University of Khartoum

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

A Project Thesis Submitted for Partial Fulfillment for the Degree

of B.Sc (honor) in Mechanical Engineering

Design of Firefighting System for Elneelain Towers.

Presented by:
Nader Salah Mohammed Nour
Ahmed Altijany Suraj Aldeen
Supervisor:
Dr. mohammed ahmed
abdelbagi suraj

August, 2015

1
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our thanks to our supervisor

Mohammed ahmed abdulbagi siraj for the continuous guidance, helpful
comments and invaluable suggestion and kind advice which helped this
work to be in its present form.

2
 Dedication

For my family, who offered me unconditional love and

support throughout my life
Especially to my father, who taught me that the best kind
of knowledge to have is that which is learned for its own
sake. It is also dedicated to my mother, who taught me that
even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one
step at a time. And so my friends

3
 Abstract
Actually, the majorities of people die or get injured in fires
because of exposure to hazardous smoke and toxic gases and not actual
burns. In addition, smoke often obscures Vision and thereby decreases
the ability of fire victims to escape
We have to study the alarm system and firefighting and its
component in details with the international alarm codes, and design a
network fire alarm system for residential compound then Design a
firefighting system and study for fire alarm system to serve six floors
in a residential building long with the hydraulic calculation used to
calculate the requirements that will be used.

the project thesis consist of five chapters, in chapter one an

introduction to the study was written, while in chapter two the
Chemistry of Fire was covered with the literature review and related
works, while chapter three includes the hydraulic calculation, in chapter
four includes the billing of quantity , in chapter five the conclusion and
recommendations was included.

4
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
list of figures ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
list of table ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
List of symbls....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter one : Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 11
1.1 fire............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
1.2 Elements of fire triangle ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Fire Classification................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4 Classification of Occupancies: ............................................................................................................................. 13
Light Hazard Occupancies: .................................................................................................................................... 13
Ordinary Hazard Occupancies: ............................................................................................................................. 13
Extra Hazard Occupancies:.................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 The importance of fire-fighting ........................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter Two : Alarm system and Firefighting ............................................................................................................. 16
2.1 Fire Protection Engineering ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.2 introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.3 system component ................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.3.1 Control panel .................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Input devices ................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Outputs (notifications) .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Fire-Fighting System ............................................................................................................................................. 21
2.4.1Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Manual Fire Fighting .......................................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.3 Automatic Systems:........................................................................................................................................ 27
Chapter three : design....................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 work study ............................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Design Requirements: ........................................................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Hydraulic calculation: ............................................................................................................................................ 36
3.4Automatic Sprinkler System Hydraulic Calculation .......................................................................................... 45
3.4.1 Project Data: ................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.4.2 Sprinklers Distribution Configuration: ....................................................................................................... 46
5
 3.4.3Design Area: ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
3.4.4Sizing of Pipes:................................................................................................................................................. 48
Most remote hydraulic calculation: ....................................................................................................................... 48
Sprinkler hydraulic formula: ................................................................................................................................... 49
Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings:................................................................................................ 49
Calculation: ............................................................................................................................................................... 50
Pump selection:............................................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter four: Quantity of Billing ................................................................................................................................... 57
4.1 Residential tower .................................................................................................................................................... 57
4.1.1 Fire Fighting &Alarm System....................................................................................................................... 57
4.2 Mall tower ............................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.2.1 Fire Fighting & Alarm System ..................................................................................................................... 58
4.2.2 Fire Pump Station &Piping .......................................................................................................................... 59
.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
Chapter Five ...................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Recommindation .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
References : ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64

6
list of figures
Figures 1.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Figures 1.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Figures 2.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Figures 2.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Figures 2.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Figures 2.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Figures 2.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Figures 2.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Figures 2.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Figures 2.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Figures 2.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Figures 2.10 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Figures 2.11 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Figures 2.12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Figures 3.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Figures 3.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Figures 3.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
Figures 3.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Figures 3.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Figures 3.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41
Figures 3.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Figures 3.8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
Figures 3.9 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Figures 3.10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
Figures 3.11 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Figures 3.12 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

7
list of table
Table 3.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Table 3.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Table 3.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Table 3.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
Table 3.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
Table 3.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
Table 4.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
Table 4.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
Table 4.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
Table 4.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
Table 4.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Table 4.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
Table 4.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60

8
List of symbls
p
frictional resistance in psi per foot of pipe
Q flow in gpm

C Hazen-Williams value

d actual internal diameter of pipe in inches

K discharge coefficient

A area

Dd required density

υ viscosity

ρ density

U velocity

ΔZ elevation

L Pipe length

Re Reynolds number

𝑓 friction losses factor

ℎ𝑓 Friction losses

𝐻𝑙 Local losses

c Local coefficient factor

9
Chapter One

10
Chapter one : Introduction
1.1 fire
Fire is a chemical reaction which needs three things to be
present so it can happen:
OXYGEN + HEAT + FUEL = FIRE
If one of these is not present, the fire cannot start.
If one of these is taken from a fire it will go out.
Four ways to put out a fire :
 Cool the burning material.
 Exclude oxygen.
 Remove the fuel.
 Break the chemical reaction.

