “prove” it (we don’t have a
transcript or audio recording of either the interrogation or all the conversations Pliny and
Tacitus would have had when hanging out together) but we don’t need to, when the
transmission is inherently likely (in fact, of all possibilities, the most likely), and there is no
evidence of any other.

And yes, my work demolishing the Josephus passages (which will be published in JECS later
this year) and the Thallus reference (which will be published in JGRChJ later this year), plus
this argument (for Tacitus), does pretty much kick the props out from any decent extra-
biblical case for Jesus, but that alone wouldn’t entail he didn’t exist (many a historical person
could be attested only in Christian sources, for example; and likewise, many a historical
person is attested nowhere at all). There are still the feeble threads of Suetonius (and the
“Chrestus” passage) or Lucian (writing late in the 2nd century and obviously relying on
Christians as his source), etc. But the best there supposedly was were Josephus, Tacitus, and
Thallus. And they just don’t hold up as reliable evidence at all. That much is true.

R E P LY

C H R IS H ALLQUIS T • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 1 :21 P M

My impression is that Muslims can be weird about this. Some learn to recite the Quran without learning any
Arabic at all, which I guess would be comparable to a Catholic knowing the Latin mass or Latin chants or
whatever without actually having studied Latin.

R E P LY

P I ER C E R . B U T LER • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 3:55 P M

So howcum a big-deal, multiple-degreed, sho’nuff professional historicator like yrself, especially in this forum,
uses “A.D.” instead of “C.E.” for dates?

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 3 6 P M

Ohhh…why do I use A.D. instead of C.E.? Because C.E. is fucking stupid in every
conceivable way.

I actually said so in my Columbia Dissertation (only in academicspeak; yes, you can indeed
translate “fucking stupid” into a disguised academic language). Unfortunately, Prometheus
Books’ editorial standards require C.E. / B.C.E. so everything I’ve done with them has been
 converted thereto (in case you are wondering why I use that in my books with them; it’s
because they force me to).

I have been considering doing a blog on this sometime. (Since I’m sure your first question is
“why” I think it’s “fucking stupid.”) So let’s wait for that.

R E P LY

F L O R I A N B L A S C H K E • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 1 0 : 1 2 A M

It’s been a long time since the comment I’m replying too, but I’m still interested in this.
Personally, I use AD by force of habit, and don’t see anything wrong with it really, but I can’t
see what could be so wrong with CE, either (especially when interpreted as “Christian Era”).

R E P LY

EEEEEE • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 4:04 P M

What do you think about Hitchens idea, that some sort of person must have existed, because who would make
up a “Nazarene” Jesus if in the end you have to pretend his birth to have taken place in Bethlehem?

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 3 1 P M

eeeeee: What do you think about Hitchens idea, that some sort of person must have
existed, because who would make up a “Nazarene” Jesus if in the end you have to
 pretend his birth to have taken place in Bethlehem?

Read Proving History, pp. 142-45.

(Yes, you will have to wait until April before it’s available. Sorry.:o)

R E P LY

S US AN N AH • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 4:53 P M

This is great stuff!

I used to be a constant lurker, some 10 years or so ago, on a forum where you were active in the discussion.
(II? I’m not sure any more. It’s been a long time.) Then I eased out, trying to free my life from all the old echoes
of Christianity.

Just as I was thinking it was safe to get involved again, you appeared on FtB, so here I am, and maybe no longer
just lurking. And this is the kind of information that keeps me reading.

Off to read all 36 pages of the pdf, now.

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 3 0 P M

I’m actually encouraged by everyone who told me they did not find this long post on obscure
trivia boring. It’s good to know there is a large enough base out there that it’s worthwhile
continuing to post these kinds of things on occasion. I know I won’t please everyone all the
time, but I can spread the love around.

R E P LY

F L O R I A N B L A S C H K E • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 1 0 : 1 6 A M

Ah, then I’d like to add my voice to the list of all those who are intrigued by this detail,
especially seeing how the whole power structure contains the seeds of the fall of Rome.

R E P LY

F • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 5:25 P M

This is exactly the sort of thing that would make U.S. K-12 history less crappy if included.
R E P LY

LMM • JAN UAR Y 6 , 201 2, 6 :52 P M

This is fascinating stuff. More like this, please.

R E P LY

D A V I D W H I T E H O U S E • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 2 : 2 4 A M

And to think I was going to go in to some Carrier blog withdrawal whilst the new year was brought in and
hangovers tempered.

“This is all so fucked up it makes me want to cry.”

For my money, best line of the article.

Well done, my man. Also, perhaps dial down a notch on apologizing for being boring. It borders on insulting
those of us who eat this stuff up.

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 2 7 P M

David Whitehouse: Also, perhaps dial down a notch on apologizing for being boring.
It borders on insulting those of us who eat this stuff up.

But most of my readers aren’t you (or me). Let’s not be narcissistic.

R E P LY

H E L E N A C O N S T A N T I N E • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 4 : 5 2 A M

I see that you claim on the linked document to be a PhD. In what, if you never completed your degree in
Philosophy?

I happen to be a PhD in Classics, and I can only say that if you had gone ahead, you would have been
encouraged by your directors to change the emphasis of your work.

Herod was a client king. He was not and could not have been a provincial governor for the reasons you point
out in the blog post. Neither would he have a prefect, procurator or anything else on the govenor’s staff. The
idea is really quite fantastic.
Procurator was a more more general term than prefect, but its use is not limited in the way you describe.

Your confusion between the orders and the various ranks (praetorian, consular) is profound, as is your belief
that plebeian in the first century was an order below equestrian (how do you account for the fact that Agrippa
was a plebeian, and that from the mid-Republic on, the constitution required one of the consuls to be a
plebeian?).

In one place you think that Tacitus’ only source of information about Pilate was Pliny (who was not his friend in
any modern sense but merely once supplied some information to him about his uncle)–and your statement was
so broad it could be read to mean that Tacitus depended upon Pliny for his knowledge about provincial
administration–but in another place you admit he had this knowledge on his own account. that contradiction
really jumped out at me.

What is the work that you believed beat you into print? Are you sure you weren’t discouraged from publishing
by the editor, not because you were duplicating another study, but because you didn’t have a finished mss.?

Now, it is well known that Josesphus exaggerates the importnace of everything jewish in the ROman world,so I
was keen to look up the refernces to Dio and the Res Getae that support your contentions about Herd’s
position.

Here are the texts from Dio that supposedly corroborate Josephus in naming Herod as Procurator of Syria:

“Augustus, now, after transacting what business he had in Greece, sailed to Samos, where he passed the winter;
and in the spring of the year when Marcus Apuleius and Publius Silius were consuls, he went on into Asia, and
settled everything there and in Bithynia.”

“He reduced the people of Cyzicus to slavery because during a factious quarrel they had flogged and put to
death some Romans. And when he reached Syria, he took the same action in the case of the people of Tyre and
Sidon on account of their factious quarrelling.”

“To Herod he entrusted the tetrarchy of a certain Zenodorus, and to one Mithridates, though still a mere boy, he
gave Commagene, inasmuch as its king had put the boy’s father to death.”

