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(C. BACTE LEC) Staphylococcus Aureus Pt. 1
(C. BACTE LEC) Staphylococcus Aureus Pt. 1
(C. BACTE LEC) Staphylococcus Aureus Pt. 1
Staphylococcus aureus
1. Toxin-induced cases
• Scalded Skin syndrome
- Bullous (blister) exfoliative dermatitis caused Bullous impetigo (blisters surrounded by erythema)
by staphylococcal exfoliative or epidermolytic
toxin
- Usually seen in newborns esp. when the mother
is infected with S. aureus
• Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
- Rare but potentially fatal, multisystem disease
characterized by sudden onset of fevers, chills,
and vomiting diarrhea.
2. Cutaneous infections
- Suppurative in nature – pus (presence of wbc)
• Folliculitis
- inflammation of hair follicle or oil gland
• Furuncles (boils)
Non-bullous impetigo caused by Streptococci
- “pigsa”
pyogenes
- Large, raised superficial abscesses
Note the bubble formation (due to the release of
oxygen)
2. Staphylocoagulase
- most important virulence factor of
Other associated disease and infections: Staphylococcus aureus
3. Bacteremia – bacteria in blood - Coagulates fibrinogen in plasma as a result, will
4. Sepsis – severe effect of bacteremia form clot or coagulum formation
5. Osteomyelitis – infection of bone - Promotes the formation of a fibrin layer
6. Septic arthritis around staphylococcal abscess thereby
7. Food poisoning protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis
8. Acute bacterial endocarditis Two types:
o Cell-bound coagulase/ clumping factor
Enzymes and Toxins Produced (virulence factors): - Coagulase attached/bound in the
Virulence factor – structures/substances/enzymes that cell wall
make the organism pathogenic - Clots human, rabbit, or pig
plasma
1. Catalase o Unbound coagulase/ free coagulase
- heme enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition - Free from the cell wall
of H202 to water and oxygen. - Causes clot to form when bacteria
REMEMBER: cells are incubated with plasma
Staphylococci (catalase +) HAS CATALASE 3. Hyaluronidase
Streptococci (catalase -) NO CATALASE - Also called as spreading factor
- Hyarunoric acid is rich in the tissues in human
Catalase test and the hyraluronidase will degrade this and
- uses 3% hydrogen peroxide increase the passage of the pathogen to the
- Catalase is found in the bacteria body
- Indicator: Bubble formation for positive - Enhances invasion and survival in tissue
- Binds cell together and renders the intercellular
spaces passable to pathogen (increase
permeability)
4. Staphylokinase (fibrinolysin)
- It has fibrinolytic activity; dissolves fibrin clot
- Human body defense: Clotting, to trap organism
inside so that WBC can go directly and kill the
The catalase found in the bacteria will act on the
organism
hydrogen peroxide and catalase will break H202 down to
- Can dissolve the clot in human to invade the
become oxygen and water thus the formation of
body
bubbles.
5. Lipase (fat-splitting enzyme) 10. Cytolytic Toxin
- Essential for survival in sebaceous areas of the (Hemolysin/Cytolysin/Hemolytic enzyme)
body esp. in skin because it has sebaceous
Hemolysin Destruction of NTR
glands
Alpha RBC, Platelets, causes sever
- Important in the formation of furuncles,
hemolysin Macrophages tissue damage
carbuncles and boils
Beta hemolysin sphingomyelin Exhibited in the
6. Deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) and Phosphatase (hot and cold and RBC around CAMP test
- DNase: destroy DNA lysin) nerves (Christie–
- Phosphatase: destroy phosphate group Atkins–Munch-
- Lowers viscosity of exudates (fluid in nature), Peterson test)
giving the pathogen more mobility even S. for group B
aureus is non-motile, it can permit to go in to streptococci
the different parts of the body Gamma RBC injury in Less toxic than
7. Beta-lactamase hemolysin culture and alpha and beta
- responsible for antibiotic resistance producing
- breaks down penicillin and other beta-lactam edematous
drugs as these inhibit cell wall synthesis lesions
- 90% or more of clinical staphylococci isolates Delta RBC Associated with
hemolysin PVL
are resistant to penicillin as a result of enzyme
REMEMBER!
production.
8. Enterotoxins (heat-stable) • ALPHA AND BETA HEMOLYSIN CAN CAUSE
- It is stable at 100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes SEVERE DESTRUCTION IN HUMANS
- Reheating contaminated food will not prevent • GAMMA AND DELTA HEMOLYSIN ARE LESS
food poisoning TOXIC
- It is resistant to hydrolysis by gastric and
jejunal enzymes WHY BETA HEMOLYSIN IS CALLED THE HOT AND COLD
- Examples: LYSIN?
NTR This test is This test is sensitive and Why do you think S. aureus yellow in MSA?
insensitive definitive test The growth of Staphylococci will ferment the mannitol
component of the MSA producing acid. Hence, this
fermentation of the manitol will give the colonies and
the medium a yellow color
3. Voges-Proskauer test
- It differentiates S.aureus (+) from S.
intermedius (-)
- (+) result: pink color acetoin (acethylmethyl
carbinol) production
- Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
indermedius are both positive in tube-
coagulase test
- But, only Staphylococcus aureus is positive to
this test thus producing acetoin
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)