2 Thermal Physics

CIE Physics GCSE
Topic 2.1 - Simple Kinetic Molecular

Model of Matter
Flashcards
PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

This work by https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
https://bit.ly/pmt-edu
www.pmt.education https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
Describe the particle arrangement of a
solid.
Describe the particle arrangement of a solid.
Tightly packed in a regular arrangement.

Particles cannot move, but vibrate on the
spot.
liquid.
Describe the particle arrangement of a liquid.
Close together, but irregular

arrangement. They can flow past each
other.
gas.
Describe the particle arrangement of a gas.
Separated, with no regular arrangement.

Particles can move freely.
How does density compare in solids,
liquids and gases?
How does density compare in solids, liquids and
gases?
Solids are the most dense, then liquids,

then gases
How does temperature affect the motion
of particles?
How does temperature affect the motion of particles?
As temperature increases, particles have

more kinetic energy, so vibrate/move
more.
What is Brownian motion?
What is Brownian motion?
The constant and random movement of

particles in a fluid, resulting from
collisions between the particles.
What is evaporation?
What is evaporation?
The escape of higher-energy particles

from the surface of a liquid to form a gas.
What happens when gases cool?
What happens when gases cool?
They lose energy and condense back

into a liquid.
What happens if the volume of a fluid is
decreased?
What happens if the volume of a fluid is decreased?
The pressure increases (if temperature is

constant).
What happens if the temperature of a
gas is increased? (at a constant volume)
What happens if the temperature of a gas is
increased? (at a constant volume)
The pressure will increase.
Give an equation relating pressure and
volume at a constant temperature
(supplement)
Give an equation relating pressure and volume at a
constant temperature (supplement)
Where…
pV = constant p = pressure, Pa
V = volume, m³
CIE Physics GCSE
Topic 2.2 - Thermal Properties and
Temperature
Flashcards

What is thermal expansion?
What is thermal expansion?
When a material is heated, the particles
have more kinetic energy so move more,
resulting in more space between
molecules - and ultimately resulting in
the material expanding.
Which state of matter experiences the
most thermal expansion? (supplement)
Which state of matter experiences the most thermal
expansion? (supplement)
Gases, because the particles have most

freedom to move.
Describe how temperature is measured
by liquid-in-glass apparatus.
Describe how temperature is measured by
liquid-in-glass apparatus.
● As temperature rises/falls, the liquid

expands/contracts
● A scale is used to calibrate and convert
expansion to a temperature value
Give examples of fixed points used to
calibrate thermometers.
Give examples of fixed points used to calibrate
thermometers.
● Melting point of water (0℃)

● Boiling point of water (100℃)
Define sensitivity (supplement)
Define sensitivity (supplement)
The change in output per unit change in

input.
What is the sensitivity of a thermometer?
(supplement)
What is the sensitivity of a thermometer?
(supplement)
The change in length per degree change

in temperature.
Describe how to increase the sensitivity
of a thermometer (supplement)
Describe how to increase the sensitivity of a
thermometer (supplement)
● Bigger bulb
● Narrower bore
Define range (supplement)
Define range (supplement)
The difference between the maximum

and minimum values (eg. maximum and
minimum temperature on a
thermometer).
How can the range of a thermometer be
increased? (supplement)
How can the range of a thermometer be increased?
(supplement)
● Wider bore
● Longer stem
Define linearity (supplement)
Define linearity (supplement)
When a change in input causes the

same (or equivalent) change in output.
(eg. 1℃ produces a 1mm change).
Define specific thermal capacity
(supplement)
Define specific thermal capacity (supplement)
The amount of energy needed to raise

the temperature of 1kg of a substance by
1ºC.
Give the equation linking energy and
specific heat capacity (supplement)
Give the equation linking energy and specific heat
capacity (supplement)
E = mc∆T
Where…
E = energy (J) c = specific heat capacity (J/kgºC)
m = mass (kg) ∆T = change in temperature (ºC)
Define internal energy.
Define internal energy.
The energy stored by particles within a