All the Res G. has to say is “After I returned to the city from Syria.”

This kind of padding doesn’t make things look too good for you. And its clear that your purpose in writing is
more less to create filler, which doesn’t encourage me to read the whole text.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 1 0:41 AM

helenaconstantine: Herod was a client king. He was not and could not have been a
provincial governor for the reasons you point out in the blog post. Neither would he
have a prefect, procurator or anything else on the govenor’s staff. The idea is really
quite fantastic.

And yet many bona fide, published scholars (and translators) were suggesting such a thing (or
something wafflingly close). And thus the guy who scooped me got his paper published in a
peer reviewed journal correcting their error. Thus experts in the field deemed the argument
worth publishing.

Of course, had I pursued a dissertation from this paper (which is not a prospectus, but a self-
contained thesis; I was only considering journal publication), it’s main focus would have been
on teasing out all the evidence of the powers of procurators vs. prefects, on which there is a
lot of debate. But I found that had already been done, too (in German; that text, which is
massively definitive, I cite in my thesis).

Your confusion between the orders and the various ranks (praetorian, consular) is
profound, as is your belief that plebeian in the first century was an order below
equestrian (how do you account for the fact that Agrippa was a plebeian, and that
from the mid-Republic on, the constitution required one of the consuls to be a
plebeian?).

Yes, technically, plebeian is a kind of gens and not an ordo. But no one in the patrician class
was in any order lower than eques, thus in effect all sub-equites were plebeians. But you are
right, it doesn’t work the other way around (some higher order people were plebeians; hence
my point that that distinction became increasingly mooted). So I have emended the blog to
avoid confusing anyone on that point.

In one place you think that Tacitus’ only source of information about Pilate was Pliny
(who was not his friend in any modern sense but merely once supplied some
information to him about his uncle)–and your statement was so broad it could be read
to mean that Tacitus depended upon Pliny for his knowledge about provincial
administration–but in another place you admit he had this knowledge on his own
account. that contradiction really jumped out at me.

No, I quite clearly say Tacitus had Pliny as a source onChristians; for administration, I quite
clearly say Tacitus knew all about that from his own personal experience. And yes, they were
friends. They exchanged many letters (not just the ones in which Tacitus asks for information
to add to his history: 6.16; 6.20, and this was a quite personal question; 7.33), worked side-
by-side in the Senate (Letters 2.11.2), and on political campaigns in which they were on
intimate terms (6.9), they had several intimate friends in common (4.15.1, 1.6, 7.20.6), Pliny
admired Tacitus’s oratorical skills (2.1.6) and writing (9.23.2) and talked them up to
everyone, Pliny indicates he often hung out with Tacitus, was always keen to be informed of
his well-being, and trusted him with personal favors that he normally discussed with him “in
person” and which he clearly would never ask some random distant acquaintance (4.13),
Pliny wrote Tacitus letters about events in his personal life and giving him advice (1.6) and
seeks and trusts his advice in turn (1.20), he sent intimate but admiring letters to him (e.g.
9.14), they shared and discussed each other’s poetry (9.10) and Tacitus asked him to read
advanced drafts of his histories and mark them up with advice and criticism and Pliny asked
the same of Tacitus (7.20, 8.7), and Pliny outright calls Tacitus his friend (6.16.22) and says
“the tale will everywhere be told of the harmony, frankness, and loyalty of our lifelong
friendship” (7.20.2) and “our love should be still the warmer” because of all their friends and
work in common (7.20.7). That sounds like a friend in a modern sense to me (or as near to
as Roman culture had an analog).

What is the work that you believed beat you into print? Are you sure you weren’t
discouraged from publishing by the editor, not because you were duplicating another
study, but because you didn’t have a finished mss.?
 Actually I did have a finished manuscript and it passed peer review–but for the fact that the
conclusion had already been published. As to the paper in question, it’s cited in my thesis.

Here are the texts from Dio that supposedly corroborate Josephus in naming Herod as
Procurator of Syria…

Since I never say Dio does that, you clearly aren’t very good at reading.

R E P LY

D A V I D G E R A R D • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 5 : 2 7 A M

“principle business manager”

Do you mean “principal”?

Nice post!

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 2 5 P M

David Gerard: “principle business manager” Do you mean “principal”?

Yes! Fixed. Thanks!

R E P LY

P E I C U R M U D G E O N • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 8 : 3 5 A M

One of the things that came to mind when reading this was the level of expertise required to wade through the
amount of information we have available to us, and the negative consequences of that. We see it most often in
the sciences where it has become very difficult for anyone outside of a specific field to really understand the
details. You are demonstating that in history as well.

Lay people can easily be swayed by those who present themselves as experts, especially those who make things
sound simple. My partner is an academic librarian and one of her primary teaching tasks is to help students
evaluate the reliability of source material. When my youngest was 10, he figured it out. “You don’t need to know
what you are talking about, you just need to say it with authority”.

Scholarship is not easy, but it is critical to understanding our world.

R E P LY
 S A W E L L S • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 2 : 4 8 P M

Wonderful post. Thank you! I am slightly less ignorant now and I like that

R E P LY

D O R O T H Y • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 3 : 3 4 P M

By the way, not boring!!.

Fascinating.
I read mostly fiction, mysteries and science fiction, and there are latin/roman historical ones in there, and this
gives me another measuring stick to test the validity of their research. No information is ever wasted.

R E P LY

C O R A G Y P S • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 5 : 4 1 P M

Hell, Mr. Carrier, that’s at least 3 X 10^7 times as interesting as my dissertation was!

R E P LY

J U L I E N R O U S S E A U • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 6 : 1 2 P M

Let me add to the chorus of “I find that kind of stuff interesting and would like to see more”.

I have a question that is off topic but related to the historicity of Jesus: is the lack of Roman record about his
crucifixion* due to lacking records for all executions at that time and place or do we have such executions
records but they do not contain any entry that can be attributed to Jesus?

If the latter, is it possible to consult those records (in the linked article about pre-50’s books about history you
mentions books that present primary evidence, so in a book like that for example) to have an idea of how
complete they are?

* assuming an historical Jesus for the sake of argument here.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 9 :35 AM

Julien Rousseau: Is the lack of Roman record about his crucifixion due to lacking
records for all executions at that time and place or do we have such executions records
but they do not contain any entry that can be attributed to Jesus?
 The former. We have no crucifixion records for anywhere (that I know of*). Not even for
Egypt, which is the only place where we have a substantial amount of government documents
(although still only scattered scraps, and then only because they were thrown in the trash;
trash heaps are archaeology’s gold mines; that and mummies, which were stuffed with scrap
paper, from discarded census returns to old books).

*(Possibly we have a record of a crucifixion here and there in Egypt; I know we have court
documents and letters that tangentially mention an official execution now and again, but that’s
not quite the same thing; and as there are tens of thousands of translated papyri, I haven’t
checked them all for what’s in there; there are also hundreds of thousands of untranslated
papyri sitting in museum and university vaults, for want of funds and personnel to translate
them–experts pick out the juicy ones instead, but a list of crucifixions would be a priceless
find, for a number of reasons, so if anyone saw one in the stacks we have, they would likely
have published it by now.)