1.2 Elements of fire triangle

 Fuel (Combustible Substances)
 Air (Oxygen)
 Heat (Sources of Ignition)
 Chain Chemical Reaction
Take any one of these factors away, and the fire cannot occur or
will be extinguished if it was already burning.

figure 1.1

11
1.3 Fire Classification
Class A: Ordinary combustible materials (such as wood, cloth,
paper). They burn with an ember and leave an ash.
Class B: Flammable liquids (burn at room temperature) and
combustible liquids (Petroleum greases, oils, paints, solvents, lacquers,
alcohols). High fire hazard, Extinguish by creating a barrier between
the fuel and the oxygen, such as layer of foam.
Class C: Fuels that would be A or B except that they involve
energized electrical equipment. Special techniques and agents required
to extinguish, most commonly carbon dioxide or dry chemical agents.
Use of water is very dangerous because water conducts electricity.
Class D: Combustible metals (e.g., magnesium, titanium,
sodium, potassium). Water can break down into hydrogen and oxygen,
enhancing burning or exploding. Extinguish with special powders
based on sodium chloride or other salts; also clean dry sand.
Class K: Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible
cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).

Figure 1.2

12
1.4 Classification of Occupancies:
Light Hazard Occupancies:
Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or
portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility
of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
expected.

Ordinary Hazard Occupancies:

Ordinary Hazard (Group 1):
Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is
low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles
do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release
are expected.
Ordinary Hazard (Group 2):
Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined
as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high,
where stockpiles of contents with moderate rates of heat release
do not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m) and stockpiles of contents with high
rates of heat release do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m).

Extra Hazard Occupancies:

Extra Hazard (Group 1):
Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity
and combustibility of contents are very high and dust, lint, or
other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly
developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or
no combustible or flammable liquids.

13
 Extra Hazard (Group 2):
Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to
substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or
occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.

1.5 The importance of fire-fighting

A firefighting system is probably the most important of the
building services, as its aim is to protect human life and property,
strictly in that order, and/or destruction of property and the
environment.

14
Chapter Two

15
Chapter Two : Alarm system and Firefighting
2.1 Fire Protection Engineering
Fire engineering is the application of science and engineering
principles to protect people, property, and their environments from the
harmful and destructive effects of fire and smoke. It encompasses fire
protection engineering which focuses on fire detection, suppression and
mitigation and fire safety engineering which focuses on human
behavior and maintaining a tenable environment for evacuation from a
fire. The discipline of fire engineering includes, but is not exclusive to:
- Fire detection - fire alarm systems and brigade call
systems
- Active fire protection - fire suppression systems
- Passive fire protection - fire and smoke barriers, space
separation
- Smoke control and management
- Escape facilities- Emergency exits, Fire lifts etc.
- Building design, layout, and space planning
- Fire prevention programs
- Fire dynamics and fire modeling
- Risk analysis, including economic factors
Fire protection engineers identify risks and design safeguards
that aid in preventing, controlling, and mitigating the effects of fires.
Fire engineers assist architects, building owners and developers in
evaluating buildings' life safety and property protection goals. Fire
engineers are also employed as fire investigators, including such very
large-scale cases as the analysis of the collapse of the World Trade
Centers.

16
2.2 introduction
An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the
unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes
associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified
as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic
fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to
evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to
an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and
to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of
fire and smoke.

2.3 system component

2.3.1 Control panel
Control panel is a device that controlling components of a fire
alarm system by receiving signals from initiating devices and activates
appropriate notifications devices. Control panels can be classified to
(conventional panel and addressable panel).
2.3.1.1 Fire Alarm Control Units:
- System Operating Configuration
- Conventional fire alarm systems
- Addressable fire alarm systems
- Analog-addressable fire alarm systems
2.3.1.2 Power Units:
Two power supplies are required i.e. mains and battery and
these are normally built into the Fire Alarm Control Panel.
Standby batteries must allow the system to operate without mains
for 24 hours longer than the building is likely to be unoccupied
and then support the sounders for an additional half hour.