system.
What kinds of energy are stored as
internal energy?
What kind of energy are stored as internal energy?
Kinetic and potential.
How does heating affect internal energy?
How does heating affect internal energy?
It increases internal energy. The particles

gain energy and move more, increasing
their kinetic energy and therefore
increasing the overall internal energy.
What does an increase in internal energy
result in?
What does an increase in internal energy result in?
A change of state or an increase in

temperature.
Describe how to determine the specific
thermal capacity of a material
(supplement)
Describe how to calculate the thermal capacity of a
material (supplement)
● Use an electric heater to heat a substance for a set time
● Work out energy from E=Pt (from the power of the
heater)
● Measure the temperature change with a thermometer
● Calculate specific heat capacity from E=mc∆T
Define specific latent heat.
Define specific latent heat.
The amount of energy needed to change

the state of 1kg of a substance without
changing its temperature.
What are the 2 types of specific latent
heat?
What are the 2 types of specific latent heat?
Specific latent heat of fusion - energy to
change between solid and liquid (melt/freeze)
Specific latent heat of vaporisation - energy to
change between liquid and gas (boil/condense)
Give the equation for energy for a
change of state (supplement)
Give the equation for energy for a change of state
(supplement)
E = mL
Energy (J) = mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/kg)
Define melting point.
Define melting point.
The temperature at which a material in

solid form will become a liquid.
Define boiling point.
Define boiling point.
The temperature at which a material in

liquid form will become a gas.
CIE Physics GCSE
Topic 2.3 - Thermal Processes
Flashcards

In what kind of materials can conduction
occur?
In what kind of materials can conduction occur?
Solids and liquids.
Describe the process of conduction
(supplement)
Describe the process of conduction (supplement)
● Solid/liquid is heated
● Particles vibrate more
● Energy is transferred to adjacent
molecules via collisions, transferring
energy from hot to cold regions
In which materials can convection occur?
In which materials can convection occur?
In fluids (liquids and gases).
Describe the process of convection.
Describe the process of convection.
● When a section of fluid is heated, it becomes

less dense
● This causes it to rise
● Denser fluid falls to take its place and is then
heated, causing it to rise
● This sets up a convection current
What kind of materials can transfer
infrared radiation?
What kind of materials can transfer infrared
radiation?
Any kind of material; it does not require a

medium.
What is infrared radiation?
What is infrared radiation?
It is an electromagnetic wave.
What are the best absorbers of infrared
radiation?
What are the best absorbers of infrared radiation?
Black, dull surfaces.
What are the best emitters of infrared
radiation?
What are the best emitters of infrared radiation?
White, shiny surfaces.
What factors affect the amount of IR
emitted by a body? (supplement)
What factors affect the amount of IR emitted by a
body? (supplement)
● Temperature (higher = more IR)

● Surface area (larger = more IR)

2 Thermal Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Thermal Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIE Physics GCSE

Topic 2.1 - Simple Kinetic Molecular

PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

Tightly packed in a regular arrangement.

Close together, but irregular

Separated, with no regular arrangement.

Solids are the most dense, then liquids,

As temperature increases, particles have

The constant and random movement of

The escape of higher-energy particles

They lose energy and condense back

The pressure increases (if temperature is

The pressure will increase.

PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

Gases, because the particles have most

● As temperature rises/falls, the liquid

● Melting point of water (0℃)

The change in output per unit change in

The change in length per degree change

The difference between the maximum

When a change in input causes the

The amount of energy needed to raise

The energy stored by particles within a

Kinetic and potential.

It increases internal energy. The particles

A change of state or an increase in

The amount of energy needed to change

The temperature at which a material in

The temperature at which a material in

PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc

Solids and liquids.

In fluids (liquids and gases).

● When a section of fluid is heated, it becomes

Any kind of material; it does not require a

Black, dull surfaces.

White, shiny surfaces.

● Temperature (higher = more IR)

You might also like