R E P LY

L A N D O N H E D R I C K • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 7 : 2 2 P M

Richard,

What’s the deal with JGRChJ? Is it normal to have a single contributor (Craig Keener) publish so many papers
in a single journal? Five papers in 2010 alone?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 9 :29 AM

Landon Hedrick: What’s the deal with JGRChJ? Is it normal to have a single
contributor (Craig Keener) publish so many papers in a single journal? Five papers in
2010 alone?

No. In fact most journals have a policy that prohibits that. Although not in stone, e.g. JECS
(which is a bit more prestigious than JGRChJ) won’t usually publish the same author twice in
one year, and will tell you so, but they might do for a particularly prestigious scholar writing
on particularly important topics. If there were five in one year that would raise questions;
although I see only two Keener papers in 2010, two in 2009, and one in 2008. To have
two articles in one year is a little unusual and it’s valid to wonder why they permitted that;
either Keener has an in with the editorial board, or there really were no other competing
articles submitted that year (or rather the previous year; the lead time from submission to
publication averages a year for articles in academic journals, and is frequently longer).

R E P LY
 M E P H I S T O P H E L E S • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 1 : 2 3 P M

First visit to your blog.

Count me in the completely fascinated category– despite a retained comprehension of 10%, max. That it is
fascinating is a testament to your gifted writing style. For such potentially dry academic material (I can see where
you could harbor apology with respect to it), you write as a (regular) person who is sitting in a chair with a
friend, all fired up and excitedly explaining something he is totally jazzed about. Reading that “transcript” is like
watching a movie, not listening to an academic! Please don’t ever lose that wonderful talent.

R E P LY

M E P H I S T O P H E L E S • J A N U A R Y 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 1 : 2 9 P M

Oh, and the tease at #27? That’s just MEAN.

And, I really wanna know about the B.C.E. thing, too.(Totally out of my field here, so please dash off a
sentence re “what the fuck difference does it make” when you do blog about it, just for us neonates).

R E P LY

SU MD U M • JAN UAR Y 8 , 201 2, 2:59 AM

Thought I’d add my 2 cents and say I thought it was interesting.

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 8 , 201 2, 9 :53 AM

In her series Masters of Rome, Colleen McCullough explains that, in Cesar’s time, the proconsulship was in
many ways as important as the consulship itself. The consul would choose his proconsular province with care,
either to loot it by farming taxes, or, more likely, as a base to conquer nearby kingdoms, so to extend roman
territories. And enrich himself in the process, with a Triumph upon his return to Rome with (some of) his glorious
legions.

Winning the consulship was very costly; there were few opportunities to accumulate big money (bribes?) during
the consulship. The proconsulship was where you made back your investment tenfold.

Any comments ?

R E P LY
 R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 9 :1 9 AM

Arthur: What you describe (via McCullough) applies to the Republic, not the Empire. The
emperor’s interests limited the ambitions of proconsuls. But graft and other forms of for-profit
corruption did remain common. And it was indeed proconsuls who had the real power and
opportunities. Becoming a consul had become just a way to become a proconsul later.

R E P LY

AR ATIN A C AGE • JAN UAR Y 8 , 201 2, 1 :43 P M

@eeeeee

“
What do you think about Hitchens idea, that some sort of person must have existed, because
who would make up a “Nazarene” Jesus if in the end you have to pretend his birth to have
taken place in Bethlehem?

If I may, the main problem I see with that line of thinking is that one is trying to pigeonhole mythologies, which
cannot be done. Hitchens is saying that since that part of the story doesn’t follow the standard mythology
template, then it is not a myth. But there is no standard template that one must use when creating myths; they
can be as wacky and nonsensical as one likes. Why shouldn’t he come from a family of Nazareth and yet be
born in Bethlehem? The only reason Hitchens has given is that it would be strange, but who is Hitchens to say it
shouldn’t have been strange?

Easy ways for it to have happened could have been two competing myths about such a person merging at one
point (one saying he was from Bethlehem, the other saying he was from a place called Nazareth), or a need to
shield the person in the myth from potential detective work of real people living at the time thereby having him
born in a well known place (yet in the unlikely location of a manger) but putting his lost years in a place where
one might not so easily dig up details if one were to even try (comic book superheroes are notorious for this).
There is also the hamming it up aspect that we see in politicians today where they all come from small towns to
appeal to the working class; why couldn’t that be the explanation for his being born into a family of nobodies?
As Hitchens would say, even noticing that incongruety, one still has all their work ahead of them!

(And I do look forward to this spring/summer when we’ll get to see Carrier’s thoughts on this revealed and also
get our hands on PZ’s first book.)

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 9 :03 AM

Aratina Cage: On Nazareth and myths being just weird that way, I agree with your premise,
 but not the conclusion. The problem is that “possibly, therefore probably” is fallacious
reasoning. The issue is, what is the most likely explanation of the evidence given what we
currently know? If the answer is, historicity, then we must conclude historicity is more
probable–even if (unbeknownst to us) Jesus didn’t exist after all. This is the problem of lost
evidence. If the evidence we have indicates X, we must conclude X (and allow some
probability that ~X, precisely as much as the evidence allows). Thus, in principle, Hitchens
could be right: historicity could indeed be the best explanation for the problem he identifies
(and Jesus might more likely have existed than not, regardless of whether he did exist or not),
even despite myths also being weird that way. It just so happens he’s wrong, because we can
show the probabilities of alternative explanations are high in this case (and I mean we have
actual evidence of that, not just speculation). But that has to be argued (and I do, on
Proving History). You are on the right track, though (competing prophecies; although there
is a twist).

The point is, we can’t just make up any “just so” story and conclude that we’ve refuted
Hitchens. There has to be a reason to believe your “just so” story is more likely true than his
(or at least likely enough to cast doubt). This holds even if you avoid any specific story and
just argue “there could be one that we can’t now reconstruct” (which is entirely true, and I
can prove it applies, for example, in John 21, where we can demonstrate mythopoeiesis but
can’t reconstruct what the point of the myth was; similarly the Cana miracle in John 3, which
is obviously a myth, but the point of it has been completely lost to us, e.g. the specific
quantities given there must have meant something to the author and his immediate audience,
but we can only speculate now on what). Because again, “possibly, therefore probably” is a
fallacy. Thus you actually have to argue for “probably.” And that requires evidence. Of some
sort.

R E P LY

B R A A VO S • JAN UAR Y 8 , 201 2, 5:25 P M

Add another vote to the “this wasn’t boring but fascimating” camp! More posts like this please!

R E P LY

ALETH EA H . C LAW • JAN UAR Y 8 , 201 2, 9 :50 P M

I’m a stats/IT geek by trade, but also an ancient history enthusiast. I enjoyed this post very much and I’ll be
back for more.

R E P LY

C Y B ER GU Y • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 4:03 AM

Not boring.
Fascinating.

R E P LY

JA MES P O WER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 6 :01 AM

I wish my Latin teacher had been as exciting and funny as you. Bravo! Looking forward to reading your Thesis.
Love Roman history, glad it’s mostly history at this point now though!

