TS 4447 - Highway Geometric Design Elements of Traffic Engineering

Road User
(Driver)

Basic Design Consideration Roadway

Traffic
Control Device

Vehicle
Civil Engineering Department  Petra Christian University
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Definition of the road users The Human Response System

The road users are defined as drivers, passengers, Information is received by the driver through
bicyclists, and pedestrians who use streets and the visual and auditory senses. Information can
highways. also be received via vibrations (i.e., pavement
etching, raised pavement markers, etc.).

http://news.thomasnet.com/images/large/015/15626.jpg

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Visual Senses Auditory Senses

Research has shown that approximately 90% of • Hearing perception

the information that a driver receives is visual. – Ability to detect warning sounds.
– Sirens, horns.

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Seeing or Visual Perception (1/10) Seeing or Visual Perception (2/10)

• Visual Acuity: Ability to see fine details
The principle characteristics of the eye are: • Static (stationary objects):
• visual acuity, – Depends on brightness
• peripheral vision, » Increases with increasing brightness up
• color vision, to ~ 3 candles (cd/sq ft) -- remains
constant after that.
• glare vision and recovery, and
– Contrast.
• depth perception. – Time (0.5 to 1.0 second).

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Seeing or Visual Perception (3/10)
From GB Reading:
Some 75-year old drivers require how
many times the more brightness at night
to receive visual information than a 25-
year old driver?
32 times
need 2x brightness for each decade past
25.
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Seeing or Visual Perception (5/10)
• Peripheral Vision:
– Side vision. The ability to see objects and
movement outside of the direct line of vision.
– Ability to see objects beyond the cone of clearest
vision (160 degrees)
• Age and Speed dependent.
• Objects seen but details and color are not clear.
– Loss of peripheral vision results in a condition
called tunnel vision, which is like looking through
a tunnel.
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Seeing or Visual Perception (4/10)
• Visual Acuity: Ability to see fine details
• Dynamic (ability to detect moving objects)
– Clear vision within a conical angle 3 to 5º.
– Fairly clear sight within 10o-12o.
– Vision beyond this range is usually blurred.
– Key criteria in determining placement of traffic
signs.
10
Seeing or Visual Perception (6/10)
• Color Vision: ability to differentiate one color
from another
– Lack of ability = color blindness.
– Combinations to which the eye is the most
sensitive
•Black and white.
•Black and yellow.
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Seeing or Visual Perception (7/10) Seeing or Visual Perception (8/10)

• Color blindness is the • Glare vision and recovery is important in designing

reduced ability to and locating street lighting, median barriers, tunnel
distinguish between lights.
red and green.
• It’s estimated that
around 1 in 12 men
(8%) and 1 in 200
women (0,5%) have
some form of colour
blindness.
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Seeing or Visual Perception (9/10) Seeing or Visual Perception (10/10)

• Glare Recovery: Ability to recover from the • Depth perception

effects of glare – Ability to estimate speed and distance
•Dark to light : 3 seconds – headlights in •Passing on two-lane roads.
the eye. •Signs are standardized to aid in
•Light to dark: 6 seconds – turning lights perceiving distance.
off.
•Usually a concern for night driving.

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http://www.biopticdrivingusa.com/storage/Oncoming%20Car%20Fog.jpg
 Blind Spot
Blind Spot
on Intersection

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Perception and Reaction Process (1/5) Perception and Reaction Process (2/5)

The driving task is a continuous series of
sensory cues that the motorist must monitor
and respond to.
The perception of, and reaction to, a particular
cue or stimulus involves four distinct actions on
the part of the driver:
1. Perception: The recognition or realization that a
cue or stimulus exists that requires a response.
Sees or hears situation (sees deer).
2. Intellection or identification: The identification or
interpretation of the cue or stimulus.
Identify situation (realizes deer is in road).

