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التوحد .
التوحد .
!ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«.. ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ
ُﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ!
»ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«.. ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ
ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«Autism»
ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻁﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؟
ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻁﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ «Autism spectrum disorderASD» ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ
ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﺫُﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ،ﻭﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺳَِﺗ
ّﺗ
ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻲ.
ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ» ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻑ– «Spectrumﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ.
ُﻣﻌﺭﺿﺔ ً
ﺻﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻁﻔﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ 68 ﻁﻔﻼ ،ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻧﺎﺱ ﻭﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳ
ُ
ُﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ.
ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋ
ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؟
ًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ» ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻼﻻﺕtriad
ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺩ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧ
:«of impairments
1ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ.
2ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ.
3ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ.
ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺿﻊ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ ،ﻻ ﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻳﺭﻫﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ
ﺳﻧﻬﻡ ،ﻗﺩ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﻳﺭﻛﺯ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻔﺭﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﻳﺎء ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ،ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻥ ،ﻭﻳﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻪ،
ً
ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﻳﻥ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ
ٍﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ.
ُﻣﺑﺎ
ﺍﻻﻧﺳﺣﺎﺏ ﻭﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﻏﻳﺭ
…http://www.egyres.com/articles/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A% 1/4
18/08/2016 ُﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ«
!ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«.. ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ
ً ً
ﺎ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ ،ﻓﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﻟﻐﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻓ
ﺎ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ ﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻳﺔ.
ًﻣ ً ًﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻳﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺩﻋ
ﺗﻣﺎ
ﻭﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺷﻁﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﻪ:
ﺃﻭﻻ ،ﺍﻟﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ: ً
ﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ
ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﺟﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ،ﺧﺻﻭً
ًﺎ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ،ﻗﺩ ﻳﻔﺷﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ
ًﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎء ،ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻧﻭﻋ
ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻣﺎﺋﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ
ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ،ﻭﺭﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻭﺣﺩﻩ،
ﻓﺎﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺟﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ.
ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻣﺗﻠﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻐﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ،ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﺑﻁﻼﻗﺔ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻻﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ
ًﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﺭﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻁﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ
ُﻣﺣﺭﺝ ،ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺿ
ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺋﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﺟﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺇﻳﻣﺎءﺍﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﺩ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﺑﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺕ ،ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ،ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻣﻭﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﻐﺎﺩﺭﺍ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻫﺅﻻء ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺟﻝ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺑﺭﺓ ﺻﻭﺕ ﻣﻭﺣﺩﺓ ،ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ُﻣ ًﺗﻠﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﺩﻙ
ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺿﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ.
ًﺎ ،ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ: ﺛﺎﻧﻳ
ُﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻡ ﻭﻧﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺗﺧﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ﻳ
ﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﺣﻳﺎﺗﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻳﺔ ،ﻟﻛﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﺟﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻭﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺃﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭﻫﻡ ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻬﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺑﺅ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ،ﺃﻭ ﻓﻬﻡ
ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺯﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﻧﺷﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ،ﺃﻭﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ.
ًﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ:
ﺛﺎﻟﺛ
َﻳ
ْﻥ ،ﺍﻻﻫﺗﺯﺍﺯ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ،َﺩ
ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﻘﻭﻣﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﻣﻝ ﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺄﻟﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻣﺛﻝ :ﺧﻔﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻳ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ .ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻬﺗﻣﻭﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻭﺳﻭﺱ ﺑﺄﺷﻳﺎء ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ،ﻣﺛﻝ :ﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺽ
ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻧﻔﺟﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻏﺿﺏ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻧﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻳﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺎﺭﺓ.
ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺷﺧﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؟
ًﺎ ﻟﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ،ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ً ً
ﺎ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻵﺧﺭ ﺗﺑﻌ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻓ
ﺍﻟﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻁﻔﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺗﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ
ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
1ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺷﺎﻭﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻣﺭﻩ.
2ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺗﺔ ﻋﺷﺭ ﺷﻬﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﻠﻣﺗﻳﻥ ﺑﻌﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺗﻳﻥ.
ً
3ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺳﻣﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﻣﻪ.
ًﺎ.
4ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘ
5ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻱ.
َﻑ ﻭﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء.
ِ 6ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺻّ
7ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﺗﺳﺎﻣﺎﺕ.
ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ:
1ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺻﺩﺍﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﻧﻪ.
2ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺩء ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ.
…http://www.egyres.com/articles/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A% 2/4
18/08/2016 ُﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ«
!ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«.. ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ
3ﻏﻳﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻳﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ.
4ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺄﻟﻭﻑ ﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ.
5ﺍﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ.
6ﺍﻻﻧﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﻡ ﺑﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﺎﺕ.
7ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﺑﺈﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ.
ﺗﺷﺧﻳﺹ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻁﺑﻳﺏ ﻧﻔﺳﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﺹ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻣﻼﺣﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ،ﻭﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺻﺎﺕ ،ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﺑﻳﺏ ﻧﻔﺳﻲ ،ﻭﻁﺑﻳﺏ ﺃﻋﺻﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﻲ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﺈﺟﺭﺍء ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺷﺎﻣﻝ
ﻟﻠﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﻲ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻐﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻊ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺧﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺧﻳﺹ.
**ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺧﻳﺻﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻼﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ «DSM5» ﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺗﺷﺗﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ:
1ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺑﺭﺟﺭ.«Asperger syndrome»
2ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﻲ.«childhood disintegrative disorder»
3ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ.«PDD»
4ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﻳﺕ.«Rett syndrome»
ً
ﺑﺩﻻ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺷﻣﻝ ﺗﺷﺧﻳﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻛﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ.
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺷﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ» ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻁﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ:«Autism spectrum disorder
1ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ :«Autistic disorder» ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻅﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺫﻛﺭ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻳﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ 3 ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ.
2ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺑﺭﺟﺭ :«Asperger’s syndrome» ﻫﺅﻻء ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﻡ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻧﻬﻡ ﻳﺣﺭﺯﻭﻥ
ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﺎء ،ﻟﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﻡ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎﺕ
ﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ.
ًﺎ ﺑـ»ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﻣﻁﻲ«،
ُﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻳﺿ 3ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻝ :«Pervasive developmental disorderPDD» ﻭﻳ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺿﻡ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻟﻛﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻌﻭﻥ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻧﻁﺎﻕ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭﺓ.
4ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﻳﺕ :«Rett syndrome» ﺗﺻﻳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ،ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻛﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ُﻣﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﺩﺍﻝ ﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ُﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋ
ﻳﺑﺩﺅﻭﻥ ﺑﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ؛ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋ
ًﺎ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﻡ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ
ُﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻫﺩﻑ؛ ﻓﺎﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﻳﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﺑ ﺍﻟﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ
ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻳﺔ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ.
5ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻭﻟﻲ :«Childhood disintegrative disorder» ﻫﺅﻻء ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻧﻣﻭﻫﻡ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ
ًﺍ ،ﻭﺟﻭﺩﻩ ﻛﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔُﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺗﻳﻥ ،ﺛﻡ ﻳﺑﺩﺅﻭﻥ ﺑﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺩ ﻋ
ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺟﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﺔ.
ﻫﻝ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺑﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ؟
ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺗﺗﺣﺳﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻲ .ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻫﻘﺔ ،ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ
ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺋﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻼﺟﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻬﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﻠﻭﻍ،ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻧﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻲ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺩﻣﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺩﺓ
ﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻧﻭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﻧﺟﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻳﺵ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﺋﺔ ﺩﺍﻋﻣﺔ.
ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻭﻟﻬﻡ؟
ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻧﺎﺿﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ
ﺃﺟﻝ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ،ﻻ ﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻫﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ
ﺍﻷﺳﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ .ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﺩﻳﻬﻲ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ،ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﺋﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﺳﺎءﻟﻭﻥ ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻫﻡ» ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻭﻥ«!
…http://www.egyres.com/articles/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A% 3/4
18/08/2016 ُﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ«
!ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ«.. ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ
ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؟
ﻧﺣﻥ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻟﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻝ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ
ُﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺛﻳﺔ .ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻳﺗﻔﻘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ
ﻋ
ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺣﺩ.
ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺻﻳﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ
ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﻡ ﺷﻘﻳﻖ ﻣﺻﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻳﺿ
ﺳﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺛﻝ :ﻣﺗﻼﺯﻣﺔ ،«fragile X syndrome» ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺃﺳﺎً
ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻧﻲ.«tuberous sclerosis»
ﻋﻧﺩ ﺃﺧﺫ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻟﺑﺭﻭﻳﻙ ،«Valproic acid» ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻧﺻﻔﻲ ،ﺃﻭ
»ﺍﻟﺛﻳﺎﻟﺩﻭﻣﻳﺩ ،«Thalidomideﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻭﻱ ،«Myeloma» ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ
ًﺎ
ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻳﺿ
ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ .ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﺑ
ُﻣﻌﺭﺿﻳﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ.ﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻭﻟﺩﻭﺍ ﻵﺑﺎء ﻛﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻥ ،
ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؟
ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻟﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ؛ ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺩﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺗﺣﺳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ
ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ،ﺧﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺗﺩﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻳﺗﻔﻖ ﺍﻷﻁﺑﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺑﻛﺭ ،ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ.
ًﺍ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧﻼﺕ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺑﻛﺭ ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ ﺟﺩ
ُﺟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺛﻝ ﻳ
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺷﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﻳﺟﺎﺑﻲ ﻭﺗﺛﺑﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺑﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﻟﺩﻳﻥ ﻭﺇﺧﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ
ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻭﺍﺟﻬﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻁﻔﻝ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ. ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﺑ
ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ:
ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍء ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻪ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ ،ﻣﺛﻝ :ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺗﺋﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺳﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺭﻱ ،ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺔ
ﺣﺎﺩﺓ .ﻧﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺭﻉ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺻﺭﻉ.
ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻧﻘﺹ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎﻩ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ
ﺍﻻﻧﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﻁ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ .ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺑﺎء ﻭﻣﻘﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ
ّﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺈﺷﺭﺍﻑ ﻁﺑﻳﺏ. ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺣﺩ ﺗﻭﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺫﺭ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭ
ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩMaria Abd Almasseh :
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻐﻭﻳﺔMohammad Marashdeh :
ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ:
:Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from .1
http://sc.egyres.com/RXB4b
http://sc.egyres.com/gN87x :ASD – NAS [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from .2
Autism Causes, Types of Autism, Definition, and Symptoms [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb .3
http://sc.egyres.com/EQnku :22]. Available from
CDC | Facts | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb .4
http://sc.egyres.com/WqD2U :22]. Available from
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