R E P LY

P I ER C E R . B U T LER • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 7:1 3 AM

… C.E. is fucking stupid in every conceivable way.

Well, so is A.D.

… you can indeed translate “fucking stupid” into a disguised academic language…

I know some grad students who would eagerly welcome such protocols.

So let’s wait for that.

This is gonna be good.

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 7:1 9 AM

Found it in Wikipedia: “Roman Consul”:

[About multiple suffect consuls in sequence] “This practice reached its extreme under Commodus, when in 190
twenty-five men held the consulship.[citation needed]”

R E P LY

K ATH ER IN E LOR R AIN E, C H ATON D E LA MOR T• JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 7:35 AM

I might be interested in reading this in my spare time, not when I’m at work.

(and Caesar III’s constant “plebs are needed” is rolling through my head now, argh! I hate you stupid
governors!)
R E P LY

B LI N D R O B I N • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 1 0:20 AM

Wonderful post, I am much better informed now and I like that. More please.

R E P LY

LAN D ON H ED R IC K • JAN UAR Y 9 , 201 2, 5:23 P M

Richard,

I thought that was unusual, though I’m only familiar with how philosophy journals tend to operate. Look again at
the link you supplied for 2010–there are five papers listed by Keener. And I noticed that another scholar (Jintae
Kim) has published a lot of papers there as well (Two papers in Vol. 2, and one each in Vol. 5-8). Evidently
every paper this individual has ever published has been with the same journal–which would be odd in a
philosophy journal, but again, I don’t know how things work with other journals.

Anyway, I just thought I’d point that out. I’ll stop derailing the thread now.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 1 , 201 2, 1 0:54 AM

Landon Hedrick: Look again at the link you supplied for 2010–there are five papers
listed by Keener.

Oh, you’re right! I didn’t click down inside the frame. Yes, that is extremely unusual, and in
fact worth writing to the editor about and asking for an explanation.

R E P LY

F • JAN UAR Y 1 0, 201 2, 1 1 :09 P M

AD/CE: What is fucking stupid about CE?

Why is there an era, and what defines it aside from the dating system itself?

What is common about the era from 1 CE until now, and what is not in common with the preceding era (or the
time before historical dating eras – are there two eras or just the one, with formless chaos of Before dates that
go back fourteen billion years?)

When these are just labels glued to a dating system centered on a point which is an approximation of some event
in you-know-who’s putative life, what is the point?

Er, I swear I had one more, but that evaporated somewhere. But you may as well leave the dating system
labeled in the manner originally intended, as it is descriptive of itself (an historical meta or whateva).

Disclaimer: I most frequently use CE as the label ever since it was brought to my attention, even though AD
looks waaay cooler. Especially when you throw BC(E)-magnitude numbers after it.

R E P LY

SC EN A R I O • JAN UAR Y 1 1 , 201 2, 1 2:33 P M

I’ve been a history buff all my life and I found this very interesting. You don’t need to say this is boring quite as
much since everything is boring to some people and interesting to others. Who cares that the number of people
who enjoy reading about what you, and many of the readers of your blog find interesting is much smaller than the
number of people who care about stuff like who a famous person is sleeping with?

I am very interested in the question of historical Jesus vs mythical Jesus. You mentioned the existence of Jesus in
the opening of the post. I think Jesus is like the saying about your grandfather ax. I changed the head twice and
the handle four times. Do you still own your grandfathers ax? If there was a man whose life started the myth but
so much has change over the years that there is almost nothing left of the real man in the bible, did he really exist?
I’d like to read about how historians draw the line between straight up myth and real people who have been
mythologized so much that it is impossible to tell what the real fact are. George Washington didn’t cut down the
cherry tree but he really existed.

I fully agree that from a historians perspective, you really need to view Jesus as a myth because there is no
verifiable evidence that he ever existed. But I don’t have as much problem as a layman with just so stories up to
a point. Like assuming that there was a person that Jesus was based on and looking at all of the stories and
putting them into categories like clearly myth, clearly enhanced but possibly based on truth and plausibly true,
and then drawing a picture of what the historical Jesus was like. Its not scientific but potentially useful.

R E P LY

ST EVE • JAN UAR Y 1 1 , 201 2, 1 :52 P M

Wow, painfully long, painfully uninteresting, and painfully poorly written. I wanted to choke, as I had to
continually read through one bracketed comment after the next! C’mon R.C. you are better than this! Or are
you?

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 1 1 , 201 2, 5:07 P M

Question.
If the Emperor was a (bogus) Tribune of the Plebs, was the Emperor then sacrosanct, just like a tribune was in
the Roman Republic’s time ?

…Did Emperors still use lictors ? TPs had no right to lictors and were religiously immune from violence, so they
didn’t need lictor bodyguards to “protect” them. In theory.

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 9 :30 AM

Arthur: If the Emperor was a (bogus) Tribune of the Plebs, was the Emperor then
sacrosanct, just like a tribune was in the Roman Republic’s time?

I haven’t researched that, but it would follow (as the tribune’s veto power derived from his
status as sacrosanct, i.e. magistrates could not beat or kill or imprison him to prevent him
vetoing their acts).

Did Emperors still use lictors?

Yes. Remember, the clever thing about the emperor’s invented office is that he managed to
simultaneously be a TP and a magistrate with imperium (which entailed a right to lictors).
That was certainly never the constitution’s intent, and indeed perverts the whole point of that
constitutional structure. But by exploiting loopholes, it was managed to be “legally” done, as
the constitution did not explicitly prohibit it.

R E P LY

F • JAN UAR Y 1 1 , 201 2, 5:48 P M

I have what may be a stupid question about (HerodSyrianGovernor.pdf) Herod the Procurator: Was Herod
the Great a Roman Governor of Syria?

On page 14, where it reads in the second paragraph,

“
…the BJ as we have it is
not a mere translation as Josephus claims, but clearly an original Greek composition…

should not Josephus be replaced with Hahn? I have to perform mental contortions for Josephus to make sense
here, as both the facts and your normal English prose contraindicate that Josephus would make this “claim”.

R E P LY
 R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 9 :21 AM

F: [RE: “not a mere translation as Josephus claims, but clearly an original Greek
composition”] should not Josephus be replaced with Hahn?

No. Josephus does indeed claim (inWar 1.3) to have “translated” his original Aramaic book
into Greek; but modern analysis demonstrates this to be impossible. However, the word he
uses (metaballô), though the standard word for “translate,” more generally means “change,
transform,” and thus he might have meant it in the looser sense (and thus not really said he
had translated it directly). Though modern scholars have previously assumed he meant
“translate,” he probably only adapted the original into a Greek edition. It’s thus most likely a
very loose translation by our standards.

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 1 0:09 AM

“That was certainly never the constitution’s intent”

Uh, the Romans had no such thing as a neat Constitution in one single tidy document, right ?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 1 2:09 P M

Right. It was cobbled together over time (much as ours was…going on twenty seven
amendments already).