17
 2.3.1.3 Types of Fire Alarm Control Panels:
1. Conventional Fire Alarm System:
In a Conventional Fire Alarm System, a number of call points and
detectors are wired to the Fire Alarm Control Panel in Zones. A Zone is a
circuit and typically one would wire a circuit per floor or fire compartment.
The Fire Alarm Control Panel has a number of Zone Lamps. The reason for
having Zones is to give a rough idea as to where a fire has occurred. This is
important for the fire brigade and of course for the building management.
The accuracy of knowing where a fire has started is controlled by the
number of Zones a Control Panel has and the number of circuits that have
been wired within the building.

2. Addressable Systems:
The detection principle of an Addressable System is
similar to a Conventional System except that the Control Panel
can determine exactly which detector or call point has initiated
the alarm. The detection circuit is wired as a loop and up to 99
devices may be connected to each loop. The detectors are
essentially Conventional Detectors, with an address built in. The
address in each detector is set by dil switches and the Control
Panel is programmed to display the information required when
that particular detector is operated
2.3.2 Input devices
Detectors and manual call point.
2.3.2.1 Detectors
They can be classified based on reset-ability
1-Resettable:
It is a device in which the sensing element is not destroyed in the
process of operation;
Restoration can be manual or automatic.
2-Non-resettable:
A device in which the sensing element is designed to be
destroyed in the process of operation, the sprinkler head is a good
example.

18
 2.3.2.1.1Types of detectors
1. Smoke detector:
Smoke detectors are self-contained devices that can
detect fire or smoke and set out an alarm for the occupants
of a building to evacuate its premises. Smoke alarms
detect fire at an early stage. This gives individuals ample
time to leave the building that has caught fire. Hence,
installing smoke alarms help to reduce casualties to a large
extent and ensures fire safety. All smoke detectors consist
of two basic parts: a sensor to sense the smoke and a very
loud electronic horn to wake people up. Smoke detectors
can run off of a 9-volt battery or 120-volt house current.
2 - Heat detectors
It is the fire detector that detects either abnormally
high temperature or rate of Temperature rise, or both.
2.3.2.2 Manual Call Point
2.3.2.2.1 Types of fire boxes:
1. Fire alarm pull station as shown in figure (2.1)
2. Manual call point (break glass) as shown in figure (2.2)

Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2

19
2.3.3 Outputs (notifications)
2.3.3.1 Types of notification devices
a) Audible
1. Bells
2. Horns
3. Sounder
4. Chimes
5. Speakers
They are designed to produce very loud and hard sound
when activated. They are available in many shapes and sizes as
shown in figure (2.3).

Figure 2.3

b) Visual
1. Strobes
2. Flasher
Visual signaling appliances are used in high noise
environments or in areas where audible devices may not be
desirable. Shapes of visual devices shown in figure (2.4)

20
 Figure 2.4

2.4 Fire-Fighting System

2.4.1Introduction:
A fire-fighting system is probably the most
important of the building services, as its aim is to protect
human life and property, strictly in that order.
It consists of three basic parts:
- A large store of water in tanks, either underground or on
top of the building, called fire storage tanks.
- A specialised pumping system.
- A large network of pipes ending in either hydrants or
sprinklers (nearly all buildings require both of these
systems)

2.4.2 Manual Fire Fighting

2.4.2.1Fire Extinguishers
2.4.2.1.1 Introduction
A fire extinguisher is a storage container for an
extinguishing agent such as water or chemicals. It is designed
to put out a small fire—not a big one. An extinguisher is
labeled according to whether the fire on which it is to be used
occurs in wood or cloth, flammable liquids, electrical, or
metal sources. Using the wrong type of extinguisher on a fire
can make the fire much worse.
Use a Fire Extinguisher When: The fire is contained
and not spreading , The extinguisher is readily available , You
know how to use it properly, Personal safety is not
compromised , There is a clear path for escape.

21
2.4.2.1.2 Type of fire extinguishers
1. Water extinguishers.
2. Foam extinguishers.
3. Dry powder extinguishers.
4. Carbon dioxide extinguishers.
5. Halon extinguishers.

