IMPORTANT NOTES ON ANA CHEM LECTURE 2
LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)
- an instrument that will tell us the elements present
on the soil and even rocks that can be found on Mars
with no sample preparation.
- it is a self-sufficient analytical technique that the
only thing it needs to do is to get a sample from the
environment of Mars, can be soil or rocks, and
subject it into LIBS so the material will be ablaze,
they will be irradiated by laser and then some of the
materials that will be deposited or ionized from the
soil or from the rock will be detected by the sensor in
the spectrophotometer.
- the data from LIBS was used by scientists to say or
conclude that in the early times of Mars, since there
are hydrated minerals present, it can be said that
water existed on Mars sometime before it went dry.
Soil Test Kit
- wherein you will be able to determine the nitrogen,
phosphate, and potassium levels where you try to
monitor how much of the three elements are present
in the soil, since these 3 minerals/elements are very
important in the growth of the plant.
Some terms to be familiar:
 Qualitative Analysis – you just want to know
kung meron bang ganitong element, or yung
substance na to may ganitong compound, or ion
present in the sample. The easiest, more general,
more direct in terms of the method.
 Quantitative Analysis – if you want to
determine the exact/relative amount of these
substances in a sample. Usually employs a lot of
techniques and methods. Usually uses statistics and
calculations to be able to arrive at a good
conclusion.
 Analytes – compounds of interest.
 Matrix – the material in which the analyte is
found.
 Assay – sometimes some analytical chemists
use this term. It is specifically used when the
matrix is known by a particular name.
*Analyte and Assay can be used interchangeably.
*Analytical Chemistry is one of the branches of
chemistry that most sciences get to study. It can
help Biologists to prepare specific
experimentations later in doing a thesis paper.
Types of Analysis (based on the nature of the
method)
1. Physical Properties – when measuring weight
or volume.
2. Wet Chemical Analysis Procedures –
madalas na ginagawa sa mga laboratories. Most
basic when dealing with analytical chemistry
experimentations.
Example: When you try to course add a specific
solution to another and see what happens.
3. Instrumental Chemical Analysis – using
UV-Vis, Spectrophotometer, Microscopes, Dry-
Ashing Oven. Data using this method is more
specific and detailed than what you can get from
wet chemical analysis.
*When combining Wet Chemical Analysis with
Instrumental Chemical Analysis, you are creating a
very specific and accurate method.
Quantitative Analysis Flow Chart
Step 3: Processing the Sample – longest
Preparing a Laboratory Sample:
a) Solid Laboratory Sample – prepared by
grinding or by mixing it in a blender. May
resting time after the sample is processed.
b) Analyte is a Gas dissolved in a Liquid – we
must also consider the temperature storages, kung
 IMPORTANT NOTES ON ANA CHEM LECTURE 2

gaano kataas or kababa yung temperature sa loob Quantitative Analysis Methods

ng storage, so it will not destroy or encourage any
Measuring the Amount of the Analyte:
coagulation reaction happening within the sample,
kase kapag nangyari yun we will not be able to Absorbance – when we talk about how much of the
have a sample for chemical analysis. light is being absorbed by the reactive species or the
analyte.
Defining Replicate Samples:
Transmittance – how much of the light passes
Replicates – whose masses or volumes have been
through out of the solution na hindi naabsorb.
determined by careful measurements with an
analytical balance or a precise volumetric device.
This replicate should be the exact copy of your
laboratory sample. This is to make sure you have ppm – parts per million
an ample amount of laboratory samples to be used
for multiple repetitions of your experimentation.
*One thing that could increase the accuracy and
reliability of your results is being able to replicate
your experimentation and arrive a precise data.
The data that are near each other is also accurate or
near to the true value of the sample.
Preparing solutions:
Most of the time, the samples are not soluble by
common solvents. So, if there’s a need that the
analytes in such materials should be in a soluble
form, then it is often time consuming.
One of the time-consuming tasks is making sure
that the sample is dissolved within a solution.

Feedback Control Systems

An example of this are patients who are suffering
from Insulin-dependent Diabetes or Type 2 Diabetes.
They sooner develop hyperglycemia, mataas ang
concentration ng glucose in their bloodstream, above
the normal concentration. The normal concentration
would be 65 to 100 milligram per deciliter of blood.
So, if it is above 100 milligrams, we can consider
that a person is exhibiting hyperglycemia, and it is
one of the symptoms or criteria to say that a person
is diabetic. So, many patients must control their
blood glucose levels by submitting a blood sample.