R E P LY

A Z U MA H A Z U K I • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 1 2:48 P M

Richard. this is fascinating! Others may call it boring, but your analysis of actual evidence, facts, texts, etc did
more to help me break free of the Abrahamic religions than any amount of philosophy or logic or “soul-
searching.”

Have you ever considered, when your research is done, creating a compilation of all this, a sort of rationalist
version of “On Guard?” An anti-apologetics handbook, as it were. I suggest the name “Guard Break” (but that’s
because I’m a doooorrrrrr~rrrrk). Could be interesting, and a nice way to help Bill Craig end his life on a note of
failure.

R E P LY
 R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 1 2:59 P M

I might one day organize by theme and publish my best blog posts. And maybe someday
Prometheus Books will deem me worthy of a dedicated volume collecting my scattered
works in print (e.g. my eight chapters in all found in The Empty Tomb, The Christian
Delusion, and The End of Christianity; maybe some day, a volume for my philosophy,
another for my ancient history, since my chapters fall into one of those two subjects). In the
meantime, my best apologetics killers are Not the Impossible Faith for the origins of
Christianity, Why I Am Not a Christianfor Christian theology, and Sense and Goodness
without God for philosophy.

I list all that to illustrate that I do have something of the arc of a plan across my work that,
taken together, is pretty decisive. Or at least that has been my aim.

R E P LY

F • JAN UAR Y 1 2, 201 2, 2:1 0 P M

Richard Carrier @60

Thanks for the clarification. I very much appreciate your response.

R E P LY

H ED D LE • JAN UAR Y 1 3, 201 2, 8 :52 AM

You really are a dishonest piece of work. Or else just plain dumb.

Yes, convenient of you to couch the problem this way:

Haha! Matthew says one thing; OMG, Luke says something entirely different!

When in fact, Luke says exactly the same thing as Matthew. In Matthew we read:

“
Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king (Matt 2:1)

Luke write, in agreement with Matthew,

“
 “
In the days of Herod, king of Judea (Luke 1:5)

Luke also writes, as you point out:

In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered. 2

“
This was the first registration when Quirinius was governor of Syria (Luke 2:1-2)

And furthermore Luke also refers to the despised ca. 6AD census:

After him Judas the Galilean rose up in the days of the census and drew away some of the

“
people after him. He too perished, and all who followed him were scattered. (Acts 5:37)

Just in case this is too complicated for you, let me summarize. An honest person would not pit Matthew v. Luke.
An honest person would have at least pointed out that Luke wrote:

1) The birth of Jesus was during the reign of Herod (consistent with Matthew.)
2) Luke also talks about the census of ~6AD in Acts.
3) Luke mysteriously talks about a census at the time of Christ’s birth

Why would an honest person do that? Because all the information from Luke paints a more complicated picture.
Luke, like Matthew, had Jesus born in the time of Herod. Luke also mentions the hated ~6AD census. But Luke
also puts a census at Jesus’ birth. Perhaps Luke is completely nuts and he refers to the same census twice—
once placing it at its correct time and once placing it ~14 years earlier. Or maybe he was referring to two
different events, at least in his mind. Who knows? It is still a problem, for which no satisfying solution is known,
but it is not the trivial “Matthew says one thing Luke says another” problem that you stupidly portray. It is more
nuanced than you explained. Or perhaps can handle.

Then you also (I can hardly believe it but why should I be surprised?) invoke the tiresome canard of playing
“gotcha” with Christians with this problem of the early census and leaving them dumfounded. Why atheists,
especially of the pseudo-intellectually variety, fantasize that they surprise us with their awesome biblical
knowledge, is a great mystery. This problem is in the notes of any study bible of the kind most Christians own. It
is discussed in Sunday schools and mentioned in sermons whenever these passages are discussed. We know the
problem. You are not surprising us. Get over yourself.
R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 3, 201 2, 9 :20 AM

Heddle: Your argument makes no logical sense. Luke mentions the same census twice; how
do you get out of that that he meant two different censuses? Luke doesn’t say Jesus was
born under Herod the king, but that John the Baptist was. And Herod the Great was not the
only king named Herod. Judea was ruled after Herod the Great’s death by Herod Archelaus,
whom even Josephus designates a king. Luke does not tell us which Herod John the Baptist
was born under. In fact, as he never mentions this Herod dying and being replaced by
another before Quirinius arrives (whereas Matthew does), we should assume Luke means
Archelaus. Luke also contradicts Matthew on numerous other points: e.g. the family of Jesus
never goes to Egypt and even goes to Jerusalem every year in Luke; but they flee to Egypt
and then never go to Judea at all until decades later in Matthew; Jesus’ family comes from
Nazareth in Luke, but does not come from Nazareth in Matthew, they only settle there years
later; etc. If we saw this in any other pair of histories, we would conclude they are
contradicting each other and that one of them is surely wrong (if not both). But the
contradiction as to the date is worst of all, because Luke places the birth in the 6 A.D.
census, and Matthew places it before the 4 B.C. death of Herod the Great. Every attempt to
argue Luke meant a different census is based on ludicrous arguments and embarrassingly
incompetent historical claims, as I have extensively proved.

If you cannot think of anything new that I haven’t already refuted, please don’t waste
people’s time here.

R E P LY

H ED D LE • JAN UAR Y 1 3, 201 2, 1 0:41 AM

[a ton of insulting bullshit deleted by Dr. Carrier for violating nearly every single rule I set forth
governing comments on this blog]

R E P LY

GEO JI M • JUN E 29 , 201 2, 1 0:52 AM

This is jaw-dropping, if not surprising. Professor Heddle otherwise loves to play the hurt
feelings, or righteously indignant, card when he believes he is on the other end of hyperbole.

R E P LY

A Z U MA H A Z U K I • JAN UAR Y 1 3, 201 2, 2:37 P M

Richard:

Heddle is a persistent problem in other blogs on this collective. I don’t know how much experience you have
dealing with him, but he’s basically the Calvinist counterpart to the lunatic, Opus-Dei-are-a-buncha-flaming-
liberals Catholic troll called Piltdown Man (though to his credit, Heddle actually knows something).

He attempts to blind with bullshit and minutiae, just like all apologists, while either ignoring or raging at any
argument he can’t handle directly. There is disease here; he fell 100% for the TULIP doctrine, and like e.g. Bill
Craig is completely convinced he is correct and beyond the reach of mere facts and evidence.

In short, don’t waste your time on him. He’s intelligent but fatally deluded.

R E P LY

GEO JI M • JUN E 29 , 201 2, 1 0:38 AM

Yeah, um, Heddle. Heddle is a Math &/or Physics prof at Christopher Newport University in
Newport News, VA. As A.Hazuki says, he is a Calvanist, & he takes that shit humorlessly.
He used to show up frequently on Jason Rosenhouse’s blog, EvolutionBlog (Science Blogs),
although I haven’t seen him there in a while. He has his own blog, He Lives , where he has
actually spilt quit a bit of digital ink on Richard Carrier lately.

Watching Heddle argue always makes me think of the mad energy that Copernicus spent
creating cycles & epicycles trying to prop up the geocentric system until he just couldn’t
make it work anymore. However, to his credit, if ratemyprofessor.com is an accurate
sampling, his students really seem to like him.