1. Water extinguisher
Water Extinguishers are suitable for class A fires
caused by the combustion of solid materials, mainly of
organic origin, such as: wood, paper, straw, textiles, coal
etc. The spray version must pass electrical conductivity
tests although should not be used on electrical hazards.
Class A
Safe for wood, paper, textiles
Not safe for flammable liquid fires, live electrical
equipment or flammable metal fires
2.Foam extinguisher
Foam Extinguishers are ideal where both A & B
class fire risks exist.
AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) is
particularly suited to class B fires
caused by the combustion of materials that
liquefy such as petrol, oils,
fats, paints, tar etc
Class A
Safe for wood, paper, textiles
Class B
22
 Flammable liquids
Not safe for live electrical equipment or flammable
metal fires
3. Dry Powder Extinguishers
Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers are Suitable for
mixed fire risk environments and are especially suited
for flammable liquids and fires involving flammable
gases such as methane, propane, hydrogen, natural gas etc.
This range offers a combination of fire performance and
ease of service.
Class A
Safe for wood, paper, textiles
Class B
Flammable liquids
Class C
Gaseous fires, live electrical equipment
4.Carbon Dioxide CO2 Extinguishers
Carbon Dioxide CO2 Extinguishers are suitable
for Class B risks involving flammable liquids and for
electrical hazards. CO2 is harmless to electrical equipment
and is ideal for modern offices, electronic risks, and fires
caused by the combustion of liquids such as: oils, fats,
solvents etc. The 5 kg size has a 70 B fire rating.
Class B
Safe for Flammable liquids, live
electrical equipment.
Not recommended for wood, paper, textiles.
Not to be used within confined spaces

23
 5.Halon Extinguishers
The bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211)
fire extinguisher has an agent that is similar to carbon
dioxide in that it is suitable for cold weather installation
and leaves no residue. Some larger models of Halon 1211
fire extinguishers are listed for use on Class A as well as
Class B and Class C fires. Compared to carbon dioxide on
a weight-of-agent basis, (Halon 1211) is at least twice as
effective. When discharged, the agent is in the
combined form of a gas/mist with about twice the range of
carbon dioxide. To some extent, windy conditions or
strong air currents could make extinguishment difficult by
causing the rapid dispersal of the agent.
Class B
Flammable liquids
Class C
Gaseous fires, live electrical equipment
2.4.2.2 Standpipe and Hose Systems:
A standpipe system is an installation of pipes ,
valves , and hose stations within a structure that can be
used to discharge water to extinguish a fire . The standpipe
system must have water supply or a pump system available
to supply it.

2.4.2.2.1 .Standpipe Systems Components:

a) Closets and Cabinets:
Cabinets are enclosures to keep the fire
equipments in good conditions, away from tampering and
ready for use in emergency. Cabinet are usually from steel
and red painted to indicate a fire equipment’s
24
 B ) Fire Hose:
There are two types of hoses :
1‐ Collapsible Hose:

figure 2.5

usually for diameters larger than 1”, it

made from polyester fabric and rubber lining.

2‐ Simi‐rigid Hose:
This hosie usually constructed from a
rubber – covered semi – rigid hose wt internal
reinforcements , this hose keeps it ’s

2.4.2.2.2 .Types of a standpipe system:

a) Wet system:
Standpipe system having a supply valve open and
water pressure maintained at all times to the outlet valves.

figure 2.6

25
 Dry system:
Normally empty – system is charged
automatically when an electrical switch or other
device located at each out let is activated.

figure 2.7

2.4.2.2.3 .System classes:

Class I:
Used by firefighters and those trained in heavy
streams. Must be capable in supplying fire streams for
advanced stages of fire, this type of system is equipped
with a 2.5 in (65 mm) angle valve for hose attachment.
Class II :
Used by building occupants (with no special
firefighting training) until arrival of fire department,
system is usually equipped with 11⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose in
26
 varying lengths of 50 to 150 ft (50 m to 45.7 m) and is
designed to discharge water at a rate of 50 gpm (189 L/m)
per hose rack at a pressure of 65 psi (4.5 bar).
Class III:
A combination of Class I and Class II, For use by
firefighter and those trained in handling heavy streams or
by building occupants.

2.4.3 Automatic Systems:

2.4.3.1 Fire sprinkler system:
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection
measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping
system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. For most fires,
water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire sprinklers
utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat. This
action cools the combustion process and prevents ignition of
adjacent combustibles.
The basic components of a sprinkler system are the
sprinklers, system piping, and a dependable water source. Most
systems also require an alarm, system control valves. The
sprinkler is the spray nozzle which distributes water over a
defined fire hazard area. Each sprinkler operates by actuation of
its own temperature linkage. The typical sprinkler consists of a
frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector.
Styles of each component may vary but the basic principles of
each remain the same

27
2.4.3.2 Types of an automatic fire sprinkler system:
a) Wet sprinkler systems:
Wet type systems are the most common type of
sprinkler system that is installed. A wet pipe system has
water in the pipes in the ambient or normal condition and
has heat responsive elements on all sprinklers. Thus, water
is instantaneously discharged from a sprinkler when it
actuates.
Wet-pipe systems as shown in figure (2.8) are used
wherever temperatures are high enough to prevent
freezing. When water freezes it expands. Burst pipes may
render a system inoperable and can cause significant
water damage. Sometimes, an anti-freeze solution is added
to certain sections in a wet-pipe system to prevent freezing

