Sign convention for lenses:

● Object is always placed to the left of the lens

● All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens
● All the distances measured to the right of the optical centre are taken as positive
● All the distances measured to the left of the optical centre are taken as negative
● Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive.
● Distances measured perpendicular to and below the axis are taken as negative

Lens formula:
The lens fromula is given by
1=1- 1
f v u
where 'u' is the object distance,'v' is the image distance and 'f' is the focal length of the lens.

Magnification:
● It is the ratio of height of the image to the height of the object.
m = height of image
height of object
m = h'
h
● It is the ratio of image distance to the object distance.
m= v
u
● It is positive for virtual images
● It is negative for real images

Power of a lens:
● Power is the ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays.
● It is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens.
● It is represented by the letter 'P'.
● The power of a lens P of focal length f is given by
● P=1
● f
● The SI of power is dioptre (D).
● 1D=1m-1
● Power of a concave lens is negative
● Power of a convex lens is positive
● Net power of a combination of lenses having power P1,P2,P3,... is given by
P = P1+P2+P3+......