R E P LY

JO E • JAN UAR Y 1 5, 201 2, 1 1 :47 AM

Hi Richard,

In your paper you find that “in strictly Roman contexts, Josephus appears to always use the word [ἐπίτροπος] in
its technical sense”. Volumnius is an ἐπίτροπος in BJ 1, 538, however Saturninus and Volumnius seem to have
equal authority in AJ 16. One can assume a dual appointment for Volumnius, but why? I’d rather agree with
Steve Mason (Flavius Josephus. Judean War. Translation and commentary. Vol. Ib, 2008), p. 80, n. 720:
“At any rate, Josephus’ labels for the governors of Judea are notoriously imprecise […] one pattern clearly
emerges: at their first mention in War, Josephus invariably uses ‘procurator’, whereas he never uses this term in
Antiquities” (but I have not verified the “never” part) and with Anthony Forte (“Translating Book I of Josephus’
Bellum Judaicum: some critical observations” in Josephus and Jewish History in Flavian Rome and Beyond
edited by Joseph Sievers and Gaia Lembi, 2005), p. 400: “A precise and consistent rendering of such terms
remains problematic.”

As for pre-Roman contexts, inCAp I, 98, Harmais, the brother of Ramesses, was appointed ἐπίτροπος τῆς
Αἰγύπτου and entrusted with royal authority. This term rather parallels “the steward of whole Syria”, not “the
steward of the empire”.
In the end I agree with Anthony Barrett – there’s no good reason to look for a “technical meaning” (p. 298). I
understand Barrett’s hesitations and I also find his scenario plausible: Herod was rather a private agent of
Augustus, not a Roman procurator sensu stricto.

R E P LY

JO E • JAN UAR Y 1 5, 201 2, 1 2:34 P M

Another issue. On p. 24 you wrote:

“
It is remotely possible that Josephus originally wrote, or intended to write, Syrias hapasos
epimelêtês, “the whole caretaker of Syria,” since a scribal mistake of o for ê is not only
feasible, but here likely, by confusion with either the proximity of Syrias or the –ês termination
on the otherwise masculine epimelêtês (and indeed taking hapasos with epimelêtês is the more
difficult reading).

If I read correctly your argument, you refer to BJ 1, 225: Συρίας ἁπάσης ἐπιμελητήν. The adjective is ἅπας
and if it would modify the second noun (which is in accusative), it would be ἅπαντα. What am I missing?

Also I could not find any hapasos in LSJ. What does it mean?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JAN UAR Y 1 6 , 201 2, 1 0:1 7 AM

Joe: If I read correctly your argument, you refer to BJ 1, 225: Συρίας ἁπάσης
ἐπιμελητήν. The adjective is ἅπας and if it would modify the second noun (which is in
accusative), it would be ἅπαντα. What am I missing?

Nothing at all! You are quite right. I made that error back in 2003 and neither I, nor my
thesis adviser, nor two peer reviewers for an academic journal caught it. Amazing. I’ve
corrected the paragraph. Thank you. (Be proud. You just outperformed three university
classics professors.)

The corrected version is up now.

R E P LY
 JA N EY MA C K • JAN UAR Y 1 6 , 201 2, 2:1 0 AM

You can put my name down in the “found this very interesting” column! I am looking forward to reading the
whole .pdf.

I did study history for a while in college, though did not take my degree in it. In more recent years, digging into
genealogy has given me a rather frustrating taste of what is and isn’t available in the sources, and the delights of
trying to fill in blanks from the available evidence–and the accompanying delights of having to throw your hands
in the hair, bang your head on the desk, and exclaim, “I haven’t a fucking clue!” (concerning, perhaps, how
someone’s father was apparently born in two different places 7 years apart, or how someone’s mother seems
not to have existed at all…)

That kind of thing makes me glad I didn’t pursue history as a profession. Reading this post made me wish that I
had, after all. Thanks; I’ve spent worse evenings.

R E P LY

PA T R I C I A , O M • JAN UAR Y 1 6 , 201 2, 5:1 3 P M

This was very worth reading, and not boring at all.

Seconding Heddle being a well known troll & not worth your time.

R E P LY

_ A R T H U R • JAN UAR Y 1 6 , 201 2, 6 :42 P M

The unwritten Roman constitution: the “mos maiorum”.

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 8 : 0 5 A M

The mos maiorum was not the constitution of the government (e.g. what magistracies have
what powers and who serves in them), but the set of Roman cultural values (although
eventually the Romans did effectively legislate it into law).

R E P LY

A A R O N B A K E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 1 : 2 5 A M

Hapasos is an erroneous masculine nominative, hapas being the correct form (sorry; I don’t have a Greek font).
R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 7 : 0 9 P M

aaronbaker: Hapasos is an erroneous masculine nominative, hapas being the correct

form (sorry; I don’t have a Greek font).

Just FYI, this is moot now, because it really should be in the accusative (thus, hapanta), and
the paragraph has been corrected accordingly. But thanks.

R E P LY

F I C I N O • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 2 : 1 8 P M

Great piece of research, your M.A. thesis. Defining procurator is really helpful. Just what looks like another
typo: on p. 7, “ne quid fine” should be “ne quid sine…” I think, no?

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 6 : 4 8 P M

ficino: Just what looks like another typo: on p. 7, “ne quid fine” should be “ne quid
sine…” I think, no?

Yes! Fixed. Thanks. Good catch.

R E P LY

A A R O N B A K E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 : 4 8 P M

“
And yes, my work demolishing the Josephus passages (which will be published in JECS later
this year) . . . .

That’s, well, confident. One of the Josephan passages is an obvious Christian interpolation, and has been
recognized as such pretty near forever; the other is not obviously an interpolation (though it might be one).
Could you summarize your alleged demolition here, or is that too far off-topic?
I’m genuinely curious what you have to say on this subject (I would have thought that everything that could ever
have been argued about both passages has already been said; but you’ve made me curious).

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 6 : 4 3 P M

aaronbaker: On the James passage in Josephus, I prove the phrase “the one called Christ”
is an accidental interpolation that occurred between 235 and 310 A.D. to a copy produced
in the Christian library of Caesarea employed by Eusebius, and that the story originally
referred to James the brother of Jesus ben Damneus who is appointed high priest when
Ananus is deposed for illegally executing his brother. The evidence is complicated and
requires background understanding of textual practices and a variety of sources and analysis
in the original language, so you will have to await my article: Richard Carrier, “Origen,
Eusebius, and the Accidental Interpolation in Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 20.200.”
Journal of Early Christian Studies20.4 (Winter 2012). The other passage, of course, has
already been proven a deliberate interpolation, in the same period and place (the more so
than many know, as the Arabic testimonium, once touted as evidence of authenticity, has
been proved to derive from Eusebius: see Alice Whealey, “The Testimonium Flavianum in
Syriac and Arabic,” New Testament Studies 54.4 [2008] pp. 573-90). There was therefore
never any mention of Jesus Christ in Josephus at all.

