Rta a Ceasar) Outline : 1, 2 3 4 . Electric Field and Electric Forces. . Electric Field Lines. . Electric Charge in Electric Field. . Electric Dipole in Electric Field.Electric Field & Electric Forces Contact forces: interactions Non-contact forces: attract or ‘between objects that touch repel, even from a distance spring force electricforce rag orce frictional force * gravitational force normal forceElectric Field & Electric Forces To understand the non-contact forces, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) introduced the idea of the field, In the electrical case, an electri penetrate all of space. ield extends outward from every charge and If a second charge is placed near the first charge, it feels a force exerted by the electric field that is there (say, at point P).. The electric field at point P is considered to interact directly with the second charge producing force on it. \| apElectric Field & Electric Forces We can investigate the electric field surrounding a charge by measuring the force on a positive test charge which is at rest. ‘Test charge: a charge so small that the force it exerts does not significantly affect the charges that create the field. Consider a tiny positive test charge q is placed at various locations (points A, B, C) in the vicinity of a single positive charge Q. The force at B is less than at A because B's distance from Qis greater (Coulomb's law); and the force at C is smaller still In each case, the force on q is directed radially away from Q.Electric Field & Electric Forces + Electric fields also obey the principle of superposition. * The net electric field at a given point due to several particles is the vector sum of the fields due to each particle (such as £, due to particle 1) :Electric Field Lines The electric field could be represented with arrows (such as at A, B, and C). E, The directions of E4, Eg, and Er are the same as for the forces, but the magnitudes (arrow lengths) are different. A e0 Co E We draw a series of lines to indicate the direction of the ° electric field at various points in space. x These electric field lines (or lines of force) are drawn to indicate the direction of the force due to the given field on a positive test charge.Electric Field Lines The figure shows: A. The electric field lines due to two equal charges of opposite sign, a combination known as an electric dipole. * The electric field lines are curved and directed from the positive charge to the negative charge. * The direction of the electric field at any point is tangent to the field line at that point as shown by the vector arrow E at point P. B. The electric field lines for two equal positive charges, and C. for unequal charges, - Qand +2Q. Note that twice as many lines leave +2Q as enter -Q (number of lines is proportional to magnitude of Q),Electric Charge in Electric Field An electric field E exerts a force F on a point charge q given by: aa q * This force will produce an acceleration given as: (mis the mass of the charged particle) + Consider two parallel metal plates (isolated from each other) are connecting the terminals of a battery. + If the spacing between them is small compared with their dimensions, the electric field between them will be uniform except near the edges.Electric Charge in Electric Field Example 1 + Consider two parallel conducting plates (with a small gap between them) are connected to the terminals of a battery, the resulting charges on the plates produce a nearly uniform electric field E between the plates. + If the plates are 1.0 cm apart and are connected to a 100-volt battery, the field is vertically upward and has magnitude E = 1,00 x 10* N/C. (2) If an electron is released from rest at the upper plate, what is its og ion? (b) What speed and kinetic en a does it iM lala acquire while traveling to the lower plate? 100 i (c) How long does it take to travel this distance? (-e=-1.60% 10 ¢ & m,=9.11 10" kg)Electric Charge in Electric Field Example 2 Consider an electron enters the region of a uniform 5 down sate (oppo ana electric field, with v, = 3.0 x 10° m/s and ae Wk beions corral E = 200 N/C. The horizontal length of the plates is y 010m. k e -| (A) Find the acceleration of the electron while it is in the electric field (8) Assuming the electron enters the field at time ¢ = 0, find the time at which it leaves the field. (C) Assuming the vertical position of the electron as it enters the field is y, = 0, what is its vertical position when it leaves the field?Electric Dipole in Electric Field An electric dipole is a pair of point charges with equal magnitude and opposite sign separated by a distance ‘a’. The electric dipole moment P of an electric dipole is a vector points from the negative to the positive end of the dipole. Consider an electric dipole in a uniform electric field E. The dipole moment P makes an angle 8 with the field E. Forces +F and -F on the two charges both have magnitude gE, but their directions are opposite. The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field is zero. However, the forces on the charged ends produce a net torque fon + = the dipole its magnitude is - r= Frsin @ + F(d — x)sin 6 = Fasin 0. etElectric Dipole in Electric Field * We can write the magnitude of 7 in terms of the magnitudes of _ Ee i) the electric field £ and the dipole moment : 5 . o Ga: 4 qd (magnitude of electric dipole moment) sa = v 7= pEsin 8. 7 —— 7=BXE (orqueonacpor) * The torque acting on a dipole tends to rotate P into the direction of field E (reducing 8)