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Perception and Reaction Process (3/5) Perception and Reaction Process (4/5)

3. Emotion or decision: The determination of an PIEV = Perception + Intellection + Emotion + Volition

appropriate response to the cue or stimulus. See Understand Act Execute
Decides on course of action (swerve, stop, change
lanes, etc). PIEV time for a normal person is assumed as 2.5
4. Volition or reaction: The physical response that sec.
results from the decision.
Acts (time to start events in motion but not actually
PIEV  Used for Signal Design and Braking Distance
do action) .
Foot begins to hit brake,
not actual deceleration!!!
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Perception and Reaction Process (5/5) Perception-Reaction Time Factors

 Physical condition (Drugs)

Typical Perception-Reaction time range is:  Visual acuity
 Ability to see
0.5 to 7 seconds  Age
 Environment
 Complexity of situation
Affected by a number of factors.  Complexity of necessary response.
What are they?  Expected versus unexpected situation

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Perception-Reaction Time Factors Perception-Reaction Time Factors

Older Drivers Younger drivers

 May perceive something as a hazard but not  May be able to act quickly but not have
act quickly enough. experience to recognize things as a hazard or
 More difficulty seeing, hearing, reacting. be able to decide what to do.
 Drive slower.  May be more likely to operate
faulty equipment.
 Poorly developed risk perception.
 Are unfamiliar with driving experience.
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What is the Distance Traveled During

Perception-Reaction Time Factors
Perception-Reaction Time? (1/2)
Younger drivers (cont’d)
PIEV distance (dP) = 0,278 x Speed (v) x time (t)
 Are easily distracted by conversation and
dP in meter, v in kph, and t in seconds.
others inside the vehicle.
 Are less apt to drive safely after a few drinks.
Example:
 Drive faster. How much longer does it take an impaired driver
 Feel invincible to perceive/react than an unimpaired one at 100
kph?

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 Why is perception-reaction time important
in Highway Design?
1. Used to determine Stopping sight distance &
Passing sight distance.
2. Used to determine the length of the yellow
phase at a signalized intersection.
3. Used to determine Placement of signs/traffic
control devices.
4. Used to Design of horizontal/vertical curves.

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Elements of Traffic Engineering Traffic Control Devices

Road User  Traffic Markings

(Driver)
 Traffic Signs
 Traffic Signals
Roadway
Traffic  Other Traffic Control Devices
Control Device

Vehicle

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Traffic Markings Traffic Markings
• Indicate regulations • Guide road users

 no passing zones, mandatory turn lanes.  lane lines, cross walks.

• Supplement other devices • Warn road users

 stop lines.  signal ahead, railway grade crossing

ahead.

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Type of Signs Traffic Sign Placement

• Regulatory Signs 1. Allow proper sight distance
– Inform User of Regulation. in design, sign placement
• Warning Signs 2. Avoid hitting driver with
– Inform Users of Hazards.
too much info at once
• Guide Signs
3. One sign at a time
– Navigation Information.
• Motorist Information Signs 4. Clarity (sign size, color,
– Provide Additional Information. reflectivity)

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 Traffic Control Zones Traffic Control Zones

• Advance Warning
Area
• Transition Area
• Activity Area
– Work Space.
– Traffic Space.
– Buffer Space.
Sight distance
• Termination Area is the key!
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Advantages of Traffic Signals

• Orderly movement of traffic.

• Reduces certain types of crashes.
• Interrupts heavy flows for minor movements.
• Promotes driver confidence.
• Provides gap for minor movements.

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Disadvantages of Traffic Signals
• Increases total delay,
especially off-peak.
• Increases fuel consumption.
• Increases crashes.
• Induces road users to less
appropriate routes.
• Unnecessary delay if not
properly located.
• Bad timing, bad engineer!
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The standards for barricades
Traffic Cones
• Color – Orange
• Height – 28” minimum
• Retroreflectorized for
nighttime use
• Made of a material
that can be struck
without damaging the
vehicle
Vehicle-mounted Attenuators
 Variable Message Signs Elements of Traffic Engineering

Road User
(Driver)

Traffic
Roadway
Control Device

Vehicle

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What are Important Vehicular Characteristics

Design Vehicles
Considered in Design?
Vehicles selected from the wide variety of vehicular 1. Length
types to use in highway geometry design. The design 2. Width
vehicle selected for a particular application must
3. Height
represent the great majority of the vehicles expected.
4. Wheelbase
5. Weight
6. Acceleration/deceleration
7. Speed
8. Tire friction
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 Design Vehicle based on RSNI 2004 Design Vehicle Turning Radius
based on RSNI 2004

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Passenger Car Dimension and Turn Radius Truck Dimension and Turn Radius