R E P LY

A A R O N B A K E R • J A N U A R Y 1 7, 2 0 1 2 , 8 : 2 4 P M

Thank you. I’ll look it up as soon as it comes out. Here’s my great contribution to Classical history–if you’re
interested, and, I guess, even if you’re not:

Baker, Aaron, “Eunapius’ nea ekdosis and Photius,” GRBS 29 (1988) 389-402.

R E P LY

D AV ID GER AR D • JAN UAR Y 1 8 , 201 2, 1 :56 AM

I’m almost scared to bring this link to the attention of a subject-matter expert, but here we go:

http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Evidence_for_the_historical_existence_of_Jesus_Christ#Ancient_history_
and_evidence

The article is a bit of a hashed-over mess (and some of the refs are still terrible), but has at least one frequent
editor who was in fact trained as a Biblical scholar 20 years ago. I hope it’s not a complete disgrace …

The target audience starts at well-meaning evangelicals who’ve just realised that the concept of a “historical
Jesus” is possible – so it really does have to do the dumb basics of “what is history?” – up to the knowledgeable
and nitpicky, e.g. commenters on this post.

I’m very much looking forward to your book, and not just so I can furiously crib from it for this article

R E P LY

EVO D EVO • JAN UAR Y 29 , 201 2, 9 :42 AM

I LOVE your stuff – it would never be boring.I started reading you at Infidels.org and enjoy it immensely. The
actual HISTORY of biblical times, and the archaeology, has been a hobby of mine for 50 years – been an
atheist since I was 12 and they couldn’t explain all those historical mismatches and internal contradictions to me
at Methodist confirmation class. I’m just sorry very little of this kind of stuff was widely available (especially in a
small town in Ky.) in the 60’s and 70’s. I know it was available in theological seminaries, but the general public
is STILL ignorant of its existence, 50 years later.
Thank goodness for the internet.

R E P LY

GOR DON WILLIS • APRIL 1, 2012, 4:15 PM

If you read it all through (you have to be kind of a little crazy to do that, but that can be in a good way;
why, hey, it’s “only” 36 pages long)

I suppose I am quite crazy, and I confess that I am reading your paper even (almost) as I type, but even
though I agree that Sexism, slander, dumbassery, political murder, bad science, the Republican
primaries, soda mice are all happening and need attention, there is also the feeling that life is short, and it would
be such a pity not to know even a little bit of what one might know before knowing anything ceases for ever,
don’t you think?

For example (Pepsi claims this could not have happened, as the acid in Mountain Dew would have
dissolved a mouse), it’s nice to know that mice as such cannot be found in Mountain Dew, even though it
would be nicer to know if mice in any form are included in the list of ingredients. I have also discovered that my
merely British understanding of the concept “mountain dew” has been wrong for a very long time. It’s also nice
to know a little bit more about the realities behind the story that people have spent years and years and years
trying to persuade me to believe and which has had a major impact on my whole life. So don’t apologise.
Thanks very much for your extraordinary and painstaking work. I really appreciate it.

R E P LY

S TEVEN BOLLIN GER • AP R IL 1 4, 201 2, 1 :57 P M

There’s a typo on p.9 of the pdf of your thesis: in the Endrös translation “Frühlungnahme” should be
“Fühlungnahme.”

Fascinating stuff. Although I pretty much have to take your word concerning your main point about the
traditional mis-editing of the Greek texts. My Greek is improving but it’s not quite to the point yet that I feel
entitled to an opinion. (I hate to ever have to take anybody’s word about any translation, so I keep learning
more languages.)

R E P LY

RICH ARD CARRIER • APRIL 18, 2012, 11:18 AM

Thanks for catching the typo. Fixed.

R E P LY

JB • APRIL 21, 2012, 2:16 AM

Carrier’s claims:
“case in point: Caligula is said to have appointed his horse, and they promptly killed him…and damned his
memory–literally: the senate issued an official decree of damnatio memoriae; yeah, they had those”

Actually, both claims are incorrect. Caligula is not said to have appointed his horse. He is said to have
contemplated doing so (traditur, says Suetonius, ~”it has been said”), but did not actually do it (Suetonius,
Caligula 55, Cassius Dio’s History 59.14). Regarding the implicit claim that “they promptly killed” Caligula after
the appointing of the horse (Incitatus), Dio expressively state that Caligula would have appointed the horse “if he
had lived longer”. Regarding the claim about an “official decree of damnatio memoriae” against Caligula, such a
claim cannot be substantiated. In Suetonius Claudius 11.3, Claudius is said to have refused to declare the day of
Caligula’s death a public holiday, and in Dio’s History 60.4.5-6 it is explicitly stated that Emperor Claudius
vetoed any official damnatio memoriae against Caligula. There is no evidence that Caligula was even declared an
enemy of the state.

R E P LY

RICH ARD CARRIER • APRIL 21, 2012, 4:15 AM

Granted, Caligula onlypromised to appoint his horse consul. As to the story that Claudius
blocked the motion for damnatio, the archaeological evidence doesn’t support that (his
name was erased from inscriptions and coins, for example, a recognized consequence of
damnatio). Possibly he was condemned officially after the reign of Claudius. But I’ll look
into this further.

R E P LY

JB • APRIL 21, 2012, 4:35 AM

The mutilation of coins mustn’t be due to an official senate decree of damnatio memoriae.
 Such an official decree is unsupported (and it would have nothing to do with Caligula
appointing his horse, since this did not happen – except an appointment to co-priest,
according to Dio 59.28), even if Caligula apparently was not well liked.

R E P LY

RICH ARD CARRIER • APRIL 21, 2012, 9 :03 PM

The redaction of official state inscriptions does imply the decree was
passed, and a pervasive redaction of coinage supports the possibility of a
state action as well. I’m away from home, but when I return I’ll check the
modern references that list him as among the condemned and see if there
is more to this. (And as said in the ancient sources, the promise to appoint
his horse consul was among the assaults on the dignity of the senate that
prompted their support of his assassination.) Nevertheless, to ensure
nothing misleads, I have revised the post to reflect the ambiguities and
uncertainties.

R E P LY

L A B A N • A P R I L 2 7, 2 0 1 2 , 1 : 3 7 A M

Ehrman in http://ehrmanblog.org/fuller-reply-to-richard-carrier/ quotes: “PP could just as well have had the
title procurator, but evidently he didn’t”. Comment?

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • M AY 2 , 2 0 1 2 , 9 : 5 8 A M

He was almost certainly both. Ehrman (and his colleague) didn’t read the scholarly references
I pointed them to, but instead cited an obsolete modern commentary. See my discussion
here.

R E P LY

M I K E • M AY 5 , 2 0 1 2 , 1 2 : 0 2 P M

Carrier says in an above comment that “my best apologetics killers are … Why I Am Not a Christian for
Christian theology…”

Haha, apparently that book of Carrier’s is completely devoid of any knowledge of Christian theology. See this
review of it http://diglotting.com/2012/04/26/a-short-review-of-why-i-am-not-a-christian-richard-carrier/
R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JUN E 21 , 201 2, 4:09 P M

Really? Two brief, insubstantial paragraphs, which completely ignore everything I say in the
book?