Figure 2.8

28
B ) Dry sprinkler systems:
In a dry-pipe system shown in figure (2.9),
sprinklers are attached to pipes that contain pressurized
air. When heat activates the sprinklers, the air pressure is
reduced, allowingthe dry-pipe valve to open (or trip) and
water to flow to the sprinklers.
Dry-pipe systems are usually used only when
temperatures are not high enough to prevent freezing
(Below 40 deg. F).
Since dry systems have a slower response time,
they should be converted to wet-pipe systems as soon
as sufficient heat becomes available. In situations where
only a few sections lack heat, it is recommended to use a
combination of dry and wet-pipe systems.

Figure 2.9

29
C ) Deluge sprinkler systems:
In this system sprinklers are open at all times. They
are connected to a dry pipe that is connected to a main
water supply. A fire detection device controls the main
valve. When it is activated, the valve opens, allowing large
amounts of water to flow through all of the sprinklers.
The purpose of a deluge system is to quickly wet down an
entire hazard area to prevent a fire from spreading. They
are usually used in facilities that contain hazardous
materials such as: flammable liquids, chemicals, and
explosives. Other risks would include such situations as
tanker loading bays, flammable gas tanks, oil storage
reservoirs, oil lines, power generation plants etc. Rooms
with high ceilings sometimes use deluge systems, as it
is difficult to direct water over the rning area from such
a distance .

D ) Pre-action systems:
In a pre-action system the water supply is held back
by a pre-action valve This valve is connected to a
supplemental detection system. Water will not enter the
pipe until the detection system is activated. Once
activated, the valve is released and allows water into the
sprinkler piping. Water will not come from the system,
until sufficient heat causes the individual sprinkler head to
activate (after the pre-action valve activates, the system
functions the same as a wet-pipe system).

30
2.4.3.3 Types of Sprinkler Heads
a) Conventional Sprinklers
These sprinkler head shown in
figure (2.10) can be mounted in either
the upright or the pendent position, and
the deflector is designed to spray a
proportion of the water discharge on to
the surface of the ceilings.
Figure 2.10

b) Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers

Spray sprinklers, Figure (2.11)
are used for applications where
all the water needs to be
Discharged downwards.

Figure 2.11

c) Sidewall Sprinklers
These sprinkler heads shown in figure
(2.12) are primarily used to keep ceilings clear
of pipe work for aesthetic reasons or to avoid
having to disturb existing ceilings when
installing pipe work. Each sprinkler protects
up to 17m² in Light Hazard occupancies and
9m² in Ordinary Hazard occupancies. Figure 2.12

31
Chapter Three

32
Chapter three : design

3.1 work study

In chapters one and two we had discussed the basic principles of

alarm and firefighting

3.1.1 Introduction
- Compound description
This compound is surrounded by streets from its north, south and
east directions and the west direction wall is common with a neighbor
as shown in figure (3.1)

Figure 3.1

33
Building area is 710 m^2 and floor height is 22.8 m.

Figure 3.2

34
The mall area is 1848 m^2 and high 22.8 and 6 floor

Figure 3.3

35
3.2 Design Requirements:
1. Flow rate for each hose 100 gpm .
2. The pressure in the further valve of hose 4.5 bar. And the
pressure ranges in the rest of the valves hoses from 4.5 to 6.9
bar.
3. The pipeline which connecting the hose must be 1.5 in (40
mm).
4. If the pressure exceeds the upper limit the pressure roll
regulator is mounted before the valve to reduce its value.
5. The pressure should not exceed 24 bar at any point in the
system.
6. The pump will be selected on the basis of a fire in a two-story
or the work of four hoses.
7. Choose the tank volume to feed the system to operate for 30
minutes.