Max Turning Radius 7,77

(m)
Vehicle Width (m) 2,13 Max Turning Radius 14,14
Swept Path Width 3,38 (m)
(m) {7,77 – 4,39} Vehicle Width (m) 2,59
Swept Path Width 12,80
(m) {14,14 – 1,34}
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 Effect of Curb Radius on Right-Turning Paths Minimum Traveled Way

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Effect of Right-Turning Paths

Reverse vs Forward Movement (Maneuver)
on Design of Median Elements

REVERSE MOVEMENT
Design vehicle WB 20
should be used as a
basis for all freight
related design
considerations.
FORWARD MOVEMENT

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 Climbing Lane

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Elements of Traffic Engineering Roadway

Road User • Pavement, Drainage, Traffic

(Driver)
• Geometric Design
– Highway Function
– Design Control and Criteria
Traffic
Roadway – Cross Section Elements
Control Device
– Elements of Urban Road Design
– Intersections
– Grade Separation and Interchanges
Vehicle – Parking/Terminal Facilities

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 Road Classification and Vehicle
Classification of Highways Dimension based on
Arterials RSNI T-14-2004 & 038/TBM/1997
Higher degrees of Mobility
Low degree of access
Collectors
Balance between Arterials and
Collectors
Siwalankerto???

Locals
Lower degrees of mobility
High degree of access
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Road Classification and Vehicle

Definition of Operating Speed
Dimension based on 007/BM/2009

“the 85th percentile speed of vehicles at times

when traffic volume are low enough to allow a
free choice of speed within the road alignment”
[Manual 1 - Road Safety Engineering for Indonesian Roads, 2012]

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 Urban Road Design Speed
Definition of Design Speed [RSNI T-14-2004, t4 p9]
Road Function Design Speed (kph)
“the speed fixed for the design and correlation
of the geometric features of a carriageway that Primary Arterial 50 – 100
influence vehicle operation. The design speed
Primary Collector 40 – 80
should not be less than the expected operating
speed” Secondary Arterial 50 – 80
[Manual 1 - Road Safety Engineering for Indonesian Roads, 2012]

Secondary Collector 30 – 50

Secondary Local 30 - 50
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Inter-Urban Road Design Speed Motorway Design Speed

[038/TBM/1997, p.11] [007/BM/2009, p.19]

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Roadside Safety Design

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 Emergency Escape Ramps Typical Emergency Escape Ramps

(WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.06 December 2009) (WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.06 December 2009)

Breakaway Sign Posts

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Breakaway Sign Posts

Impact load diagram from Roadside Design Guide, 2011, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.

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Guardrail Terminal Guardrail Terminal

http://www.crashforensics.com/images/papers/53/GRAPHIC1.jpg http://powellcontracting.com/UserFiles/Image/ET%201a.jpg
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The Energite System The Energite System

http://www.ct.gov/dot/lib/dot/images/iresea
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 Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) Guardrail

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Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) Guardrail Concrete Barrier

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 Bisa diunduh di tr4nsport4tion.wordpress.com
“Manual/Regulation/Standard”

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TS 4447 - Highway Geometric Design Percentage of Energy Consumption by Sector

Other Design Considerations

Civil Engineering Department  Petra Christian University Source: : https://grandsolarminimum.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Figure-9.2-Global-Energy-Consumption-by-Fuel-Sector.gif

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 Design Element of Road
Option for Reducing Fuel Consumption
that Affect Fuel Consumption
• Fuel efficiency vehicle  hybrid car???
• Driver handling  less breaking & less rapid
acceleration
• Transport Demand Management  HOV • Distance <<
• Road improvement • Gradient <<
 Pavement, Alignment • Road surface  smooth
• Horizontal Curve >>  Speed >>
• Number of at-grade intersection  Start/Stop

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Effect of Road Alignment on Operational Speed

Factor Affecting Emissions Levels

• Vehicle maintenance
• Vehicle age
• Driving condition
• Driver handling
• Fuel compositions & regulations

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Factor Affecting Emissions Levels Option for Reducing Air Pollution

• Topography  good horizontal & vertical alignment • Government policy

• Limit vehicle exhaust emissions
• Alternative fuels  bio-ethanol, hydrogen, etc.
• Improvement traffic flow condition  good
horizontal & vertical alignment coordination
 constant speed

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Aesthetic & Landscaping Sound Levels Of Common Sources

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Waru-Sidoarjo Tollway Traffic Noise Studies
Traffic Noise Reduction

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Traffic Noise Reduction Traffic Noise Barrier

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