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 Lifelines of national economy

* Roadways:
- India has one of the largest road networks in the world ,
aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present.

- Ways in which roadways is better than railways are:

(i) Cost of construction
(ii) Area of construction
(iii) Cost of transportation for small quantity of goods.
(iv) Door to door service.
(v) connecting other modes.

* In India, roads are classified in the following six classes:

[1] Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways:

(i) Connect the most important cities of the nation .
(ii) for ex:
• Quadrilateral joining Delhi- Kolkata- Chennai- Mumbai and delhi
by six lane super highways.
• The north- South corridors linking Srinagar- Kanyakumari, and
East- West corridors connecting silcher- porbandar.
(iii) Manage: National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).

[2] National Highways:

(i) Connect the extreme cities of nation .
(ii) for ex: The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called National
Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.
(iii) Manage: Central Public Work Department (CPWD)
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[3] State Highways:
(i) Links state capital with different districts.
(ii) Manage: Public Works Department (PWD).

[4] Districts roads:

(i) Links all different places of a district.
(ii) Manage: Zila Parishad.

[5] Other roads:

(i) Links rural areas to urban areas
(ii) Manage: Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.

[6] Border Roads:

(i) Roads in bodering areas of the country.
(ii) Manage: Border Roads Organisation (BRO).

- Classification of the roads on the basis of material used:

(i) Metalled roads: cement or concrete and are all weather roads
(ii) Unmetalled roads: sand and oil and they go out use in rainy
season.

* Road density: The length of road per 100 sq. km. of area is
known as Road Density.
- In India roads are inadequate i.e. not uniformly distributed but
they play a major role in transportation.
- For ex: Jammu and kashmir = 10 km
: Uttar Pradesh = 430+ km

*Railways:

- Principal mode for bulky goods and passengers.

- Plays major role in national economy
- Total railways network: 65,000+ km.

*Problems faced by Indian Railways:

(i) Passengers without tickets.
(ii) Damaging railway's properties.
(iii) Stealing railway's properties.
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*Pipelines:

- Earlier use : Water transportation.

- Now: Transport of Crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas
transportation
- Initial cost of pipelines are high but it's maintenance cost is
comparable low.
- Three important networks of pipelines transportation in country:
(i) From oil field in Assam to Kanpur.
(ii) Gujrat to Jalandhar.
(iii) Gujrat to Uttar Pradesh.

* Waterways:

- It is Cheap, fuel efficient, eco- friendly and suitable for carrying

bulky goods.
- Three national waterways:
(i) Allahabad to Haldia through Ganga.
(ii) Sadia to Dhubri through Brahmaputra.
(iii) Internal Kerela.
-- 95% of India's trade is through waterways

* Major sea ports:

- India has 12 major and 187 non- major ports.

- Various ports:
(i) Kandla port
(ii) Haldia port
(iii) New Mangalore port
(iv) Mumbai port

* Airways:
- Fastest, comfortable and prestigious.
- Can cover all terrains like mountains, deserts and Oceans.
- Companies:
•Air India- provides International air services.
•Pawanhans Helicopter Limited - provide helicopter services to Oil
and Natural gas.
- Problem: expensive
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* Communication:

- Means of communication:
(i) Personal communication
(ii) Mass communication

(i) Personal communication:

- Communication between two or more persons at personal level.
- It include Private letters, memos, e-mail.
- The Indian postal network is the largest in world.
- First class mail: cards and envelopes
- Second class mail: packets, registered newspaper.
- To facilitate quick delivery of mails , six channels have been
introduced:
(i) Rajdhani channel (ii) Metro channel
(iii) Green channel (iv) Business channel
(v) Bulk Mail channel (vi) Periodical channel

(ii) Mass communication:

- Communication between large number of people at the same
time.

- It is a source of education and entertainment

- Instant source of mass information.
- India has one of the largest telecom network in Asia.
- Provision to extend 24 hours STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialling)
facilities in every village in the country.
- All India radio ( Akashwani) broadcast a variety of programs in
various languages.
- Doordarshan broadcasts a variety of programmes from
entertainment, educational sports, etc.
- Helps in creating awareness among people.

* International Trade:
- Trade: exchange of goods among people, States and countries.
• The market is the place where such exchanges takes place.
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* Local trade: It is carried in cities towns and villages.
• It is done mainly through land routes.

* International trade: trade between two or more countries.

• takes place through sea, air or land routes.
• Export and import are the two components of this trade.

* Balance of trade:
- The balance of trade of a country is the different between its
exports and imports.
- Export and import are the components of international trade.
- When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is
called a favourable balance of trade.
- If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is called
unfavorable balance
- India has unfavorable balance of foreign trade. India's imports
are higher than that of her exports.
- Advancement of international trade of a county is an index to its
economic prosperity. It is therefore considered the economic
barometer for a country.

* Tourism as a trade:
- Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspect of a
trade
- Tourism in India has grown substantially.
- It helps as promotion of National integration.
- Provide support to local handicrafts.
- Development of international understanding about our culture and
heritage.

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