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Development

*Development: To improve from current situation

- Sometimes it is good for one but not for other.
ex: Dams, it is good for urban people but not for Tribal people.

Types of Development
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Material/thing Non - Material things
ex: Money, car, House, ex: Freedom, Equality,
etc... Respect, etc...

* Que: How we compare development of the country?

Ans: Income (used by World Bank)

* Income of country = Per Capita Income/Average income

* Average Income / Per capita Income = Total income of people

↓ Total no. of people
- Income of an average
person in that country per year.

* Per Capita Income:

- if PCI of the country is $12736+ , then that country is considered
as Rich country

- if PCI of the country is less than $1045 , then it is considered as

Poor/low income countries.
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* In 2013, PCI of India is $1570

* Disadvantage of Per Capita Income:

- It hides disparities.

ex: Let there are two countries - A and B and PCI of both countries
is same. let, it is $5000

A B

- In country A, income of - In country B, income of 90%

99% people is between
$4000 - $6000
- Then we can say that resources
are distributed equally.
people is $500 and income
of other 10% is nearly $50,000
- Here Resources are not
divided equally.
- Rich people rule

- Here, PCI of both the countries is same but people are not
equally rich in country B.

* Other disadvantages:
1) It ignore other things like Infant morality rate(IMR), Literacy rate,
health care, etc...
2) It includes all people, wheather employed or unemployed
( satisfied by above example)

* Development of country is not only depends on its Per capita

Income, but also on other factors like Freedom, Health, Education,
Security, etc..

ex: U.S.A is very rich and developed country but still some people
don't want to live in U.S.A because there is Racism in U.S.A
- 97% Americans accept that racism is present and is a problem in
America (2017 report)

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* Now we Compare 3 states :

Maharashtra Kerela Bihar

*Per Capita Income:

- ₹ 1,17,091 - ₹ 1,03,820 - ₹ 31, 199

* Infant Morality Rate(IMR): No. of children that die before the

age of 1 per 100 live births in that year.

IMR: 24 12 42

* Literacy Rate(LR): It measures the literate population in 7+ age

group.

LR: 82% 94% 62%

* Net Attendence Ratio: It is the % of children attending school of

age group 14 and 15 years.

NAR: 64% 78% 35%

Result: 1st - Kerela

2nd - Maharashtra
3rd- Bihar

- This shows Country should not be compared only through its Per
Capita Income.

* Que: Why Kerela has better IMR even with low per capita
income?
Ans: 1) It has adequate no. of clinics and hospitals.
2) Kerela have a good Public Distribution System (PDS)
3) It has adequate no. of schools and colleges.
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* Body Mass Index (BMI):

- Formula: weight (kg)

(height)^2 (m)

- If BMI < 18.5 18.5 < BMI < 25 25 < BMI

- Person is Under - Person is Normal - Person is Over -
nourished weight.

* Human Development Index (HDI)

* Life Expectancy: Its is average expected length of life of a

person at the time of Birth.
- In India it is 68 years.

* Sustainable Development: Development which should take place

without damaging the environment, and
development in present should not compromise with the needs of
the future.

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