3.3 Hydraulic calculation:

Sample of calculation

At pipe (1 - A):
Givens:
𝜐 = 0.804E − 6 m2/s
36
ρ= 1000 kg/m3
Q=100 gpm= 0.006 m3/s
U=Q/A=.006/0.00126 = 5.02 m/s
ΔZ = 0
L= 0.025 m
D= 40 mm= 0. 04 m

Friction losses:
𝑑∗𝑢 .04∗5.02
Re= = = 2.5E+05
𝜐 0.804E−6

1.325
𝑓=
𝑘 5.74
ln(0.27 + 0.9 )²
𝑑 𝑅𝑒
1.325
= 0.045 5.74 =0.021
ln(0.27∗ + )²
40 2.5𝐸+050.9

Figure 3.4

37
 𝑙 ∗ 𝑢²
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
2𝑑𝑔

3∗5.022
ℎ𝑓 = 0.021 = 2.06 m
2.04∗9.81

Local losses:
𝑢2
𝐻𝑙 =𝑐
2𝑔

Figure 3.5

C= 0.75 ( 90 stadndard elbow )

5.02²
𝐻𝑙 =0.75 ∗ = 0.96
2∗9.81

Total loss = Hf + HL=3.02 m

Pressure loss= 3.02 x 1000 x 9.81
= 29626.2pa = 0.3 bar
Pressura at riser PA = branch loss + pressure at valve P1
=0.3 + 4.5 = 4.8 bar
38
At pipe (A – B):
L= 3.8 m
D= 100 mm= 0.1 m
A=0.008 m2
Q=100 gpm= 0.006 m3/s
U=Q/A=.008/0.00126 = 0.804 m/s
ΔZ = 3.8 m

𝑑∗𝑢 .01∗0.804
Re= = = 1E+05
𝜐 0.804E−6

1.325
𝑓=
𝑘 5.74
ln(0.27 + 0.9 )²
𝑑 𝑅𝑒
1.325
= 0.045 5.74 =0.002
ln(0.27∗ + )²
100 1𝐸+050.9

𝑙 ∗ 𝑢²
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
2𝑑𝑔
3.8∗.804²
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 =0.025 m
2∗0.1∗9.81

Pressure loss= (Hf+ ΔZ) *g* ρ=

(0.025+3.8)*1000*9.81= 37523.25 pa =0.37 bar
P at point 2 = PA + Riser loss
=4.8+0.37=5.17 bar
Calculations continued in table (3.1)

39
Table 3.1

40
 From table the hose reel residusl pressure (PH) = 8 bar
U = 2.41 m/s
f = 0.018
D = 0.1 m
L = 157 m (from point O to Z)

Figure 3.6

Friction losses:
𝑙 ∗ 𝑢2 0.018 ∗ 157 ∗ 2.412
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 =
2𝑑𝑔 2 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 9.81
ℎ𝑓 = 8.36 𝑚

41
 Local losses:
𝑢2
𝐻𝑙 =𝑐
2𝑔

Ce = 0.75 (for 90 elbow )

Ct = 0.2 (for Tee)
𝑢2
𝐻𝑙 total =( 4 x Ct + 2 x Ce)*( )
2𝑔

2.412
=(4*0.2 + 2*0.75) = 0.68𝑚
2∗9.81

Total loss =𝐻𝑓 + 𝐻𝑙

8.36 + 0.68 = 9.04m
Pressure loss = Ht * g * ρ

9.04* 9.81*1000 = 0.886bar

Pressure at pump = PH + PL
8 + 0.886 = 8.886bar
Q pump = 300gpm

42
Figure 3.7

43
Figure 3.8

44
3.4Automatic Sprinkler System Hydraulic Calculation

3.4.1 Project Data:

Sprinkler System Type: Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
Description Of Hazard: light hazard
Building Type: Basement
 From the following table(3.2), we determine the
maximum protection area and maximum spacing
between sprinklers

Table 3.2

 Maximum Protection Area Per Sprinkler: 18.6m

 Maximum Spacing Between Sprinklers: 4.6m
 Width of basement: 21.3m
 Length of basement: 86.7m
 Length of zone : 43.35m
 Area of zone:43.35 x 21.3 = 923.35m^2
 Maximum number of sprinkler should be
used:932.35/18.6 =50.12
45
(say= 51sp)

Figure 3.9

3.4.2 Sprinklers Distribution Configuration:

 Spacing between sprinklers along the branch:4.33m
 Spacing between branches: 4.26m
 No of sprinklers along the branch: 5sp
 No. of sprinklers along length of basement: 10sp
 No. of sprinklers in operation area = 139/18.6 = 7.4 (say
= 8 sprinkler)
 Actual protection area per sprinkler = 4.33 x 4.26 =
18.44m^2

46
3.4.3Design Area:
 It depends on occupancy hazard

 From chart figure (3.10) the minimum design area for

light hazard =1500ft that equal 140 square meter
that’s give (0.10gpm/ft^2) design density
 Select the further area from pumps which must be
rectangular as possible
 Length of design area = 1.2 √ AD = 1.2 * √ 140
= 14 .2 m

 Width of design area = 140/14.2 = 9.86 m

 No. of sprinklers in design area = 8 sprinkler heads

Figure 3.10

47
3.4.4Sizing of Pipes:
 We determine the size of system pipes according to next
schedule table(3.3)
Light Hazard Pipes Schedules

