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5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1997
Abstract— Based on a single-stage isolated power-factor-cor- In this paper, a brief review on the principle of single-
rected power supply (SSIPP or S2 IP2 ) employing a boost power- stage power-factor-corrected switching regulators is first given.
factor-correction (PFC) cell, the relationship between the input Then, the factors affecting the shape of the input line current of
line voltage and line current of such switching regulators is
studied. The conditions for unity power factor are derived. A such regulators will be studied. Based on these findings, a new
control scheme to reduce the switch voltage stress while main- control scheme to achieve a power factor up to unity will be
taining unity power factor is proposed. Practical implementation proposed. A practical version of the control scheme, using only
of the proposed control scheme is discussed. It is found that, four additional passive components, will be described. The
by adding a simple input voltage feedforward to a conventional circuit represents a truly simple and low-cost implementation
PWM controller, the switch voltage stress can be much reduced,
while keeping the power factor very close to unity. Analysis and of near-unity power factor S IP . Steady-state analysis based
experimental results indicate that such a scheme is effective and on the new control schemes will be given. Experimental results
feasible. will also be presented.
Index Terms— Fast output-voltage regulation, power-factor
correction, SSIPP. II. PRINCIPLE OF SINGLE-STAGE
POWER-FACTOR-CORRECTED SWITCHING REGULATORS
I. INTRODUCTION Based on an S IP using a boost PFC cell [2], the principle
of operation of single-stage power-factor-corrected switching
current of the boost cell (so as to make it look like the mode and the forward cell always in continuous mode. The
rectified sinewave). In the topologies proposed in [2], the meanings of the symbols used in Fig. 2 are as follows:
design makes use of the natural shape of the boost-cell input switching period of ;
current (under discontinuous mode operation) to achieve a duty cycle of ;
nonideal power-factor correction. angular frequency of ac line input;
It should be noted that an S IP using a buck-boost input
cell operating in discontinuous mode will theoretically have (1)
a unity power factor. However, it is not the preferred input
cell, because a buck-boost converter has a poorer conversion (2)
efficiency compared with a boost converter.
where , in fact, is the duty cycle of the diode switch .
From Fig. 2, the input current is found to be
III. CONTROL SCHEME TO ACHIEVE UNITY POWER FACTOR
Based on well-established low-frequency behavior models
of boost and forward converters [14]–[16], the relationship
or
between the line voltage and the input current of an S IP
with a boost PFC cell will be studied in this section. The (3)
conditions for unity power factor will then be derived.
Fig. 2 shows the low-frequency behavior model of the S IP
given in Fig. 1. For the sake of analytic simplicity, it is here In the actual operation of the S IP , the following assumptions
assumed that the boost cell always operates in discontinuous are valid.
1262 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1997
(4)
V. ANALYSIS
The steady-state analysis will be carried out based on the
circuit model of Fig. 2. One of the important parameters of
the circuit is the voltage stress across the storage capacitor.
This voltage can be determined by equating the average output Fig. 4. Voltage ratio V^i =Vc as a function of .
current of the boost cell during a line half cycle to the average
input current of the forward cell during the same half cycle. undesirable continuous-mode operation of the boost cell. To
Referring to Fig. 2, the equality can be written as follows: ensure the boost cell is operating in the discontinuous mode,
we must have
or (15) or
(19)
or
Substituting (14) and the circuit parameters, the following
equation for the voltage is obtained:
(18)
where .
Also, it is obvious from Fig. 4 that a larger inductance (23)
value of will give a higher (and, therefore, better)
voltage ratio. However, too large a value of may result in
1264 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1997
(25)
(26)
(a)
Fig. 11. Transient response of the output voltage to step changes in the
loading current from 100% to 50% and back.
VII. CONCLUSION
The factors affecting the power factor of single-switch fast-
response switching regulators using a boost input cell have
been studied. A control scheme to reduce switch voltage stress
and to improve the power factor has been proposed. A simple
and low-cost implementation of the proposed scheme, using
only four passive components, has also been discussed. Ex-
perimental results have confirmed that single-switch regulators
Fig. 9. Converter efficiency versus output power.
employing the new control scheme can be designed to have a
relatively low voltage stress, while maintaining a high power
factor.