Indeed. That’s the only way to dodge a bullet. Don’t face it in the first place.

R E P LY

OU TIS • MARCH 4, 2014, 2:58 PM

… Or Christ was “born again”!

R E P LY

RICH ARD CARRIER • MARCH 4, 2014, 4:46 PM

Sorry, I don’t get it.

R E P LY

OU TI S • MAR C H 4, 201 4, 7:20 P M

Before 4BC and again later in 6AD?

…Okay, stupid joke.

R E P LY

RICHARD CARRIER • MARCH 5, 2014, 10:07

AM

(Actually I thought that was clever. Made me smile.)

R E P LY

F L O R I A N B L A S C H K E • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 5 : 5 4 P M
A few tiny nitpicks (hope I’m not coming across as overly pedantic even for your standards):

First, referring to p. 4 (this error could be found elsewhere, too, so you could simply do a quick search-and-
replace session), “mss.” is the abbreviation for the plural “manuscripts” only. The singular “manuscript” is
abbreviated “ms.”!

Second, since you (according to good scholarly practice) obviously transliterate Greek upsilon consistently as
“u”, on p. 5, the second occurrence of the genitive of “Syria” should likewise be rendered as “Surias”, and
“symboulias” should be “sumboulias”, and same on p. 11, p. 24 et passim (I realise this is easy to miss, and
indeed have occasionally spotted this annoying little mistake on your blog, too).

Third, on p. 6, n. 14, the plural “apparati” is wrong, as the Latin noun “apparatus” belongs to the fourth
declension (u-declension), so the correct Latinate plural would be “apparatus”; although, for clarity and reader-
friendliness, you might prefer to employ the English plural “apparatuses”.

A stylistic point: On p. 13, I’d write “[…] so we cannot be sure that the passages that concern us come solely
from Nicolaus or if they come from him at all”, with an additional “that” for clarity.

On p. 17, a real mistake, even if only a wrong diacritic: “stândiger” should be “ständiger” (umlaut, not
circumflex).

On p. 24, shouldn’t it be “a scribal mistake of -(as)ês for -anta”? I’m not sure I quite get the logic here (although
the point is admittedly immaterial).

I would also like to point out that “Koilês” and “holês” differ by more than a single kappa, as there is an iota to
account for as well.

Strangely, seemingly at random, gaps appear in the text. I’m not sure what causes them, but I suspect invisible
word (syllable) divisors and protected spaces at fault.

R E P LY

R I C H A R D C A R R I E R • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 6 : 3 7 P M

Thanks. I was aware of most of this. Some of these were corrected in the print edition
(Hitler Homer Bible Christ), but even there I often overlooked them (some were fixed
only in the kindle edition; which is still awaiting a second update). And some don’t affect the
sense so I didn’t trouble myself too much over them. However, I won’t use a single
transcription for upsilon, due to standing conventions (e.g. it is conventional to write syrias
rather than surias), which aids in recognizing familiar words.

R E P LY

F L O R I A N B L A S C H K E • M A R C H 1 7, 2 0 1 4 , 7 : 0 1 P M

That’s cool. I know about not sweating the small stuff, but reading slowly (which reminds me
that philology has been called the art of reading really slowly), I can’t help spotting it, so I
 thought I’d note them down and write a comment just in case. Regarding the upsilon, I can
see that, but the inconsistent transliteration – sometimes as “Surias” and sometimes as
“Syrias” – surely was a mistake. But if this is corrected now, and you just haven’t bothered
to update the PDF, fine.

R E P LY

RICHARD CARRIER • MARCH 18, 2014, 4:44

PM

Be aware, though, that possibly I haven’t and won’t correct trivia like
that, since it doesn’t bother me. Similarly if I switch between American
and British spelling. It’s just not that important. But I don’t mind things
being pointed out, even if I conclude they are too trivial to worry about.

R E P LY

F LOR I A N BLA SC H K E • MAR C H 19 , 2014, 9 :09 P M

I realise that your time is precious, so I have not expected anything; I understand your stance
completely.

R E P LY

Ŕ U S S E L L D O W S E T T • J U N E 7, 2 0 2 1 , 1 1 : 4 9 P M

Richard how do you rate the idea that Herod the Great may have died in 1BC rather than 4BC. Apparently the
eclipse of 1BC was fuller & earlier in the eveningthan that of 4BC making it a more “liklier” candidate for
Josephus’ reference. If Mark was using historical characters as a time stamp this makes the 70 year prophecy
just a little better fit. Thoughts?

R E P LY

R IC H AR D C AR R IER • JUN E 1 1 , 2021 , 4:1 3 P M

There is no evidence of that. Those who argue it string together a bunch ofpossibiliter
fallacies, which is not valid historical reasoning. All evidence we have confirms Herod died in
4 BC (see my chapter covering this in a whole section in the pertinent chapter inHitler
Homer Bible Christ). Likewise all evidence we have confirms the Roman census of Judea
occurred in 6 AD (Ibid.; so even 1 BC doesn’t help the apologist escape the contradiction).

Note Mark is not doing any of this. His selection of what year to kill Jesus in is limited to his
 theological need to pick a theologically significant pattern of days, not the timetable in Daniel
(see my discussion of this in my article on the Crucifixion Quake movie). Mark wrote a
lifetime after Christianity began. Daniel certainly affected the origin of Christianity, but that
was well before any link to Pilate was made (other than incidentally, e.g. if Jesus really was
executed by Pilate or in the same period). It’s possible Pilate was chosen as the setting by
Mark because his ten year rule does match various Daniel-based calculations. But he wasn’t
being any more precise than that. And when Herod died would have no connection to that
anyway. Indeed, Herod the Great never features in Mark. So he wasn’t even a relevant
character at that time (inserting him into the story is an innovation of Matthew, and again for
reasons having nothing to do with the Danielic timetable so far as we can tell).

R E P LY

Add a Comment (For Patrons & Select Persons Only)

Enter your comment here...

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

Search This Blog

Search here...

Get Carrier’s Latest!

 Follow Richard Carrier’s Work & Announcements

 

Categories

Select Category

Archives

Select Month

About The Author

Richard Carrier is the author of many books and numerous articles online and in print. His avid readers span the world from Hong Kong to
Poland. With a Ph.D. in ancient history from Columbia University, he specializes in the modern philosophy of naturalism and humanism, and the
origins of Christianity and the intellectual history of Greece and Rome, with particular expertise in ancient philosophy, science and technology. He
is also a noted defender of scientific and moral realism, Bayesian reasoning, and historical methods.

Support Dr. Carrier

Subscribe To This Blog

Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Join 5,459 other subscribers

Email Address

Subscribe

Subscribe

Books By Dr. Carrier

Explore C.H.R.E.S.T.U.S.
 Get Your E-Books Signed!

Take Online Courses With Dr. Carrier

As An Amazon Associate I Earn From Qualifying Purchases Following Links On My Website.

Buying From Here Helps Fund My Work.

Recommendations

Proudly powered by WordPress | Copyright 2016 Danza