Table 3.3

Most remote hydraulic calculation:

Equations used in calculations:

Friction Loss Formula:

Pipe friction losses shall be determined on the basis of the Hazen-
Williams formula as follows:

Where:
p = frictional resistance in psi per foot of pipe
Q = flow in gpm
C = friction loss coefficient =120
d = actual internal diameter of pipe in inches

48
 Hazen-Williams C Value

Table 3.4

Sprinkler hydraulic formula:

Q = K √P

Where:
K= discharge coefficient

Table 3.5

Take K = 5.65

Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Valves and Fittings:

Table (3.6) shall be used to determine the equivalent
length of pipe for fittings and devices unless manufacturer's test
data indicate that other factors are appropriate

49
 Equivalent Schedule 40 Steel Pipe L

Table 3.6

Calculation:

Figure 3.11

Determine the amount of water on farther sprinkler head

using the flowing formula:
Q = A x Dd
Where:
Q: minimum flow required
A: area of coverage
50
Dd: required density
Sizing of Pipes

Figure 3.12

Q = (18.44 x 3.28^2) x 0.10= 19.83gpm

Determine pressure on farther sprinkler head
by flowing formula:
Note: the pressure calculated must not be less
than 7psi and it’s the minimum pressure
to operate sprinkler head
Q = K √P
P = (Q/K)^2 = 12.32psi
From sprinkler (1) to (2):

P*= (4.52 xQ^1.85)/(C^1.85 x d^4.87)

=0.16psi/ft
P2 = P1 + Pdrp12

Pdrop = P* x L equ
There are 1ft pipe , elbow 90 1",
51
and pipe with 3m lenght
L equ = 4.26x3.281 + 1 + 2 = 16.97ft
Pdrop = 0.16 x 16.97 = 2.71psi

P2 = 12.32+2.71= 15psi
Q2=K √P2 = 21.88gpm

Q3 = Q2 + Q1 =41.71gpm

From point (2) to (3):

P*= (4.52 xQ^1.85)/(C^1.85 x d^4.87 )
=0.64psi/ft
L equ = 4.26 x 3.281 = 14ft
Pdrop = 0.64 x 14 = 8.96psi
P3 = 15 + 8.96 = 23.96 psi
Q3 = K √P3 = 27.65gpm
Q4 = 27.65 + 41.71 = 69.36gpm

From point (3) to (4):

d = 1.25" , Q = 69.36 gpm
P* = 0.55psi/ft
L equ = 4.26 x 3.281 = 14ft
Pdrop = 14 x 0.55 = 7.74psi
52
P4 = 7.74 + 23.96 = 31.7psi
Q4 = 31.8gpm
Q5 =31.8 + 69.36 =101.2gpm

From point (4) to (5):

d = 1.5" , Q = 101.2gpm
P* = 0.46psi/ft
L equ = 4.26 x 3.281= 14ft
Pdrop = 14 x 0.46 = 6.4psi
P5 = 6.4 + 31.7 =38.1psi
Q5 = 34.87
QA = 34.87 + 101.2 =136.07gpm

From point (5) to (A):

Q = 136.07 , d = 1.5”
P* = 0.79psi/ft
L equ = 1 x 3.281= 3.281ft
Pdrop = 3.28 x 0.79 = 2.6psi
PA = 40.7 psi

#Branch 2:
From point (A) to (B):
Q = 136.07gpm , d = 2"
53
P* = 0.195psi/ft
L equ = 4.33 x3.281 = 14.2ft
Pdrop = 14.2 x 0.195 =2.77psi
PB = 40.7 + 2.77 = 43.46psi
QA/QB = √PA /√PB
QB = 140.6𝑔𝑝𝑚

Total sprinklers flow rate = QA + QB

136.07 + 140.6 =276.6gpm

#Losses from point (B) to pump:

∗
4.52(276.6)1.85
𝑝 = = 0.72𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
1201.85 𝑥 24.87

∗
4.52(276.6)1.85
𝑝 = = 0.24𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
1201.85 𝑥 2.54.87
4.52(276.6)1.85
∗
𝑝 = = 0.1𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
1201.85 𝑥 34.87

∗
4.52(276.6)1.85
𝑝 = = 0.04𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
1201.85 𝑥 3.54.87
There are 4.33m of 2” pipe, 17.32m of 2.5”,
63.63m of 3” pipe and 46.6m of 3.5” pipe
PL=(4.33*3.28*0.72)+(17.32*3.28*0.24)+
(63.63*3.28*0.1)+(46.6*3.28*0.04) = 50.84psi
Ppump = PL + PB
Ppump = 50.84 + 43.46 = 94.3psi = 6.5bar