REFERENCES
[1] Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 3: Limits, Section 2: Limits
for Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current 16A Per<
Phase), IEC 1000-3-2, 1st ed., 1995-03.
[2] R. Redl, L. Balogh, and N. O. Sokal, “A new family of single-
stage isolated power-factor-correctors with fast regulation of the output
voltage,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC’94, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., 1994,
pp. 1137–1144.
[3] E. X. Yang et al., “Isolated boost circuit for power-factor correction,”
in Proc. APEC’93, pp. 196–203.
[4] R. Erickson, M. Madigan, and S. Singer, “Design of a simple high-
Fig. 10. Harmonic contents of input current. power-factor rectifier based on the flyback converter,” in Proc.
APEC’90, pp. 792–801.
[5] M. M. Jovanovic, D. M. C. Tsang, and F. C. Lee, “Reduction of
the converter efficiency at different power levels with . voltage stress in integrated high-quality rectifier-regulators by variable-
Under the condition of 110-V ac input and 18-V dc output (at frequency control,” in Proc. APEC’94, pp. 569–575.
1266 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 33, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1997
[6] H. Watanabe, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Sekine, M. Morikawa, and T. Ishii, “The Y. S. Lee received the M.Sc. degree from the
suppressing harmonic currents, MS (magnetic-switch) power supply,” in University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K., and
Proc. INTELEC’95, pp. 783–790. the Ph.D. degree from the University of Hong Kong,
[7] M. Brkovic and S. Cuk, “Novel single stage AC-to-DC converters with in 1974 and 1988, respectively.
magnetic amplifiers and high power factor,” in Proc. APEC’95, pp. He was with Cable & Wireless, Rediffusion Tele-
447–453. vision, and the General Post Office, all in Hong
[8] S. Teramoto et al., “A power supply of high power factor,” in Proc. Kong, before joining The Hong Kong Polytech-
Chinese-Japanese Power Electronics Conf. 1992, pp. 365–372. nic University, Kowloon, in December 1969 as a
[9] M. Madigan, R. Ericson, and E. Ismail, “Integrated high quality rectifier- Member of the Academic Staff. He is currently a
regulators,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC’92, pp. 1043–1051. Professor in the Department of Electronic Engineer-
[10] I. Takabasi and R. Y. Igarashi, “A switching power supply of 99% power ing. He is the author of the book Computer-Aided
factor by the dither rectifier,” in Proc. INTELEC’91, pp. 714–719. Analysis and Design of Switch-Mode Power Supplies (New York: Marcel-
[11] M. H. Kherulawa et al., “A fast-response high power factor converter Dekker, 1993) and 60 technical papers on the design of power electronics
with a single power stage,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC’91, pp. 769–779. and analogue circuits.
[12] Y. Jiang and F. C. Lee, “Single-stage single-phase parallel power Dr. Lee is a fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (U.K.) and the
factor correction scheme,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC’94, Taipei, Taiwan, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers.
R.O.C., 1994, pp. 1145–1151.
[13] K. H. Liu and Y. L. Lin, “Current waveform distortion in power factor
correction circuits employing discontinuous-mode boost converters,” in
Conf. Rec. IEEE PESC’89, pp. 825–829.
[14] S. Cuk and R. D. Middlebrook, Advances in Switched-Mode Power C. K. Tse (M’90) received the B.Eng.(Hons) and
Conversion, vols. I and II. Millbrae, CA: Tesla, 1983. Ph.D. degrees from the University of Melbourne,
[15] Y. S. Lee, Computer-Aided Analysis and Design of Switch-Mode Power Melbourne, Australia, in 1987 and 1991, respec-
Supplies. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1993, ch. 2. tively.
[16] Y. S. Lee, D. K. W. Cheng, and S. C. Wong, “A new approach to He is currently an Assistant Professor at The
the modeling of converters for SPICE simulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon,
Electron., vol. 7, pp. 741–753, Oct. 1992. where his research interests include circuit theory
[17] Y. S. Lee and K. W. Siu, “Single-switch fast-response switching and power electronics.
regulators with unity power factor,” in Proc. APEC’96, San Jose, CA, Dr. Tse was awarded the L. R. East Prize by the
1996, pp. 791–796. Institution of Engineers, Australia, in 1988. He is a
Chartered Professional Engineer in Australia.