Addis

 Ababa  University    
Addis  Ababa  Institute  of  Technology  
School  of  Electrical  and  Computer  Engineering  
 
Matlab  Tutorial  
 
Lab  Four:    Calculus  in  Matlab    
 
The  goal  of  this  laboratory  session  is  to  learn  how  algebra  and  calculus  are  done  in  
Matlab.  
 
Exercise  1:  Solving  Algebraic  Equations  
 
The  solve  function  is  used  for  solving  algebraic  equations.  In  its  simplest  form,  the  
solve  function  takes  the  equation  enclosed  in  quotes  as  an  argument.    
 
 
Procedure:    
1. Write  the  following  script  in  algebra.m  file  and  execute  it  to  see  the  solution  
to  an  algebraic  equation.  
 
% This script demonstrates solving algebraic equations

%%
%solving a quadratic equation
eq='x^2 - 7*x +12=0';
s=solve(eq);
disp('The first root is:'),disp(s(1));
disp('The second root is:'),disp(s(2));

2. Add  the  following  code  cell  and  execute  it  to  see  solving  for  a  variable  
%%
%solving for a variable
eq2='v-u-3*t^2';
s2=solve(eq2,'v'); %solving for v
fprintf(1,'%s %s\n','v =',s2);
 
3. Add  the  following  code  cell  and  execute  it  to  see  solution  to  systems  of  
equations  
%%
%solving for systems of equations
eq3= '5*x+9*y=5';
eq4='3*x -6*y=4';
s3=solve(eq3,eq4);
fprintf(1,'%s %f \n %s %f\n','x = ',s3.x,'y = ',s3.y);

4. Add  the  following  code  cell  and  execute  it  to  see  solution  to  systems  of  
equations  

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 %%
% expanding, collecting, factorizing and simlifying equations
syms x %symbolic variable
syms y %symbolic variable

eq5=expand((x+5)*(x+9));
eq6=expand((x+2)*(x-3)*(x-5)*(x+7));
eq7=collect(x^3*(x-7));
eq8=factor(eq6);
eq9=simplify((x^4-16)/(x^2-4));
disp(eq5);
disp(eq6);
disp(eq7);
disp(eq8);
disp(eq9);
 
Exercise  2:  Calculus:  limits  
 
MATLAB   provides   the   limit   command   for   calculating   limits.   In   its   most   basic   form,  
the   limit   command   takes   expression   as   an   argument   and   finds   the   limit   of   the  
expression  as  the  independent  variable  goes  to  zero.    
 
Procedure:  
1. Write  the  following  script  in  limits.m  file  and  execute  it  
%This script demontrates limits in matlab

%%
% simple limits
syms x
f=((x^3+5)/(x^4+7));
l=limit(f);
disp(l);
f2=((x-3)/(x-1));
l2=limit(f2,1); % limit of f2 as goes to 1
disp(l2);

2. Add  the  following  code  cell  to  see  left  and  right  sided  limits  
%%
% left and right sided limits
f3=(x-3)/abs(x-3); %f3 (x-3)/|x-3|
ezplot(f3,[-1,5]);
grid on;
l3=limit(f3,x,3,'left');
r=limit(f3,x,3,'right');
disp(l3);
disp(r);
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Exercise  3:  Calculus:  Differential  
 
MATLAB   provides   the   diff   command   for   computing   symbolic   derivatives.   In   its  
simplest  form,  you  pass  the  function  you  want  to  differentiate  to  diff  command  as  an  
argument.    
 
Procedure:  
1. Write  the  following  script  in  differentials.m  file  and  execute  it  
%%
% computing higher oder derivatives
f=x*exp(-3*x);
diff(f,2) % second order derivative
diff(f,3) % third order derivative

%%
% Given y=f(x)=3sin(x) + 7cos(x) would
% f'' + f= -5cos(2x) holds true

syms x
y=3*sin(x) + 7*cos(5*x); %defining the function
ezplot(y,[-2*pi 2*pi]);
lhs =diff(y,2)+y; %evaluating the left hand side of the
equation
rhs = -5*cos(2*x); %right hand side of the equation
if(isequal(lhs,rhs))
disp('Yes, the equation holds true');
else
disp('No, the equation does not hold true');
end
disp('Value of LHS is: '),disp(lhs);

2. Add  the  following  code  cell  to  see  application  of  finding  minima  and  maxima  
of  a  curve  
%%
% Minima and Maxima finding (local)
y1=2*x^3 + 3*x^2 - 12 *x + 17;
ezplot(y1,[-2 2]);
g=diff(y1);
disp('diff(y)');disp(g);
s=solve(g);
disp('Minima and Maxima:'),disp(s);

3. Add  the  following  code  cell  to  see  solutions  of  differential  equations  
%%
% Solving differential equations with
dsolve('eqn','cond1','cond2', ...)
% f'(t)=-2f + cos(t)
syms t
deq='Df=-2*f+cos(t)';
dsolve(deq)
%f''(x)+2f'(x)=5sin3x
deq2='D2y-2*Dy=5*sin(3*x)';
dsolve(deq2)
%with initial conditions

  3  
 %y''-y=0, y(0)=-1, y'(0)=2
deq3='D2y-Dy=0';
dsolve(deq3,'y(0)=-1','Dy(0)=2')
 
Exercise  4:  Calculus:  Integration  
 
Integration  deals  with  two  essentially  different  types  of  problems.  In  the  first  type,  
derivative   of   a   function   is   given   and   we   want   to   find   the   function.   Therefore,   we  
basically   reverse   the   process   of   differentiation.   This   reverse   process   is   known   as  
anti-­‐differentiation,   or   finding   the   primitive   function,   or   finding   an   indefinite  
integral.    
 
Procedure:  
1. Write  the  following  script  in  integrals.m  file  and  execute  it  
 
%% Indefinite integrals

syms x n
int (sym(x^n));
f='sin(n*t)'
int(sym(f))
syms a t
int ( a*cos(pi*t))
int (a^x)
pretty(int(x^5*cos(5*x)))

 
The  second  type  of  problems  involve  adding  up  a  very  large  number  of  very  small  
quantities  and  then  taking  a  limit  as  the  size  of  the  quantities  approaches  zero,  while  
the   number   of   terms   tend   to   infinity.   This   process   leads   to   the   definition   of   the  
definite   integral.   Definite   integrals   are   used   for   finding   area,   volume,   center   of  
gravity,   moment   of   inertia,   work   done   by   a   force,   and   in   numerous   other  
applications.

Procedure:  
1. Add    the  following  code  cell  in  integrals.m  file  and  execute  it  
 
%% Definite Integrals
f=x^3 -2*x +5;
a=int(f,1,2);
display('Area: '), disp(double(a));
f=x^2*cos(x);
ezplot(f,[-4,9]);
a=int(f,-4,9);
disp('Area:'),disp(double(a));

 
 
 
 

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