54
Pump selection:
A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and
Powered by electric, diesel or steam. The pump intake is either
connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static
water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). The pump provides water flow
at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes.
Operation:
Fire pumps may be powered either by an electric motor or
a diesel engine, or, occasionally a steam turbine. If the local building
code requires power independent of the local electric power grid, a
pump using an electric motor may utilize, when connected via a
listed transfer switch, the installation of an emergency generator
Pressure: 9bar
Flow rate: 300+276= 576gpm
=2.18m^3/min
Tank capacity:
Qt x 30 min = 2.18 x 30 =66m^3

55
Chapter Four

56
Chapter four: Quantity of Billing
4.1 Residential tower
4.1.1 Fire Fighting &Alarm System

1. Detection & Alarm System (one building):

Item Description Unit Qty

1 Conventional PCs 112
Smoke
detector
2 Conventional PCs 28
Heat detector
3 Conventional PCs 14
Manual Call
Point
4 Conventional PCs 14
Sounder with
Strobe
Table 4.1

2- Wet & Dry Riser System (all building):

Item Description Unit Qty

1 Fire hose PCs 56

Reelw/cabinet(160*80*40
cm) hose1.5" dia (Resist
Type).
2 breaching inlet valve pcs 8
4"dia 2*2.5
3 Landing valve 2.5 PCs 56

Table 4.2

57
 3- Fire Portables Extinguisher:
Item Description Unit Qty

1 Fire PCs 35
extinguisher
6Kg DCP
2 Fire PCs 35
extinguisher
2Kg CO2

Table 4.3

4.2 Mall tower

4.2.1 Fire Fighting & Alarm System

1- Detection & Alarm System (all building):-

Item Description Unit Qty

1 Conventional PCs 216
Smoke
detector
2 PCs 36
Conventional
Heat detector
3 Conventional PCs 59
Manual Call
Point
4 Conventional PCs 54
Sounder with
Strobe

Table 4.4
58
 2- Fire Portables Extinguisher:
Item Description Unit Qty
1 Fire PCs 50
extinguisher
6Kg DCP
2 Fire PCs 44
extinguisher
2Kg CO2

Table 4.5

4.2.2 Fire Pump Station &Piping

1- Wet & Dry Riser System :
Item Description Unit Qty
1 Black steel pipe PCs 700
sch 40 (ASTM)
4"dia
2 Black steel pipe PCs 60
sch 40 (ASTM)
3"dia
3 Black steel pipe PCs 320
sch 40
(ASTM)2.5
"dia
4 Black steel pipe PCs 200
sch 40
(ASTM)1 "dia
5 water tank PCs 1
capacity 50 m3
litter
6 installation cost job 1

Table 4.6 59
2- Fire Pump Set:-

Item Description Unit Qty

1 (Electric – No 1
Jokey- diesel
) Pump10Bar
400 gpm
2 vessel No 1

3 control panel No 1

4 shed No 1

5 installation job 1
cost

Table 4.7

60
Chapter Five

61
Conclusion
In chapter one , we have discussed the fire mechanism, how fire
reaction starts, elements of fire triangle and the importance of fire-
fighting that is why it was important to classify fire into classes
In chapter two we have discussed fire alarm system and its
components including detection devices, notification devices and other
component and also we have discussed firefighting system either
manual system using fire extinguishers and fire hoses or automatic
system using water sprinkler system .
In chapter include the hydraulic calculation of water system and
pump selection and water tank capacity for compound

62
Recommindation
a) Bulding should be provided by fire fighting system
,because the fire may happen once in a lifetime, but
this time the outcome may be disastrous. No one
knows when the fire is falling.
b) give priority to the work of the fire-fighting when
designing buildings. many of the international
standards for fire-fighting systems probably can not
be applied, which reduces the effectiveness of the
control system because of the provision of
architectural priorities.

63
References :

-NFPA 10 standard for portable fire extinguisher 2002 edition.

- NFPA 13 standard for the installation of sprinkler system 2002

edition.
- NFPA 20 standard for the installation of pumps for fire
protection2003 edition.
- NFPA 72 National fire alarm code 2002edition.
- http://www.firesafe.org.uk/portable-fire-extinguisher-general/
- http://www.bavaria.com.eg
- http://www.pafsa.org.uk
- Fairbanks Morse, Pentair water.
-Wood's practical guide to fan engineering: Co-editors, W.C.
- Osborne, C.G. Turner.
- Hammam industries and CO. selection software
-Fluid of mechanic, prof. Mohammed hashim.2010

64